Philosophy 1100: Ethics
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1 Philosophy 1100: Ethics Topic 1 - Course Introduction: 1. What is Philosophy? 2. What is Ethics? 3. Logic a. Truth b. Arguments c. Validity d. Soundness
2 What is Philosophy? The Three Fundamental Questions of Philosophy: What is there? What should I do? How can I know? (Metaphysics) (Ethics) (Epistemology) the fourth main branch (Logic) The three main branches of philosophy
3 What is Philosophy? (there are actually many more specific subfields of philosophy as well... ) feminist philosophy philosophy of mind philosophy of action philosophy of language philosophy of law philosophy of science philosophy of time philosophy of race philosophy of mathematics philosophy of religion
4 What is Ethics? The Three Main Areas of Ethics: Metaethics - the attempt to discover (i) the meaning of moral claims (ii) the nature of moral facts (if there are any) (iii) how we can know moral facts. our class is on these two Normative Ethics the correct moral principles. Practical Ethics - the attempt to discover - the attempt to discover the answers to certain specific moral questions.
5 Logic Logic is the study of correct reasoning. In logic, we try to separate the good bits of reasoning (also called inferences, or arguments), from the bad bits. Some concepts from logic that we ll be introducing: statement, truth, argument, validity, soundness.
6 Statements A statement is a sentence that describes the world as being a certain way. Statements are either true or false.
7 Statements Some examples of statements: The Earth is round. The Earth is flat. God exists. I hope that God exists. Abortion is wrong. Some people believe that abortion is wrong.
8 Statements Some examples of sentences that are not statements: What time is it? Close the door, please. Woo Hoo! D oh! (notice that none of these is either true or false)
9 Truth
10 WHAT IS TRUTH?
11
12 Truth A statement is true when the world actually is the way the statement says the world is. Examples: The statement The Earth is round is true just in case the Earth actually is round. The statement What the teenagers did to the cat was wrong is true just in case what the teenagers did to the cat was in fact wrong.
13 Arguments An argument is a sequence of statements, the last of which (the conclusion) is supposed to follow from the others (the premises). Sample argument #1: P1. All men are mortal. P2. Socrates is a man. C. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Sample argument #2: P1. A fetus is a person. P2. If a fetus is a person, then abortion is wrong. C. Therefore, abortion is wrong.
14 Validity A valid argument is one with the following property: if all of its premises are true, then its conclusion must also be true. In other words: an argument is valid when it is impossible for its premises to be true and its conclusion false. A valid argument does not require that any of the premises or the conclusion actually be true!
15 Validity Validity Exercises: Sample argument #1: P1. All men are mortal. P2. Socrates is a man. C. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. VALID or INVALID?
16 Validity Validity Exercises: Sample argument #3: P1. All men are mortal. P2. Boo is not a man. C. Therefore, Boo is not mortal. VALID or INVALID?
17 Validity Validity Exercises: Sample argument #4: P1. All men are mortal. P2. Boo is not a man. C. Therefore, Boo is mortal. VALID or INVALID?
18 Validity Validity Exercises: Sample argument #5: P1. All men are mortal. P2. Boo is a man. C. Therefore, Boo is mortal. VALID or INVALID?
19 Validity Validity Exercises: Sample argument #2: P1. A fetus is a person. P2. If a fetus is a person, then abortion is wrong. C. Therefore, abortion is wrong. VALID or INVALID?
20 Validity Validity Exercises: Sample argument #6: P1. If a fetus is a person, then abortion is wrong. P2. A fetus is not a person. C. Therefore, abortion is not wrong. VALID or INVALID?
21 Validity Some common valid argument forms: Modus Ponens P1. P P2. If P, then Q. C. Therefore, Q. Modus Tollens P1. If P, then Q. P2. not-q C. Therefore, not-p. Hypothetical Syllogism P1. If P, then Q. P2. If Q, then R. C. Therefore, if P, then R. Multiple Modus Ponens P1. P P2. If P, then Q. P3. If Q, then R. C. Therefore, R. Multiple Modus Tollens P1. If P, then Q. P2. If Q, then R. P3. not-r C. Therefore, not-p. Categorical Syllogism P1. All A s are B. P2. x is an A. C. Therefore, x is B.
22 Soundness An argument is sound when (i) it is valid, and (ii) all of its premises are true. So... Let s do a Venn diagram all sound arguments are valid, but not all valid arguments are sound it s much easier for an argument to be valid than it is for it to be sound if we see that an argument is sound, we must accept its conclusion. (not so for validity)
23 Soundness Some sound arguments: Sample argument #1: P1. All men are mortal. P2. Socrates is a man. C. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. SOUND Sample argument #7: P1. Either Heathwood lives in Denver or he lives in Boulder. P2. Heathwood does not live in Denver. C. Therefore, Heathwood lives in Boulder. SOUND
24 Logic Let s keep the terminology straight... It is statements that can be true or false. It is arguments that can be valid or invalid, sound or unsound. There is no such thing as a true argument!
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