THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

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1 THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia Junius P. Rodriguez, Editor Santa Barbara, California ABCiCLIO Denver, Colorado Oxford, England

2 CONTENTS Contributors, xi Preface, xiii Acknowledgments, xv Introduction, xvii Maps, xxix Adams, John Quincy, 1 Addington, Henry, First Viscount Sidmouth, 3 Adet, Pierre Auguste, 4 Amana Colonies, 5 American Fur Company, 6 American Insurance Co. v. Canter, 7 Ames, Fisher, 7 Amiens, Peace of, 8 Aranjuez, Convention of, 9 Arapaho,10 Arikara, 10 Arkansas, 12 Arkansas Post, 14 Armstrong, Fort, 14 Armstrong, John, 16 Ashley, William Henry, 17 Assiniboine, 17 Astor, John Jacob, 19 Atkinson, Fort, 20 Audubon, John James, 21 Badlands, 23 Barbe-Marbois, Francois, Marquis de, 24 Baring Brothers, 25 Bastrop, Baron de, 26 Becknell, William, 27 Beckwourth, James, 28 Bellefontaine, Fort, 29 Benton, Thomas Hart, 30 Bent's Fort, 31 Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste, 32 Bingham, George Caleb, 32 Bison, 33 Black Hawk, 34 Black Hawk Purchase, 36 Black Hawk War, 36 Black Hills, 38 Blackfoot, 39 Bodmer, Charles, 40 Bonaparte, Joseph, 41 Bonaparte, Lucien 42 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 43 Bonneville, Benjamin L. E., 45 Boone, Daniel, 46 Bore, Jean Etienne, 47 Breckinridge, John, 48 Bridger, Fort, 49 Bridger, James, 51 Buffalo Soldiers, 51 Burr, Aaron, 53 Cabot, George, 55 Cajuns, 56 Cameahwait, 57 Camino Real, El, 58 Carondelet, Louis Francisco Hector de, 58 Carson, Christopher "Kit," 59 Cartography, 60 Casa-Calvo, Sebastian Calvo de La Puerta y O'Farrill, Marques de, 61 Caspar, Fort, 63 Catlin, George, 63 Charbonneau, Toussaint, 64 Charles IV, 65 Chartres, Fort de, 66 Cheyenne, 67 Chimney Rock, 68 Chouteau, Rene Auguste, 69 Claiborne, William Charles Cole, 70 Clark, Daniel, 71 Clark, Fort, 72 Clark, George Rogers, 73 Clark, William, 74 Clinton, George, 76 Collot, Georges Henri Victor, 77 Colony for Freed Slaves, 78 Colorado, 79 Colter, John, 81 Comanche, 82 Constitution of the United States, 83 Convention of 1818, 85 Cordero y Bustamente, Manuel Antonio, 86 Corps of Discovery, 86 Council Bluffs, Iowa, 87 Coureurs de Bois, 88 Cree, 89 Creoles, 90 Crow, 91 Dearborn, Henry, 93 de Decres, Denis Due, 94 Deseret, State of, 94 VII

3 Diplomacy of the Louisiana Purchase, 95 Dry Farming, 98 Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel, 98 Duane, William, 100 Dunbar-Hunter Expedition, 100 Essex Junto, 103 Family Compact, 105 Federalist. Party, 106 Fernando, Duke of Parma, 107 Fitzpatrick, Thomas, 108 Flathead, 109 Flora of the Louisiana Purchase, 110 Floyd, Charles, 112 Fontainebleau, Treaty of, 112 Fox, 113 Fredonian Rebellion, 114 Free Soil Party, 115 Freeman Expedition, 116 French and Indian War, 117 Fur Trapping, 119 Gallatin, Albert, 121 Gardoqui, Diego Maria de, 122 Gateway Arch, 123 Gayoso de Lemos, Manuel, 124 Genet, Edmond Charles, 125 Gibson, Fort, 126 Godoy, Manuel de, 127 Graduation Act, 128 Great American Desert, 129 Griffin, Thomas, 130 Griswold, Roger, 131 Gros Ventre, 132 Gutierrez-Magee Expedition, 133 Haiti, 135 Hamilton, Alexander, 136 Herrera, Simon de, 137 Hidatsa, 138 Historiography of the Louisiana Purchase, 139 Homestead Act, 140 Hope and Company, 143 Hudson's Bay Company, 143 Hunt, Wilson Price, 145 Independence Rock, 147 Indian Removal, 147 Indian Territory, 149 International Law and the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, 151 Iowa, 152 Ioway, 154 Irujo, Carlos Martinez de (Marquis de Casa Irujo), 154 Isle of Orleans, 155 Jay-Gardoqui Negotiations, 157 Jay's Treaty, 158 Jefferson, Thomas, 160 Jesup, Fort, 162 Jones, Evan, 163 Kansas, 165 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 168 Kaskaskia, 169 Kaw, 169 Kearny, Fort, 170 Kickapoo, 171 King, Rufus, 172 King-Hawkesbury Treaty, 173 Kiowa, 174 Lafitte, Jean, 177 Land Law of 1820, 178 Land Speculation, 179 Laramie, Fort, 180 Laussat, Pierre Clement de, 181 Leavenworth, Fort, 182 Leclerc, Charles-Victor-Emmanuel, 182 Ledyard, John, 183 Lewis, Meriwether, 184 Lewis and Clark Expedition, 186 Lincoln, Levi, 190 Lisa, Manuel, 191 Literature, the Louisiana Purchase in, 192 Livingston, Edward, 193 Livingston, Robert R., 194 Long, James, 196 Long, Stephen Harriman, 197 Long (Stephen Harriman) Expedition, 198 Loose Construction of the U.S. Constitution, 199 Los Adaes, 199 Louisiana Land Law of 1804, 200 Louisiana Memorial, 201 Louisiana Purchase International Exposition, 202 L'Ouverture, Toussaint, 204 Luneville, Treaty of, 206 Macomb, Fort, 209 Madison, James, 209 Magruder, Allan Bowie, 211 Mandan, 212 Mandan, Fort, 215 Manifest Destiny, 216 Marshall, John, 218 Maximilian, Prince Alexander Philipp zu Wied-Neuwied, 219 McClallen, John, 220 McKean, Thomas, 221 McLoughlin, John, 221 Mesabi Range, 222 Michaux, Andre, 223 Minnesota, 224 V1U

4 Mississippi River, 226 Missouri, 227 Missouri Compromise, 228 Missouri Fur Company, 229 Monroe, James, 230 Montana, 231 Morales, Juan Ventura, 233 Mormon Road, 234 Mortefontaine, Convention of, 235 Mountain Men, 236 Mouths of the Mississippi River, 238 Murray, Hugh, 239 Nacogdoches, 241 Natchez Trace, 241 Natchitoches, 242 Nebraska, 243 Neutral Ground, 245 New Madrid Earthquakes, 246 New Mexico, 247 New Orleans, 248 New Orleans, Battle of, 250 Newspapers (International) and the Louisiana Purchase, 252 Newspapers (U.S.) and the Louisiana Purchase, 253 Nolan, Philip, 254 Nootka Sound Crisis, 255 North Dakota, 256 Nuttall, Thomas, 257 Oglala Sioux, 259 Ojibwa, 260 Oklahoma, 261 Oregon Country, 263 Oregon Trail, 265 Orleans, Territory of, 267 Osage, 269 Osage, Fort, 270 Paine, Thomas, 271 Paris, Treaty of, 272 Pawnee, 273 Pichon, Louis-Andre, 274 Pickering, Timothy, 275 Pike Expedition ( ), 276 Pike Expedition ( ), 277 Pike, Fort, 277 Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 278 Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 280 Pinckney, Thomas, 281 Ponca, 282 Pontalba, Joseph Xavier de, 283 Popular Sovereignty, 284 Portage des Sioux, Treaty of, 285 Potawatomi, 286 Preemption Act, 286 Quapaw, 289 Randolph, John, 291 Relf, Richard, 292 Rendezvous System, 292 Right of Deposit, 294 Riley, Fort, 294 Rocky Mountain Fur Company, 295 Rocky Mountains, 296 Ross, James, 298 Rutledge, John, 299 Sac and Fox, 301 Sacagawea, 302 Saint Genevieve, 303 Saint Louis, 304 San Ildefonso, Treaty of, 305 San Lorenzo, Treaty of, 307 Sand Hills, 308 Santa Fe Trail, 309 Santee Sioux, 309 Sauk,310 Scott, Fort, 312 Sedella, Antonio de, 313 Seventh Congress, 313 Shoshoni, 314 Sibley, John, 316 Slavery, 317 Smith, Fort, 319 Smith, Jedediah Strong, 320 Snelling, Fort, 320 South Dakota, 321 South Pass, 323 Squatter's Rights, 324 Stoddard, Amos, 325 Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de, 327 Tallmadge Amendment, 328 Taos, 329 Taylor Amendment, 329 Tertium Quids, 330 Texas, 331 Textbooks: the Louisiana Purchase in High School Textbooks, Degrees 30 Minutes North Latitude, 334 Towson, Fort, 334 Tracy, Uriah, 335 Transcontinental Treaty, 336 Tucker, St. George, 338 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 339 Tuscany, 340 Valle, Jean-Baptiste, 345 Victor, Claude Perrin, 345 War Hawks, 347 War of 1812, 347 IX

5 Washita, Fort, 349 Winnebago, 354 West Florida, 350 Wounded Knee, 355 West Florida Rebellion, 350 Wyoming, 357 Wichita, 351 Wilkinson, James, York, 361 Williams, Bill, 353 Chronology, 363 Documents, 379 Bibliography, 473 Index, 489 About the Editor, 513 X

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