Shabbat HaGadol. Kehilat Chovevei Tzion. The Pesach Chabura. Inclusivity and Limits Within Jewish Communal Practice. Rabbi Shaanan Gelman 3/28/2015

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1 Shabbat HaGadol 5775 Kehilat Chovevei Tzion The Pesach Chabura Inclusivity and Limits Within Jewish Communal Practice Rabbi Shaanan Gelman 3/28/2015

2 נ) Sign Posted Outside מאה שערים Posted Around the Soreg of the Beit hamikdash 50 but appoint thou the Levites over the tabernacle of the testimony, and over all the furniture thereof, and over all that belongeth to it; they shall bear the tabernacle, and all the furniture thereof; and they shall minister unto it, and shall encamp round about the tabernacle. 51 And when the tabernacle setteth forward, the Levites shall take it down; and when the tabernacle is to be pitched, the Levites shall set it up; and the common man that draweth nigh shall be put to death. Inside of it [the wall of the Temple Mount] was the Soreg[a low fence around the Temple, which served as a boundary, beyond which entry to those impure was prohibited] ten tefachim [hand-breadths] high. There were thirteen breaches in it, made originally by the Greek kings, and when the Jews fixed these breaches, they enacted thirteen prostrations equivalent to them. במדבר פרק א ) ו א ת ה ה פ ק ד א ת ה ל ו י ם ע ל מ ש כ ן העד ת ו ע ל כל כליו ו ע ל כל א ש ר לו ה מה י ש א ו א ת ה מ ש כן ו א ת כל כל יו ו ה ם י שר ת ה ו ו סב יב ל מ ש כ ן י ח נ ו: )נא( וב נ ס ע ה מ ש כ ן יור יד ו אתו ה ל ו י ם וב ח נת ה מ ש כ ן י ק ימ ו א ת ו ה ל ו י ם ו ה ז ר ה קר ב י ומ ת: משנה מסכת מידות פרק ב משנה ג ]*[ לפנים ממנו סורג גבוה עשרה טפחים ושלש עשרה פרצות היו שם שפרצום מלכי יון חזרו וגדרום וגזרו כנגדם שלש עשרה השתחויות 1 2 2

3 נ) Josephus Wars of the Jews Chapter 5:5:2 When you go through these [first] cloisters, unto the second [court of the] temple, there was a partition made of stone all round, whose height was three cubits: its construction was very elegant; upon it stood pillars, at equal distances from one another, declaring the law of purity, some in Greek, and some in Roman letters, that "no foreigner should go within that sanctuary" Chapter 6:2:4 4. Now Titus was deeply affected with this state of things, and reproached John and his party, and said to them, "Have not you, vile wretches that you are, by our permission, put up this partition-wall before your sanctuary? Have not you been allowed to put up the pillars thereto belonging, at due distances, and on it to engrave in Greek, and in your own letters, this prohibition, that no foreigner should go beyond that wall. Have not we given you leave to kill such as go beyond it, though he were a Roman? And what do you do now, you pernicious villains? Why do you trample upon dead bodies in this temple? and why do you pollute this holy house with the blood of both foreigners and Jews themselves? I appeal to the gods of my own country, and to every god that ever had any regard to this place; (for I do not suppose it to be now regarded by any of them;) I also appeal to my own army, and to those Jews that are now with me, and even to yourselves, that I do not force you to defile this your sanctuary; and if you will but change the place whereon you will fight, no Roman shall either come near your sanctuary, or offer any affront to it; nay, I will endeavor to preserve you your holy house, whether you will or not." 43 And the LORD said unto Moses and Aaron: 'This is the שמות פרק יב ordinance of the passover: there shall no alien eat (מג( ו י אמ ר י קוק א ל מ ש ה ו אה ר ן ז את חק ת ה פ ס ח thereof; 44 but every man's servant that is bought for כל ב ן נכ ר לא י אכ ל ב ו: money, when thou hast circumcised him, then shall he eat )מד( ו כל ע ב ד א יש מ ק נ ת כ ס ף ומ ל ת ה א ת ו א ז י אכ ל ב ו: thereof. 45 A sojourner and a hired servant shall not eat )מה( ת וש ב ו שכ יר לא י אכ ל ב ו: thereof. 46 In one house shall it be eaten; thou shalt not carry forth aught of the flesh abroad out of the house; )מו( ב ב י ת א חד י אכ ל לא ת וצ יא מן ה ב ית מן ה בש ר neither shall ye break a bone thereof. 47 All the ח וצה ו ע צ ם ל א ת ש ב ר ו ב ו: congregation of Israel shall keep it. 48 And when a )מז( כל ע ד ת י ש רא ל י ע ש ו א ת ו: )מח( ו כ י י ג ור א ת ך ג ר ו ע שה פ ס ח ל יקוק ה מ ול ל ו כל זכ ר stranger shall sojourn with thee, and will keep the passover ו אז י ק ר ב ל עש ת ו ו הי ה כ א ז ר ח הא ר ץ ו כל ער ל ל א י אכ ל to the LORD, let all his males be circumcised, and then let him come near and keep it; and he shall be as one that is ב ו: born in the land; but no uncircumcised person shall eat )מט( ת ור ה אח ת י ה י ה ל א ז ר ח ו ל ג ר ה ג ר ב ת וכ כ ם: ) ו י ע ש ו כל ב נ י י ש רא ל כ א ש ר צ ו ה י קו ק א ת מ ש ה thereof. 49 One law shall be to him that is homeborn, and unto the stranger that sojourneth among you.' 50Thus did ו א ת אה ר ן כ ן ע ש ו: ס all the children of Israel; as the LORD commanded Moses and Aaron, so did they. 3 4 No alien shall eat of it, this includes a Jewish apostate as well as a gentile But if so, when it is written, But no uncircumsized person shall eat thereof,27 does that too [teach] that he may not eat thereof, yet he may eat of the Passover-offering of [subsequent] generations?- [No, for] Scripture saith, Then thou shalt keep [this service etc.]. Then what is the purpose of thereof?- Thereof he must not eat, but he eats unleavened bread and the bitter herbs. But if so, when it is written, There shall no alien eat thereof,28 is it the case there too that he must not eat thereof, yet he eats of the Passover-offering of [subsequent] generations? Scripture saith, Then thou shalt keep [etc.]. Then what is the purpose of thereof?- In that case only מכילתא דרבי ישמעאל בא - מסכתא דפסחא פרשה טו כל בן נכר לא יאכל בו אחד ישראל משומד ואחד גוי במשמע שנ' כל בן נכר ערל לב )יחזקאל מד ט(: תלמוד בבלי מסכת פסחים דף צו עמוד א אלא מעתה דכתיב וכל ערל לא יאכל בו, הכי נמי דבו אינו אוכל, אבל אוכל בפסח דורות? - אמר קרא: ועבדת. - אלא בו למה לי? - בו אינו אוכל, אבל הוא אוכל במצה ומרור. - אלא מעתה )וכל( +מסורת הש"ס: ]כל[+ בן נכר לא יאכל בו, הכי נמי דבו אינו אוכל, אבל אוכל הוא פסח לדורות? - אמר קרא: ועבדת. - אלא בו למה לי? - בו משומדות פוסלת, ואין משומדות פוסלת בתרומה, 3 5 6

4 [ thereof ] does apostasy disqualify, but apostasy does not disqualify in the case of terumah Now it is necessary that an uncircumcised person should be stated, and it is necessary that an alien should be stated. For if the Divine Law stated an uncircumcised person, [I would say that he is disqualified] because he is repulsive, but an alien is not repulsive [so] I would say [that he is] not [excluded] from the Passover-offering]; hence [an alien] is necessary. And if we were informed about an alien, [I would argue that he is disqualified] because his heart is not toward Heaven, but [as for] an uncircumcised person, whose heart is toward Heaven,29 I would say [that he is] not [excluded]. Thus both are necessary. By Invite Only MISHNAH. IF HE KILLED IT FOR THOSE WHO CANNOT EAT IT OR FOR THOSE WHO ARE NOT REGISTERED FOR IT, FOR UNCIRCUMCISED PERSONS OR FOR UNCLEAN PERSONS, IT IS UNFIT GEMARA. Our Rabbis taught: How is for those who cannot eat it meant? [If it was killed] in the name of an invalid or an old man. How is for those who were not registered for it meant? If one company registered for it and he killed it in the name of a different company. MISHNAH. IF TWO COMPANIES ARE EATING IN ONE ROOM,25 THESE MAY TURN THEIR FACES IN ONE DIRECTION AND THOSE MAY TURN THEIR FACES IN ANOTHER DIRECTION,26 WITH THE BOILER27 IN THE MIDDLE.28 WHEN THE WAITER29 RISES TO MIX [THE WINE], HE MUST SHUT HIS MOUTH AND TURN HIS FACE AWAY [FROM THE OTHER COMPANY] UNTIL HE REACHES HIS OWN COMPANY.30 BUT A BRIDE31 MAY TURN HER FACE AWAY AND EAT. Halacha 3 When two companies are partaking of their Paschal sacrifices in one house, each company must delineate its borders with a partition. From the words "from the meat... outside," the Oral Tradition taught that the place outside the place where it is being eaten must be designated. Thus one company must turn their faces to one side and eat and the other must turn their faces to the other side and eat, so they will not appear as intermingled. Halacha 4 If the water with which they would mix their wines was in the center of the house, between the two companies, when the attendant rises to pour water, he should shut his mouth closed and then turn his face away from his company, keeping it closed until he returns to them. Only afterwards may he swallow what is in his mouth, for it is forbidden to partake of the Paschal sacrifice in two companies. A bride is permitted to turn her face away from the company and partake of the Paschal sacrifice, because she is embarrassed to eat in their presence. Halacha 5 When the divider between two companies has been undone, they should not partake of their Paschal sacrifices. Similarly, if one company was partaking of a Paschal sacrifice and a divider was made separating some from the others, they should not partake of it until the divider is removed. The rationale is that a Paschal sacrifice may not be eaten in two companies and one should not move from one company to another. ואיצטריך למיכתב ערל, ואיצטריך למכתב בן נכר. דאי כתב רחמנא ערל - משום דמאיס, אבל בן נכר לא מאיס - אימא לא, צריכא. ואי אשמעינן בן נכר - משום דאין לבו לשמים, אבל ערל דלבו לשמים - אימא לא, צריכא. תלמוד בבלי מסכת פסחים דף סא עמוד א משנה. שחטו שלא לאוכליו, ושלא למנויו, לערלים ולטמאים - פסול גמרא. תנו רבנן: כיצד שלא לאוכליו - לשום חולה או לשום זקן. כיצד שלא למנויו - נמנו עליו חבורה זו, ושחטו לשם חבורה אחרת. מנהני מילי? דתנו רבנן: במכסת מלמד שאין הפסח נשחט אלא למנויו. משנה מסכת פסחים פרק ז משנה יג ]*[ שתי חבורות שהיו אוכלות בבית אחד אלו הופכין את פניהם הילך ואוכלין ואלו הופכין את פניהם הילך ואוכלין והמיחם באמצע כשהשמש עומד למזוג קופץ את פיו ומחזיר את פניו עד שמגיע אצל חבורתו ואוכל רמב"ם הלכות קרבן פסח פרק ט הלכה ג שתי חבורות שהיו אוכלות בבית אחד צריכה כל חבורה מהן לעשות לה היקף שנאמר מן הבשר חוצה, מפי השמועה למדו שצריך ליתן לו חוצה למקום אכילתו, ואלו הופכין את פניהן אילך ואוכלין ואלו הופכין את פניהן אילך ואוכלין כדי שלא יראו מעורבים. הלכה ד היו המים שמוזגים בו יינם באמצע הבית בין שתי החבורות, כשהשמש עומד למזוג קופץ את פיו ומחזיר את פניו עד שמגיע אצל חבורתו ואחר כך אוכל מה שבפיו, שאסור לאוכל לאכול בשתי חבורות, ומותר לכלה להחזיר פניה מפני חבורתה ואוכלת מפני שהיא בושה לאכול בפניהם. הלכה ה שתי חבורות שנפרצה מחיצה מביניהן אינן אוכלין, וכן אם היתה חבורה אחת ונעשית מחיצה ביניהן אינן אוכלין עד שתסתלק, שאין הפסח נאכל בשתי חבורות ואינן נעקרין מחבורה לחבורה

5 Halacha 2 When the meat of a Paschal sacrifice has been removed from its company - whether intentionally or inadvertently - it becomes forbidden to be eaten. It is comparable to the meat of sacrifices of the most sacred order that were taken outside the Temple Courtyard or sacrifices of a lesser degree of sanctity that were taken outside the walls of Jerusalem, in which instance, everything is considered like an animal that is treifah. One is liable for lashes for partaking of it, as stated in Hilchot Ma'aseh HaKorbanot. When part of a limb of a sacrificial animal is removed from its designated area,one should cut through the meat, descending until he reaches the bone and then scrape off the meat. Whatever is within the designated area should be eaten. Whatever is outside should be burnt. When he reaches the bone, he should cut off the bone with a butcher's knife, if other sacrifices are involved. If it is a Paschal sacrifice - in which instance, it is forbidden to break its bones - one should scrape off the meat until the joint, separate the limb whose portion was removed from the joint, and cast it outside. Halacha 7 One who gives an olive-sized portion of a Paschal sacrifice - whether the first Paschal sacrifice or the second - to an apostate who worships false deities, to a resident alien, or a gentile worker, violates a negative commandment,but is not liable for lashes. He is, however, liable for stripes for rebellious conduct. The term "foreigner" mentioned in the Torah refers to one who worships alien deities. One may not give a portion of the Paschal sacrifice to a gentile, even a resident alien or a worker, as Exodus 12:45 states: "Neither a resident, nor an alien should partake of it." Halacha 8 An uncircumcised person who ate an olive-sized portion of the Paschal sacrifice is liable for lashes, as ibid.:48 states: "No uncircumcised person shall partake of it." That verse can also be interpreted as meaning: He may not partake "of it"; he may, however, partake of matzah and bitter herbs. Similarly, it is permitted to feed matzah and bitter herbs to a resident alien, or a gentile worker. רמב"ם הלכות קרבן פסח פרק ט הלכה ב בשר הפסח שיצא חוץ לחבורתו בין בזדון בין בשגגה נאסר באכילה והרי הוא כבשר קדשי קדשים שיצא חוץ לעזרה או בשר קדשים קלים שיצא חוץ לחומות ירושלים שהכל כטריפה ולוקין על אכילתו כמו שביארנו במעשה הקרבנות, אבר שיצא מקצתו חותך הבשר ויורד עד שמגיע לעצם וקולף את הבשר כל שבפנים יאכל וכל שבחוץ ישרף, כשהוא מגיע לעצם חותך בקופיץ אם היה שאר קדשים, ואם היה פסח שאסור לשבור בו עצם קולף עד הפרק ומפרק האבר שיצא מקצתו מן הפרק ומשליכו לחוץ. רמב"ם הלכות קרבן פסח פרק ט הלכה ז המאכיל כזית מן הפסח בין מפסח שני למומר לע"ז, או לגר תושב או לשכיר, הרי זה עובר בלא תעשה ואינו לוקה אבל מכין אותו מכת מרדות, ובן נכר האמור בתורה זה העובד אל נכר, ואין מאכילין ממנו לנכרי אפילו גר תושב או שכיר שנאמר תושב ושכיר לא יאכל בו. +/השגת הראב"ד/ המאכיל כזית מן הפסח וגו' עד תושב ושכיר לא יאכל בו. א"א ואפילו לישראל שאינו ממונה עמו אף על פי שהוא תושבו או שכירו ולכך בא מדרשו ואין צורך לגר תושב שהוא ערל.+ הלכה ח ערל שאכל כזית מבשר הפסח לוקה שנאמר כל ערל לא יאכל בו, בו הוא שאינו אוכל אבל אוכל הוא מצה ומרור, וכן מותר להאכיל מצה ומרור לגר תושב ולשכיר Maharal Gevurat Hashem Chapter 37 The language of set aside and take for yourself teaches that each person should take, whether it is someone who has of his own or someone who doesn t, he must acquire a sheep, though it is very expensive Even though when it comes to other commandments, man is not obligated to spend all of his money for one mitzvah but when it comes to the Korban Pesach each person must spend more than he normally is required. 12 מהר"ל מפרא"ג, גבורות ה', פרק לז 5

6 ו) ז) י) An Evening of Inclusivity 6 But there were certain men, who were unclean by the dead body of a man, so that they could not keep the passover on that day; and they came before Moses and before Aaron on that day. 7 And those men said unto him: 'We are unclean by the dead body of a man; wherefore are we to be kept back, so as not to bring the offering of the LORD in its appointed season among the children of Israel? 10 'Speak unto the children of Israel, saying: If any man of you or of your generations shall be unclean by reason of a dead body, or be in a journey afar off, yet he shall keep the passover unto the LORD; 11 in the second month on the fourteenth day at dusk they shall keep it; they shall eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs; 12 they shall leave none of it unto the morning, nor break a bone thereof; according to all the statute of the passover they shall keep it. 13 But the man that is clean, and is not on a journey, and forbeareth to keep the passover, that soul shall be cut off from his people; because he brought not the offering of the LORD in its appointed season, that man shall bear his sin. Blessed is God, blessed is He. Blessed is the One Who gave the Torah to his people Israel; blessed is He. Concerning Four Sons the Torah speaks: One who is wise, one who is wicked, one who is simple and one who does not know how to ask. Behold the bread of distress that our ancestors are while in Egypt. Let anyone who is hungry come and eat. Let anyone who wishes to observe the paschal ritual come and participate. במדבר פרק ט ) ו י ה י א נ ש ים א ש ר הי ו ט מא ים ל נ פ ש אד ם ו לא י כ ל ו ל ע שת ה פ ס ח ב י ום ה ה וא ו י ק ר ב ו ל פ נ י מ ש ה ו ל פ נ י אה ר ן ב י ום ה ה וא: ) ו י אמ ר ו הא נ ש ים ההמה אל יו א נ ח נ ו ט מא ים ל נ פ ש אד ם ל מה נ גר ע ל ב ל ת י ה ק ר יב א ת קר ב ן י קוק ב מ ע ד ו ב ת ו ך ב נ י י ש רא ל: ) ד ב ר א ל ב נ י י ש רא ל לאמ ר א יש א יש כ י י ה י ה טמ א לנ פ ש או ב ד ר ך ר ח קה לכ ם א ו ל ד ר תיכ ם ו ע שה פ ס ח ל יקו ק: אי) ) ב ח ד ש ה שנ י ב אר בע ה עש ר י ום ב ין הע ר ב י ם י ע ש ו א ת ו ע ל מ צ ות ומ ר ר ים יאכ ל ה ו: בי) ) ל א י ש א יר ו מ מ נ ו ע ד ב ק ר ו ע צ ם ל א י ש ב ר ו ב ו כ כל חק ת ה פ ס ח י ע ש ו א ת ו: )יג( ו הא יש א ש ר ה וא טה ור וב ד ר ך לא הי ה ו חד ל ל ע ש ות ה פ ס ח ו נ כ ר ת ה ה נ פ ש ה ה וא מ ע מ יה כ י קר ב ן י קו ק ל א ה ק ר יב ב מ ע ד ו ח ט א ו י ש א הא יש ה ה וא: הגדה של פסח ב ר ו ך ה מ קו ם, ב ר ו ך ה וא, ב ר ו ך ש נ ת ן תו ר ה ל ע מו י ש ר א ל, ב ר ו ך ה וא. כ נ ג ד אר ב ע ה ב נ ים ד ב ר ה תו ר ה: א ח ד ח כ ם. ו א ח ד ר ש ע. ו א ח ד ת ם. ו א ח ד ש א ינו יו ד ע ל ש או ל: No Strangers Welcomed Here הגדה של פסח ה א ל ח מ א ע נ י א ד י א כ ל ו אב ה ת נ א ב אר ע א ד מ צ ר י ם. כ ל ד כ פ ין י-ית י ו י-יכ ל, כ ל ד צ ר י ך י-ית י ו י פ ס ח A certain Syrian [i.e., non-jew] used to go up and partake of the Passover sacrifices in Jerusalem, boasting: It is written, there shall no alien eat thereof... no uncircumcised person shall eat thereof,13 yet I eat of the very best. Said R. Judah b. Bathyra to him: Did they supply you with the fat-tail? No, he replied. [Then] when you journey up thither say to them, Supply me with the fat-tail. When he went up he said to them, Supply me with the fat-tail. But the fat-tail belongs14 to the Most High!15 they replied. Who told you [to do] this? they inquired. R. Judah b. Bathyra. answered he. What is this [matter] before us? they wondered. They investigated his pedigree, and discovered that he was a Syrian, and killed him.16 Then they sent [a message] to R. Judah b. Bathyra: Peace be with thee,17 R. Judah b. Bathyra, for thou art in Nisibis18 yet thy net is spread in Jerusalem. From here we learn that one who presents himself and claims to be Jewish is believed. Tosafos explains that anyone who comes under the presumption of being Jewish, such as a guest, is תלמוד בבלי מסכת פסחים דף ג עמוד ב ההוא ארמאה דהוה סליק ואכיל פסחים בירושלים, אמר, כתיב כל בן נכר לא יאכל בו, כל ערל לא יאכל בו ואנא הא קאכילנא משופרי שופרי. אמר ליה רבי יהודה בן בתירא: מי קא ספו לך מאליה? - אמר ליה: לא. - כי סלקת להתם אימא להו: ספו לי מאליה. כי סליק אמר להו: מאליה ספו לי. אמרו ליה: אליה לגבוה סלקא. אמרו ליה: מאן אמר לך הכי? אמר להו: רבי יהודה בן בתירא, אמרו: מאי האי דקמן? בדקו בתריה ואשכחוהו דארמאה הוא, וקטלוהו. שלחו ליה לרבי יהודה בן בתירא: שלם לך רבי יהודה בן בתירא! דאת בנציבין ומצודתך פרוסה בירושלים. חידושי הריטב"א מסכת פסחים דף ג עמוד ב ההוא גוי דהוה סליק ואכיל פסחים וכו'. כתב הרי"ט ז"ל מכאן נלמוד דכל מאן דאתי ואמר ישראל אני נאמן האגודה מסכת פסחים פרק א סימן ב ]פסחים ג ע"ב[ ב. ההוא כותי דסליק ואכיל פסחים בירושלם

7 assumed to be Jewish. They discovered that he was not Jewish and they killed him. We cannot explain this punishment as adhering to the command any alien may not eat of it because the prohibition is on the Jew, not to feed the Pesach to an alien. Rather, the reason is because of theft, that we appointed him to be part of our Chabura based upon a lie and he consequently ate that which didn t belong to him. מחזיקים, פירשו בתוס' כל אדם הבא בחזקת יהודי כגון אורחים אותם בחזקת יהודי קובץ שעורים פסחים אות ו אין לפרש משום. ו) [דף ג ע"ב] אשכחוהו דנכרי הוא וקטלוהו דהא, דכתיב וכל בן נכר לא יאכל בו ובן נח אזהרתו זו היא מיתתו אלא נראה הטעם. הלאו הוא על ישראל שלא להאכיל לבן נכר דמינויו על הפסח היא ע"י טעות ואכל את שאינו, משום גזל. שלו R Yitzchak Blau - Flexibility With a Firm Foundation: On Maintaining Jewish Dogma, Torah U Maddah Journal: ' מאמרי הראיה א - הרב אברהם יצחק הכהן קוק 7 21

8 ' שו"ת מנחת שלמה חלק ב' סימן ד' אות י Professor Jack Werthheimer - Between West Point Standards and Life in the Trenches: The Halakhic Dilemmas of Orthodox Outreach Workers From an unpublished letter by Rabbi Epraim Z. Buchwald and Yitzchak Rosenbaum of NJOP concerning their Turn Friday Night into Shabbos program: Regarding R Auerbach s Teshuva: The Klal Perspectives Journal, A Rosh Yeshiva s View: An Interview with HaRav Sholom Kamenetsky, shlita, December 19, 2012 RABBI KAMENETSKY BEGAN by quoting a general piece of advice from his father, Rabbi Shmuel Kametsky, Rosh Yeshiva of the Talmudical Yeshiva of Philadelphia, for all those involved in kiruv, whether as funders, kiruv professionals, or interested lay people: Always remember that you are not HaKadosh Baruch Hu s apotropis (guardian). He is responsible for the results, not you, and you have no right to bend Shulchan Aruch in the pursuit of better results. 8 24

9 At the same time, Rabbi Kamenetsky emphasized, no one should go into kiruv imagining that he will always be able to preserve West Point standards in the field. On another occasion it happened that a certain heathen came before Shammai and said to him, 'Make me a proselyte, on condition that you teach me the whole Torah while I stand on one foot.' Thereupon he repulsed him with the builder's cubit which was in his hand.12 When he went before Hillel, he said to him, 'What is hateful to you, do not to your neighbour:13 that is the whole Torah, while the rest is the commentary thereof; go and learn it.' תלמוד בבלי מסכת שבת דף לא עמוד א גיירני על מנת : אמר לו, שוב מעשה בנכרי אחד שבא לפני שמאי דחפו באמת. שתלמדני כל התורה כולה כשאני עומד על רגל אחת דעלך סני לחברך לא : אמר לו. גייריה, בא לפני הלל. הבנין שבידו. זיל גמור, פירושה הוא - ואידך, זו היא כל התורה כולה - תעביד 25 On another occasion it happened that a certain heathen was passing behind a Beth Hamidrash, when he heard the voice of a teacher14 reciting, And these are the garments which they shall make; a breastplate, and an ephod.15 Said he, 'For whom are these?' 'For the High Priest,' he was told. Then said that heathen to himself, 'I will go and become a proselyte, that I may be appointed a High Priest.' So he went before Shammai and said to him, 'Make me a proselyte on condition that you appoint me a High Priest.' But he repulsed him with the builder's cubit which was in his hand. He then went before Hillel, who made him a proselyte. Said he to him, 'Can any man be made a king but he who knows the arts of government? Do you go and study the arts of government!'16 He went and read. When he came to, and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death,17 he asked him, 'To whom does this verse apply?' 'Even to David King, of Israel,' was the answer. Thereupon that proselyte reasoned within himself a fortiori: if Israel, who are called sons of the Omnipresent,18 and who in His love for them He designated them, Israel is my son, my firstborn,19 yet it is written of them, 'and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death': how much more so a mere proselyte, who comes with his staff and wallet! Then he went before Shammai and said to him. 'Am I then eligible to be a High Priest; is it not written in the Torah, 'and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death?' He went before Hillel and said to him, 'O gentle Hillel; blessings rest on thy head for bringing me under the wings of the Shechinah!'20 Some time later the three met in one place; said they, Shammai's impatience sought to drive us from the world, but Hillel's gentleness brought us under the wings of the Shechinah.21 Our Rabbis taught: A certain heathen once came before Shammai and asked him, 'How many Toroth6 have you?' 'Two,' he replied: 'the Written Torah and the Oral Torah.'7 'I believe you with respect to the Written, but not with respect to the Oral Torah; make me a proselyte on condition that you teach me the Written Torah [only].8 [But] he scolded and repulsed him in anger. When he went before Hillel, he accepted him as a proselyte. On the first day, he taught him, Alef, beth, gimmel, daleth;9 the following day he reversed [them] to him. 'But yesterday you did not teach them to me thus,' he protested. 'Must you then not rely upon me?10 Then rely upon me with respect to the Oral [Torah] too.'11 תלמוד בבלי מסכת שבת דף לא עמוד א ושמע קול, שוב מעשה בנכרי אחד שהיה עובר אחורי בית המדרש הללו : אמר. סופר שהיה אומר ואלה הבגדים אשר יעשו חשן ואפוד, אלך ואתגייר, אמר אותו נכרי בעצמו, לכהן גדול : למי? אמרו לו גיירני על : אמר ליה, בא לפני שמאי. בשביל שישימוני כהן גדול - בא לפני הלל. דחפו באמת הבנין שבידו. מנת שתשימני כהן גדול? כלום מעמידין מלך אלא מי שיודע טכסיסי מלכות : אמר לו. גייריה כיון שהגיע והזר הקרב יומת, הלך וקרא. לך למוד טכסיסי מלכות אפילו על דוד מלך : מקרא זה על מי נאמר? אמר לו : אמר ליה ומה ישראל שנקראו בנים : נשא אותו גר קל וחומר בעצמו. ישראל כתיב - ומתוך אהבה שאהבם קרא להם בני בכרי ישראל, למקום על - גר הקל שבא במקלו ובתרמילו, עליהם והזר הקרב יומת כלום ראוי אני להיות : אמר לו, אחת כמה וכמה! בא לפני שמאי, כהן גדול? והלא כתיב בתורה והזר הקרב יומת! בא לפני הלל ינוחו לך ברכות על ראשך שהקרבתני תחת, ענוותן הלל : אמר לו קפדנותו : אמרו, לימים נזדווגו שלשתן למקום אחד. כנפי השכינה ענוותנותו של הלל קרבנו, של שמאי בקשה לטורדנו מן העולם. תחת כנפי השכינה 26 תלמוד בבלי מסכת שבת דף לא עמוד א כמה : אמר לו, מעשה בנכרי אחד שבא לפני שמאי : תנו רבנן. תורה שבכתב ותורה שבעל פה, שתים : תורות יש לכם? אמר לו גיירני. איני מאמינך - ושבעל פה, אני מאמינך - שבכתב : אמר לו בא לפני. גער בו והוציאו בנזיפה. על מנת שתלמדני תורה שבכתב אמר. למחר אפיך ליה, א"ב ג"ד : יומא קמא אמר ליה, גייריה - הלל לאו עלי דידי קא : והא אתמול לא אמרת לי הכי? אמר לו : ליה! סמכת? דעל פה נמי סמוך עלי 27 Are Limits and Inclusivity Mutually Exclusive? That which we have a custom to recite it in Aramaic is because it is the languge understood by the uneducated who do not speak the Holy Language. It seems to me that these words are not the proper text since we no longer have the Korban Pesach. And even if we did have it, we wouldn t invite the stranger, since the Pesach is only for those initially invited. The explanation is that it s possible that man has rice bread or millet bread and isn t starving, but still he does not have " אבודרהם על ההגדה "הא לחמא עניא ומה שנהגו לאומרו בלשון ארמית לפי שכולם היו מבינים בלשון ארמית ואין עמי. הארץ מבינים לשון הקודש 28 " הגדה של פסח "כל דצריך ייתי ויפסח, ר' ישעיה דטראני ואפילו היה לנו עתה פסח לא היו, שאין לנו עתה פסח, נראה לי דלא גרסינן ליה. שאין הפסח נאכל אלא למנוייו כשהוא חי, מזמנין אותו 29 " אבודרהם על ההגדה "כל דכפין 30 אפשר שיש לאדם פת אורז ופת דוחן ואינו רעב שהרי יש, פירוש 9

10 Matzah or any of the other needs of Passover such as Haroset, the Bitter Herb, or the four cups of wine, therefore we say all who are in need come and partake in the Pesach meaning, make a Pesach Seder. לו מה יאכל ואין לו מצות מצוה וצורכי הפסח כגון חרוסת ומרור ויין לארבעה כוסות לכך אומר: "כל דצריך ייתי ויפסח", כלומר, יבוא ויעשה סדר פסח. 31 שבולי הלקט על ההגדה, ר' צדקיה בן ר' אברהם הרופא 32 "הסדר הערוך" ר' משה ונגרטן 33 רב אליעזר מלמד, פניני הלכה 10

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