Dear Delegates, Regards, Mashal Shah

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1 Dear Delegates, My name is Mashal Shah, and as head chair, I would like to welcome you to Peshwa Bajirao I s Pradhan (Council)! I am third year at the University of California, Davis majoring in Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior. I have been a member of the Model United Nations Club at UC Davis since my freshman year, and participated in MUN and Parliamentary Debate in high school as well, and my favorite committees are usually historical ones. A fun fact about me: I lived in five different countries by the time I was eight years old, and this has inspired me to explore the world even more. I look forward to chairing another conference on the collegiate circuit, and am even more excited about chairing a committee on the Maratha Empire and the Indian Subcontinent. Originally from Karachi, Pakistan, South Asian history and politics have always interested me. I hope you enjoy your time at AggieMUN 2017 as you engage with the Marathas, the Mughals, the Europeans, and many, many more. Regards, Mashal Shah aggiemun.bajirao@davismun.org

2 Dear Delegates, My name is Stephen Zehnder, and I will be the Crisis Director for Peshwa Bajirao s I s Council. I am a senior at the University of California, Davis studying History and Economics. Model United Nations has been a part of my life since high school, helping mold my areas of interest. This will be my third time staffing a crisis committee, and my first in the arena of South Asia. This particular committee is exciting for me because of the inherent potential for power politics from within the Council as well as without. As an intern in the California State Capitol as well as in Washington D.C., I live for politics. Cultures may be different, but the political and economic motivations for action are often quite similar. Although the Indian Subcontinent has not been an area of extensive study for me in the past, I have relished the opportunity to learn more about its history and culture. Hopefully in your preparation for this committee, you find an appreciation Maratha and Mughal history as I have. I look forward to our time together at AggieMUN Regards, Stephen Zehnder

3 Malhara! Malhara! Welcome to Peshwa Bajirao I s Cabinet! The year is 1720, and twenty year old Bajirao Ballal has just inherited the peshwa throne from his deceased father. He is tasked with the job of expanding the Maratha empire and leaving his mark in the Indian subcontinent. While it may seem like his only enemies are the Mughals and the Europeans, one must not forget that there was much opposition to his appointment as peshwa at such a young age. You as delegates must be wary not only the external forces that are trying to sabotage Bajirao s mission, but also of the conflicts among the Maratha officials and within the Maratha community. Historical Background Before the rise of the Marathas in the Indian subcontinent, the Mughals held power in the region since Babur won the First Battle of Panipat in However, when Shivaji Bhonsle wanted to free the Maratha people from the rule of the sultans in Bijapur in 1764, the seeds for the empire were sown, it posed a great threat to the Mughals, for they had lost their stronghold over the region. Maratha chiefs worked under of the sultans of Bijapur in the western Deccan, which the Mughals ruled. Shivaji, however, was determined to have the Maratha nation represented in the subcontinent. In 1647, he had seized two forts and had complete control over the city of Pune. He further expanded his territory by occupying forts in Purandar, Rajgad, and Torna. 1 In an effort to continue his expansion, Shivaji led a Maratha army to challenge the Adilshahi rule. While the Adilshahi general, Afzal Khan, initially managed to push the Marathas back into the hill forts, he made the mistake of provoking Shivaji further. In an attempt to bring Shivaji back onto the battlefield once again, General Khan instructed his army to destroy many Hindu temples, and Shivaji returned to fight. The general had planned to take Pune, but Shivaji knew that he would be at a disadvantage here, so moved the battle to Pratapgad Fort. Shivaji s army was far more used to the topography of the area, and successfully defeated the Adilshahi army and killed the general. By doing so, he managed to take over Pune and establish the Maratha dominance. In the 1660s, he used guerrilla warfare and other military tactics to take down multiple major Mughal cities, including the Port of Surat. However, in 1666 he fled from a court meeting that the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb had invited him to, he was imprisoned with his son, Sambhaji, but this army was allowed to return to the Deccan. After several weeks, Shivaji and Sambhaji escaped from their Mughal jail, and in disguise, returned to the Deccan. Between 1666 and late 1670, many peace proposals were made between Shivaji and the Mughals, but Shivaji broke these off by launching an attack on the Mughals in an attempt to reclaim the territory he lost to them. During this offensive, he regained Surat and also took the Fort of Sinhgad By 1673, Shivaji had taken much of the Western Maharashtra, declared Raigad the capital, and in 1674 had crowned himself Chhatrapati (monarch). 1 Indian History - Rise of Marathas and Sikh Kingdoms in India. Indian History - Rise of Marathas and Sikh Kingdoms in India,

4 This title freed him from all Mughal influence, so that he could officially establish a homeland for the Marathas. Starting in October 1674, the Marathas began their expansion into Southern India, taking over land including Khandesh, Bijapuri Ponda, Karwar, and Kohlapur. By the time of Shivaji s death in 1680, the Marathas had taken much of South India, including Athani, Belgaum, Vayem Rayim, Vellore, and Gingee; most of the Deccan had become part of the Maratha kingdom. 1 During March 1680, Shivaji was suffering from a fever and dysentery, and died in early April 1680 at 52. Right after his death, his younger son, Rajaram, was initially named as the heir to the throne on April 21, 1680 when he was made the new Chhatrapati. However, Shivaji s eldest son, Sambhaji, felt cheated out of his right, and after taking the Fort of Raigad of June 18, 1680 and formally took the position of Chhatrapati away from Rajaram on July 20, Sambhaji continued the expansion of the Maratha empire, but unlike his father, he condoned the use of force and violence on those living in the territories that he was conquering. With these same tactics, he looted and burned down the city of Burhanpur, once a Mughal stronghold. At the beginning of 1681, the angered Mughals sent armies to impose blockades on multiple Maratha forts, and later that year, the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb set out on a mission to the Deccan to destroy the Maratha empire in its infancy. He was able to establish himself in Burhanpur. Within three years of violence and aggression, the Mughal army took back Bijapur and Golconda from the Marathas. When Sambhaji s senapati (general) Hambir Rao Mohite was killed by the Mughals in 1687, the Marathas lost direction, and were surrounded by Mughal forces. Additionally, Rajaram s mother s clan, still angry that Sambhaji had taken the throne, were relaying all of Sambhaji s movements and actions to the Mughals, and by 1689, Sambhaji was arrested with counsel and twenty-five of his officers, and taken to Aurangzeb s camp and tortured to death. With Sambhaji s death, the entire Maratha empire was transferred to Aurangzeb and the Mughals. 2 However, while Aurangzeb thought he had strong control of the empire, Sambhaji s death had aroused a sense of Maratha patriotism that he could did not instill in his life. Many that had envisioned the Maratha empire to be as strong as it was during Shivaji s time rallied together to take their territory back from the Mughals. At the forefront of this struggle was Shivaji s younger son, Rajaram, who was freed from prison by the Marathas once they had learned of Sambhaji s death, and he was made chhatrapati. Since Rajaram had been a state prisoner from a young age, he had no knowledge of civil or military governance. However, his character was much like his father s, determined and strong-willed, and he set forth to reclaim the Maratha empire. In March 1690, Maratha commanders forced their way against the Mughals, attacked the army, and found the tent in which the Mughal Badshah Aurangzeb slept. Although Aurangzeb was not in his tent at the time, many members of his army and security contingency were 2 Mehta, J. L. Advanced Study in the History of Modern India Advanced Study in the History of Modern India , New Dawn Press, Inc., Slough, Berkshire, UK, 2005, pp

5 killed. However, during this time, Sambhaji s wife and son, Yasu Bai and Shahu, were captured, and Raigad had been taken from the Marathas. Meanwhile, the Mughal army continued their attempt to reconquer land further south, and raided Fort Panhala, however, the Maratha military leader in Panhala fought bravely and the Mughal forces incurred a great loss. Unfortunately for the Marathas, Aurangzeb himself made an appearance at Panhala, and they were forced to surrender. Once Panhala and Raigad had been given up to the Mughals, many Maratha ministers realized that Rajaram had to be moved to a new capital. Jinji, which was conquered by Shivaji in the south, was chosen to be the new capital, and Rajaram was secretly escorted there. Once Aurangzeb learned of Rajaram s escape, he sent a small army to keep an eye on Rajaram s whereabouts, but this army was attacked by Maratha generals Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav. In 1691, Maratha chiefs convened to develop a new strategy to keep the Mughals out of the little territory that they still held. Santaji and Dhanaji were instructed to launch operations in the east to keep the Mughal army divided, as they would have to move troops from other areas towards the east, thereby weakening their forces all around. Other generals led armies towards the northern Karnataka and southern Maharashtra, again with the goal to further divide the Mughal forces. The Marathas were successful, particularly in the east, and during the Battle of Athani, Santaji managed to defeat the Mughal general Kasim Khan. Once the Marathas had regained much of their lost territory, Aurangzeb feared for the future of the Mughal empire. He threatened that if his generals did not take Jinji, then he would take away their high-ranking titles. However, Rajaram managed to escape from the tight Mughal grasp, and the Marathas pushed the Mughals out of Jinji while Rajaram was moved to Vishalgad. In 1698, however, the Mughals were able to successfully capture Jinji. Additionally, the Mughal generals Santaji and Dhanaji had a falling out, which resulted in Santaji being killed, which motivated the Mughal army even more, but his did not pose too much of a threat for Marathas, as the Mughal army had been so demoralized earlier, that this small victory was not enough to rally them together. Instead of listening to his top advisors, Aurangzeb went ahead and instructed his army to continue the attack on the Marathas, and this time, it did not work in his favor. Rajaram prepared for this attack by instructing Dhanaji to be commander-in-chief, and Dhanaji subsequently divided his army into three factions. One faction defeated the Mughal army near Pandharpur, another took Pune from the Mughals, and some generals from these two divisions jointly took Nandurbar. When Aurangzeb heard of these Maratha victories, he laid siege to Panhala and the fort of Satara. The Marathas valiantly fought against Aurangzeb s army for six months, but lost the battle in April While this was a triumph for the Mughals, Aurangzeb was forced to revise his military plans, as he initially had intended to take back as much land as he could before the monsoon season. In March 1700, Rajaram died of lung disease at Sinhagad, and his wife, Tarabai, took the throne. She continued the war against the Mughal army, and because she was trained in the art of warfare, she was at the forefront of the resistance. For seven years, she

6 fought against the Mughals with little success, but Aurangzeb s death in 1707 was a ray of hope for the Marathas. 3 To discourage the Marathas yet again, and to hopefully create a divide within the people, the Mughals released Shahu, Sambhaji s son, from their confinement. Shahu then went on to question Tarabai s authority over the Marathas, and in fact had the support of the Mughals in doing so. In 1709, he defeated Tarabai with the help of Dhanaji and Balaji Vishwanath, and took over Satara. During the twenty-seven year long war with the Mughals, many Maratha noble became very powerful. Shahu used this to his advantage, and ensured that these nobles cooperated and had the best interests for the empire. He welcomed officers from all walks of life and all stratas of society were represented, and this helped him consolidate his power as every individual felt as though they were being represented. It was chhatrapati Shahu that created the peshwa (prime minister) position in the Maratha empire, and appointed Bahiroji Pingale as his first peshwa. However, when Pingale was taken prisoner in 1711, Shahu immediately appointed Balaji Vishwanath and made the post a hereditary one. Vishwanath was dubbed the second founder of the Maratha State because he greatly assisted Shahu in stabilizing and securing the Maratha territory after years of political turmoil. Once he was established as the peshwa, the chhatrapati role became a ceremonial one, and most of the governing was carried out by Balaji Vishwanath himself. Shahu gave him complete control of all civil administration, and the peshwa set up his administrative offices in Pune. The peshwa also had complete control over the military as he was also appointed the senapati (commander-in-chief) of the Maratha armies. He called his council, comprising of military and government officers, the Ashta Pradhan. Overall, the transition from chhatrapati rule to peshwa rule was peaceful and free of any skirmishes, being one of its kind in the Indian subcontinent. In 1718, Vishwanath signed the Maratha-Mughal Treaty, and this gave the Marathas the right to establish the chauth and sardeshmukhi taxes in the six Deccan provinces, giving them twenty-five percent of the revenue from these provinces, and a further ten percent of the revenues. It also allowed the Marathas to collect these taxes in Gujarat and Khandesh, and returned Karnatak to the Marathas. To uphold the Maratha side of the agreement, the peshwa recognized the overlordship of the Mughal Empire, and contributed 15,000 armed horsemen to the Mughal army. It was ratified in 1719, and the Marathas finally regained control of more of Shivaji s original empire. 4 When Balaji Vishwanath died in 1720, the title was passed on to his son Bajirao on April 17 at Masur at the tender age of twenty. When Bajirao inherited the empire, he felt as though the Mughal empire was declining rapidly, and when he had visited Mughal nobles with his father in the years prior to his term as peshwa, he understood the inner workings of the Mughal administration, and knew what its strengths and weaknesses 3 Mehta, J. L. Advanced Study in the History of Modern India Advanced Study in the History of Modern India , New Dawn Press, Inc., Slough, Berkshire, UK, 2005, pp Mehta, J. L. Advanced Study in the History of Modern India Advanced Study in the History of Modern India , New Dawn Press, Inc., Slough, Berkshire, UK, 2005, pp

7 were. He firmly believed that the land claimed by Shivaji was rightfully Maratha territory, and was set on taking this land back. Figure : Maratha Empire (blue) in 1720

8 List of Committee Members Chimnaji Appa: Chimnaji was the younger brother of Bajirao Peshwa, and son of Balaji Vishwanath Bhat. He led the Marathas in 1733 to victory over the Portuguese, taking Belapur Fort with the aid of Sardar Shankarbuwa Shinde. In November of 1738, Chimnaji Appa captured the fort of Dahanu, leading to the surrender of Mahim. He would turn his sights on the Portuguese fort of Bassein. Using mines to breach the walls, he would lead Maratha soldiers in a costly, but honored victory over Portuguese forces. The defeated Portuguese forces were allowed safe passage from the city. It was estimated by Portuguese sources that between 1737 and 1740, the Portuguese lost Vasai, eight more cities, four major ports, twenty fortresses, and 340 villages, equally nearly the entire Northern Provinces at the hands of Chimnaji Appa. Ranoji Rao Scindia: Ranoji was a general in Bajirao s army from 1720 to He founded the princely state of Gwalior, which would be rule by the Scindia dynasty within the Maratha from its founding in 1761 to As part of the 1723 conquest of Malwa, Ranoji was one of three major generals under Peshwa Bajirao. He was awarded substantial land and possessions through the Malwa settlement in In the same year he made this capital at Ujjain, and would be named Subedar in Malhar Rao Holkar: Malhar was the first Maratha Subhedar of Malwa. Additionally, he would be given the state of Indore to rule over as reward for being one of the first officers to aid in the spread of Maratha power to the northern states. He began his military career as a member of Balaji Vishwanath s campaign to Delhi in 1719, then battled the Nizam in 1720 at the Battle of Balapur, and served the Raja of Barwani. This all occurred while he was in service of Kadam Bande of Khandesh. He would abandon the Bande and turn to Bajirao. He would prove to be an effective soldier and diplomat in places such as Bhopal, Malwa, the Battle of Palkhed, and would eventually command a force of 7,000 cavalry and was seen as one of the most loyal supporters by Maharaja Chhatrasal: Maharaja was the father of Mastani, the second wife of Bajirao. He married Ruhaani Bai, a Persian Muslim woman. His ancestors had been vassals to the Mughals until he led a revolt with only 5 horsemen and 25 swordsmen in Bundelkhand as a young man in He would gradually increase his territorial reach and found the Panna State. Before dying in 1731, he gave Mahoba and the surrounding territory to Bajirao and his daughter as Bajirao s bride in return for aid against the Mughals. Chhatrapati Shahu: Chhatrapati Shahu was the fourth king of the Maratha Empire, reigning from 1708 to A prisoner at the age of 7 by the Mughal Empire, he would not be released until the war of succession between the sons of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Despite his release and subsequent reign in 1708, his mother was still held by the Mughal as collateral. He would prevail over his rivals within the Maratha Empire, specifically Tarabai and Shivaji II. Shahu is known for creating the Peshwa position in the Empire. Following the expansion of the Maratha Empire due to conquest of the declining Mughal Empire, Shahu s role was as unifier of the numerous growing nobles of the Maratha Empire. Among the Peshwas, he appointed Bahiroji Pingale, Balaji

9 Vishwanath, Bajirao, and later Nanasaheb. He would appoint Kanhoji Angre as the first Maratha naval chief. Pilaji Rao Gaekwad: Gaekwad was a general in the Maratha Empire. He is attributed with founding the Gaekwad dynasty, and his family would rule the Baroda State within the Maratha Empire. The family were originally the lieutenants of the Dabhade family, rulers of Gujarat (Baroda) within the Empire. The Gaekwad followed the lead of their superiors during the Dabhade revolts against the Maratha Peshwa, but would be granted control over the State and the title of Marath chief following the defeat of the Dabhade. This would not occur until after Pilaji s assassination in 1732 by emissaries of Abhay Singh, the Mughal governor of Gujarat. Kanhoji Angré: Angré was an admiral under Satara in He developed skill targeting European merchant vessels. He would be appointed as head of the Maratha Navy by Shahu in order to gain support for his position as leader over the Maratha Empire over the rival Tarabai. Besides attacking colonial European powers, he would also be involved in the campaign against Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Angré would never lose a naval battle to the European powers, but nonetheless go down as a mere pirate in their records out of an embarrassment and frustration on their part despite his title as head of the Maratha navy being formally recognized by its Chhatrapati. Tarabai Bhonsle: Tarabai was the queen of Chhatrapati Rajaram Bhonsle. She claimed her young son as heir to the throne after her husband s death and directed loyal Maratha forces in a resistance against the Mughal Empire and its occupation of Maratha territories. The release of Shahu by the Mughals was intended to have a divisive effect on the Marathas, which initially was successful. She was defeated at the Battle of Khed, forcing her and her infant son to flee to Kolhapur. She would be deposed from her position as Raja of Kolhapur in place of her young son, in 1714 by her deceased husband Rajaram s second wife Rajasabai and her son Sambhaji II. Tarabai would later come to terms with Chhatrapati Shahu in 1730 and move to Satara powerless. Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I: He was the commander and chief as well as viceroy of Bijapur, Malwa, and eventually Deccan under the Mughal Emperor. He was made vizier of the Mughal Empire in 1722, but was ordered to move by Emperor Muhammad Shah from Deccan to Awadh out of the fear of his growing power. His refusal caused an armed Mughal response which was defeated by his forces and aid from Bajirao. It caused a forced acceptance by the Mughal Emperor of Nizam s standing as viceroy of Deccan. Nizam refusal to accept Maratha demands of tax collection, using splits within the Maratha to legitimize his refusals. It would culminate in a battle between Nizam and Bajirao, ending in a victory for Bajirao and the signing of the Treaty of Mungi Shevgaon. Udaji Rao Pawar: He was a commander in the Maratha Army under Bajirao. He assisted the Peshwa in the Malwa campaign and for his reward was given the estate of Dhar in He and the Peshwa reach a breaking point, and his lands and title are transferred to his brothers Tukaji Pawar and Jivaji Pawar of Dewas, who establish

10 themselves as rulers of the Senior and Junior branch respectively. Udaji Rao is exiled to Multan. Mendhaji Bhatkar: He was a Maratha naval commander. He often worked alongside Kanhoji Angré. He would command a number of ships of his own and be labelled a pirate by European powers for his prowess in intercepting and plundering European shipping in the Indian Ocean. He was often joined by fellow naval commander Mainak Bhandari on his expeditions. His predominate area of operations was the shores of western India. Sardar Ranoji Bhoite: He was a Maratha chieftain of the Bhoite clan. The Bhoite were particularly known as a warrior clan in India. He would lead thousands of troops in campaigns in North India campaigns. Among the battles he was a part of were Malwa, Dhar, Aurangabad, and Vasai. He was a loyal ally of Bajirao, who aided in resisting the Nizams, and commanded an army of 5000 Marathas in Sambhaji II: He was born in 1698 to Rajaram Chhatrapati and Rajasbai. He was made Raja of Kolhapur of the Bhonsle dynasty in His rise to power was due to the political manipulations of his mother, Rajasbai. Following Rajaram Chhatrapati s death, Tarabai had positioned herself and her son as Maratha leaders in Kolhapur. The Treaty of Warana was signed in 1731 between Sambhaji II and Shahu to formally recognize the two separate seats of Bhonsle family. Mainak Bhandari: He was a Maratha naval commander. He often worked alongside Kanhoji Angré. He would command a number of ships of his own and be labelled a pirate by European powers for his prowess in intercepting and plundering European shipping in the Indian Ocean. He was often joined by fellow naval commander Mendhaji Bhatkar on his expeditions. His predominate area of operations was the shores of western India. Tukaji Pawar: Tukaji was born in He established himself as a ruler in Dewas in 1732 following the fall of his brother Udajirao of Dhar. He would lead the senior branch of the Dewas State while his brother, Jivaji Rao Puar, would lead the junior branch. In 1739 he would assist the Peshwas in the Malwa Conquest and gain fame in the Battle of Dharawi. His reign in the Dewas would last from 1732 to 1754 with his death in a skirmish with the Jats.