EARLY MODERN ISLAM 1450 TO 1750

Transcription

1 EARLY MODERN ISLAM 1450 TO 1750

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3 Founded by Osman Bey ( ) Leader of a Turkic Clan of Seljuks Located on the Anatolian Peninsula Initial Based on Military Power Ghazi (Muslim Warriors for Islam) Janissaries (Non-Muslim Slave Troops) Primary Cavalry Forces (Turkic Influence) Adopted use of Artillery (Western Influence) Key Military Conflicts 1 st Ottoman Safavid War ( ) 2 nd Ottoman Safavid War ( ) 3 rd Ottoman Safavid War ( )

4 Capital Established by Mehmed II ( ) Captured Constantinople in 1453 Renamed city Istanbul Restored and restructured city Built numerous Imperial Mosques Large Public Parks Libraries and Schools Many Public Baths

5 Primary Government Establishment Adopted Byzantine Style Strong Central Authority Sultan (Overlord or One with Power) Imperial Bureaucracy Grand Vizier (Chief Minister) Adliye Naziri (Minister of Justice) Naziris (Imperial Ministers) Local Administrators Beys (Local Governors) Pashas (Local Officials)

6 Golden Age of Sueliman the Magnificant Suleiman I ruled from Expanded the empire to its largest size Took control of the whole Middle East to North Africa Penetrated Eastern Europe (Hungary & Romania) Restructured the Ottoman Code Sharia (Civil Law based on the Quran and Hadith) Qiyas (Islamic Jurisprudence based on precedents) Kunan (Secular Code similar to European Common Law) Promoted Religious Tolerance Encouraged development of the Arts and Science Constructed and Restored Religious Structures

7 Causes of Decline Weak Sultans lost power to Royal Ministers Local Officials grew stronger and more independent Europeans reclaimed lost territories (Hungary & Balkans) Ottomans discouraged use of new European Innovations Inflation from the influx of New World Bullion (Gold & Silver) Discouraged developments of Industrialism & Commercialism Many rulers returned to high level of tax and civil restrictions Survived until the end of World War I (1918)

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9 Founded by Shah Ismail ( ) Leader of a Militant Turkic Clan Located on Northern Persia Initial Based on Military Power Qizilbash (Muslim Men of the Sword) Ghulams (Non-Muslim Slave Troops) Primary Cavalry Forces (Turkic Influence) Adopted use of Artillery (Western Influence) Key Military Conflicts 1 st Ottoman Safavid War ( ) 2 nd Ottoman Safavid War ( ) 3 rd Ottoman Safavid War ( )

10 Capital Established by Shah Abbas ( ) Conquered Isfahan in 1597 Expanded and improved city Built numerous Mosques Large Public Parks Libraries and Schools Many Public Baths

11 Primary Government Establishment Adopted Western Style Strong Central Authority Shah (Ruler) Imperial Bureaucracy Etemad Dowlat (Prime Minister) Divanbegi (Minister of Justice) Nazirs (Royal Ministers) Local Administrators Khans (Local Governors) Vakil (Local Officials Men of the Pen )

12 Golden Age of Shah Abbas Shah Abbas ruled from Expanded the empire to its largest size Reclaimed areas lost to both Ottomans & Mughals Restructured the Legal Code Sharia (Civil Law based on the Quran and Hadith) Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence based on precedents) Urf (Secular Code similar to European Common Law) Promoted Religious Tolerance and Foreign Trade Encouraged development of the Arts and Sciences Constructed and Restored Religious Structures

13 Causes of Decline Weak Shahs lost power Local Officials grew stronger and more independent Russians reclaimed lost territories (Crimea & Golden Horde) Mughal Expansion threatened eastern borders (Afghanistan) Raids by Turkic and Arab tribes caused constant disruption Shift in trade away from traditional trade centers and routes Later leaders removed protections for non-mulsims Many rulers returned to increase taxes and reduced civil rights

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15 Founded by Babur ( ) Leader of a Turkic Clan of Samarkand Located on the area of Northern India Initial Based on Military Power Primary Cavalry Forces (Turkic Influence) Adopted use of Artillery (Western Influence) Key Military Conquests Seized Delhi in 1526 Conquered the Province of Mewar in 1527 Conquered most of India by 1530

16 Established as Capital in 1506 Formerly known as Akbrarabad Renamed city Agra City Restored and restructured Built various Mosques Large Persian Garden Libraries and Schools Many Public Baths Taj Mahal built near city ( )

17 Primary Government Establishment Adopted Western Style Strong Central Authority Padshah (Ruler) Imperial Bureaucracy Wazir (Chief Minister) Quazat (Minister of Justice) Bakshi (Finance Ministers) Local Administrators Mansabars (Local Military Governors) Ulamas (Local Officials Islamic & Legal Scholars )

18 Golden Age of Shah Akbar the Great Shah Akbar ruled from Expanded the empire to its largest size Conquered most of the Indian Continent (Except the Deccan Plateau) Reorganized the Mughal Tax System Established a graduated income tax system Peasants given remission from taxes if weather caused bad harvest Noble land owners required to provide loans to peasants if needed Promoted and Defended Religious Tolerance Encouraged development of the Arts and Sciences Constructed structures with both Hindu and Islamic designs

19 Causes of Decline Aurangzeb s change in religious policies provoked Hindus Rising religious and social influence of the Sikhs Mughal leaders refused to build a Navy to control Indian Ocean Increased Trade and Religious influences of the Europeans Local princes gained power and assumed control (defied Mughals) Many rulers returned to increased taxes and limited civil rights

20 What were the greatest Similarities and Differences In the Muslim Empires between ?