Period 4: Global Interactions, c Chapter 21: SW Asia & the Indian Ocean, pp Mrs. Osborn RHS APWH

Transcription

1 Period 4: Global Interactions, c Chapter 21: SW Asia & the Indian Ocean, pp Mrs. Osborn RHS APWH

2 AP Objectives. You should be able to Describe the increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices (AP Key Concept 4.1.VI). Understand how states treated different ethnic and religious groups in ways that utilized their economic contributions while limiting their ability to challenge the authority of the state (AP Key Concept 4.3.IC). Describe the historical origins, central ideas of Sikhism (WH23A). Describe how land empires expanded dramatically in size (AP Key Concept 4.3.IIB). Describe how rulers continued to use religious ideas to legitimize their rule (AP Key Concept 4.3.IIB). Important AP Key Terms Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent Janissary devshirme Sunni/Shi ite Islam Hidden Imam Mughal Empire Akbar mansabs Rajputs Sikhism Acheh Sultantate Oman Swahili Batavia

3 THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

4 The Ottoman Empire, to 1750 Expansion, Frontiers, & Central Institutions 1300 Ottoman Empire established in NW Anatolia (Turkey) captured Serbia and the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. (renamed ISTANBUL) Early 16 th c. Egypt, Syria, Algeria, & Tunisia. SULTAN: ruler JANISSARIES: captured Balkan Christian men, new military troops. Devshirme Balkan boys educated in Turkish & Islam. Most talented sent to palace & could advance to positions in the bureaucracy. The common people - Christians, Jews, and Muslims were referred to as the raya (flock of sheep). Sultan supplied justice & defense; common people supported the sultan/military with taxes

5 OTTOMAN EMPIRE SÜLEYMAN the Magnificent (SULTAN) General; efficient government and bureaucracy Conquered territories/non-muslims Boys Janissaries (soldiers) converted to Islam Girls household slaves (from Slavic countries of Eastern Europe origin of the word, slave) SUNNI MUSLIM generally tolerant

6 The Ottoman Empire, to 1750 Crisis of the Military State, Economic Change & Growing Weakness Janissaries expensive; numbers increased, but military readiness decreased New World silver brought inflation rebellions and banditry. Sultan secluded in his palace while administrators & Janissary bureaucrats compete for power Ottoman control over trade declined. By the mid-1700s, the Ottoman Empire was in economic and military decline. Referred to as the Sick Man of Europe until its fall in 1918.

7 SAFAVID EMPIRE, ABBAS THE GREAT SHAH Based in modern day IRAN Center of Persian culture SHIITE MUSLIMS used to unify Fought with Ottomans Sought alliances with western Europe who feared Ottomans Inflation caused by cheap silver and a decline in overland trade - Collapsed into ANARCHY (lawlessness & disorder) and defeated by Afghan army in 1722.

8 A Tale of Two Cities: Isfahan and Istanbul Istanbul: busy port city with European merchants, walled palace, and a skyline with brick domes and soaring minarets. Isfahan: inland city with few Europeans, unobtrusive minarets, brightly tiled domes, and an open palace with a huge plaza for polo games. Women were seldom seen in public in Istanbul or in Isfahan, confined in women s quarters in their homes; however, women were active in the real estate market & appeared in court cases. Public life was almost entirely the domain of men.

9 MUGHAL DYNASTY, Turkic warrior BABUR consolidated empire in India Conflicts between Hindus & Muslims European trading forts in southern tip of India. Greatest expansion under AKBAR Tolerant of different religions In the Punjab (NW India), Nanak ( ) developed SIKHISM by combining elements from Islam and Hinduism. (Syncretism) Empire began decline in 1707 fragmenting into small kingdoms. Delhi sacked by PERSIANS in (Mughal Empire exists in name only until 1857)

10 TAJ MAHAL (completed in 1648) Mughal Empire Legend that SHAH Jahan as a testament to his grief at the loss of his favorite wife.

11 The Mughal Empire ajjvge

12 The Maritime Worlds of Islam, Muslims in Southeast Asia Sufis (missionaries) Islamic conversions Islam as a political ideology strengthened resistance to European incursions in places such as the Sulu archipelago, Mindanao, Brunei, and Acheh. Southeast Asian kingdoms developed understandings of Islam that deviated from the standards of scholars from Mecca and Medina. Royal courts and port cities orthodox Islamic practices Rural areas Islam that incorporated some of their pre-muslim religious and social practices.

13 European Powers in Southern Seas Dutch drove the Portuguese out of the Malacca in 1641, conquered local kingdoms on Sumatra and Java, and established a colonial capital at Batavia (now Jakarta). When European merchants from other countries began to come to Southeast Asia, the Dutch found it impossible to maintain monopoly control over the spice market. Instead, they turned to crop production, focusing on lumber and coffee.

14 The Maritime Worlds of Islam, Muslims in Coastal Africa East Africa: Muslim-ruled Swahili Coast port cities: Separated by bush country & competed with each other for trade. Between 1650 and 1729, the Arabs of Oman drove the Portuguese out of the Swahili Coast and created a maritime empire of their own. Northwest Africa: In Morocco, the Sa adi family (claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad ) defeated Spanish and Portuguese. By the early 17 th century, British ships faced raids by Moroccans as far north as Britain itself. Muslim sea raiders from Algerian, Tunisian, and Libyan ports imitated European warfare against European ships in the Mediterranean.

15 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. How did differences in geographical location and environment affect the economic and cultural development of the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Swahili Coast? 2. What role did religion play in the development of political rivalries and alliances, and the formation of states in Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean? 3. How did the European colonization of the New World and the development of the Atlantic System affect the economies and politics of Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean? 4. How did Muslim rulers deal with religious and ethnic diversity among their subject peoples? 5. Compare the effects of European expansion on the land-based Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires and on the cities of the Swahili Coast. 6. What factors led to the decline of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires?