CHY-4U1 Unit 2: The Enlightenment and the Revolution (chp. 4, 5, & 6) THE TRIAL OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

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1 CHY-4U1 Unit 2: The Enlightenment and the Revolution (chp. 4, 5, & 6) THE TRIAL OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE It is the year 1815 and Napoleon Bonaparte has already abdicted his thrown and the Bourbons returned to power under Louis XVIII. Napoleon has just been arrested by the King s royal guards and is subsequently charged for crimes. This West and the World history class will perform a mock trial for Napoleon to gain a perspective of what happened during his reign. Was he a genius or a criminal who did not meet the goals of the French Revolution. 1. Students will act as a certain character within the trial. (Some characters will have two students portraying the same person due to the large class numbers.) 2. Each student will get a character bio to understand who he/she is representing in the court room. Students are expected to have a excellent understanding of the character he or she is portraying. 3. Visual aids (costumes, ) are a good way to enhance both the proceedings and your performance mark. 4. Each student will prepare a one page summary of the court proceedings. Your one page summary will answer the following question: A) Is Napoleon guilty of three charges (Megalomania, crimes against humanity, and a traitor to the French Revolution) brought forth by the prosecution? Use factual information brought forth by the court, and in previous classes to help you choose one side of the argument. 5. Please read the rubric for the assignment to understand the mark distribution. 6. Attendance is mandatory. Marks will allocated for performances and written work! What do I hand in to Mr.Stanesic? a) written one page summary (single spaced;typed-12 font, 1 inch borders; title page; grammar and spell check; page numbers if over one page) b) rubric (-10% if not submitted) c) handouts given (ex. character bios; court proceedings lawyers only ) -5% if not submitted

2 West and the Modern World (CHY-4U1) Unit 2: The Enlightenment and the Revolution The Trial of Napoleon Bonaparte RUBRIC Student Name: Character/Role: Date: Criteria Level 1 (50-59%) Knowledge Provides an & under- incomplete standing summary sheet (summary) with limited information /15 relevant to the Communication (trial:verbal,..) /20 (summary) /5 time period Voice and body were used with little effect. Student displayed little focus. Written work was completed with limited clarity 7+ mistakes Level 2 (60-69%) Provides an complete summary sheet with some information relevant to the time period Voice and body were used effectively to portray the role during parts of the performance Written work was completed with some clarity 5-6 mistakes Level 3 (70-79%) Provides an effective summary sheet with considerable information relevant to the time period Voice and body were used effectively to portray the role throughout most of the performance Written work was completed with considerable clarity 3-4 mistakes Level 4 (80-100%) Provides a highly informative summary sheet with extensive information relevant to the time period Voice and body were used effectively to portray the role throughout the performance Written work was completed with a hight degree of clarity 0-2 mistakes (trial: costume, primary sources, props, ) /5 Thinking/Inquiry (summary) /5 Application (trial) /10 Visual material was employed with limited effectiveness Very little evidence of research involving resources other than the textbook (1 source) Little evidence of prior knowledge of the time period studied Visual material was employed with some accuracy and effectiveness Very little evidence of research involving resources other than the textbook (2 sources) Some evidence of prior knowledge of the time period studied Visual material was employed with accuracy and effectiveness Research involving resources other than the textbook is clearly apparent (3 sources) Knowledge of the time period is clearly evident Visual material was highly accurate and extremely effective A great deal of research has been conducted involving resources other than the text (4 sources) A high degree of knowledge of the time period is evident. /60 % LEVEL Comments:

3 SITUATION: Napoleon Trial It is 1815 and Napoleon has just lost the war against the allied powers of Europe. Each country is unsure of what to do with him and this hearing has been convened to see that the right choice has been made. There are only three clear choices freedom, exile or death. Judges (dependant upon the number of students in the class) There will be a panel of 5 judges. The head magistrate (the class teacher) will represent the Pope. There should also be a judge representing the interests of Austria, Britain, Prussia and Russia. Each student judge should make them familiar with what happened to the country they are representing. The majority decision will be the sentence that is carried out. Legal Teams: Defence (2-3 depending on class size) Prosecution (2-3 depending on class size) Defendant Napoleon I of France You have been charged as a tyrant and danger by the other countries of Europe; they will decide your fate. There are only three possible outcomes for you: innocence, exile or death. You have already been exiled once to the island of Elba, but you escaped back to France. You feel that you were justified in your conquest Europe and that what your actions were done for the betterment of your country and the content itself. You maintain that your actions were meant to bring Europe together and make it a family. This can be seen with the appointment of members of your own family to important positions throughout Europe. Your critics have called you pompous and egotistical and say that this led to your quest for power. Your supporters feel that you are a military genius and a true hero of France. Many people in France feel that it was you who brought an end to the turmoil of the revolution and once again made France great. Your Napoleonic codes rebuilt France s social and governmental programs bringing security and happiness to the country. Most of Europe sees you as the greatest villain to have ever lived. At one point as Emperor of France you controlled most of Europe including France, Spain, kingdoms within Italy and Germany, sections of Russia and the Austrian-Hungarian empires. You had also successfully conquered Egypt and parts of Africa. You have successfully conquered the European powers on their own or within their small alliances, but only lost when they joined together. You see your failures, such as the invasion of Russia and the Battle of Waterloo, as proof of the weak wills of your generals and men. You see your triumphs, at such battles as, Egypt, Austerlitz and Jena, as proof of your genius. You take pride in the fact that under you the map of Europe was redrawn. You failed in your dream to create a United States of Europe, to give the continent one legal code, one coinage, one system of weights and measures, one court of appeals and one leader to hold it all together.

4 Witness for the Defence Josephine You are Napoleon s first wife and were with him in the beginning of his reign as emperor of France. Many in France feel that yours is perhaps one of the greatest and most tragic love stories in history. You met Napoleon while he attended a function at your house and at first he did not impress you. You felt he had a lean and hungry look. However after he helped you find one of your most treasured items, the sword of your late husband, you became friends and then lovers. You soon married and were deeply and hopelessly in love. You are the only woman that Napoleon was said to have truly liked. Napoleon became frustrated with you as you indulged your love of spending and got yourself into deep debt. It became apparent that you were to old to bare Napoleon a son and he feared that without a son France would once again be thrown into another bloody civil war as the different factions within France tried to gain power. Napoleon chose to divorce you for the good of France to which you regretfully agreed. French Captain of the Russian Campaign You were a member of Napoleon s invasion force in Russia. You witnessed the Emperor planning and participating in battle many times. You feel that Russia was a success and Moscow was taken because the Emperor so willed it. You are willing to follow him anywhere because you feel that there is no greater leader in France. You remember seeing the joy in the emperor s eyes when he entered Moscow and were lucky enough to be standing near him at that faithful moment. You feel the unfortunate retreat from Russia was not because of Napoleon s weakness as a leader, but because of the weakness of the French soldiers to do as their emperor asked. You feel this regardless of the fact that you lost a hand to a Russian sword during the retreat. You were very upset the first time that Napoleon was exiled and rejoiced at his return pledging your loyalty to follow him anywhere. Your disability kept you out of Napoleon s final battles otherwise you would have fought by his side again. You believe that only Napoleon can lead France to greatness both home and throughout Europe. Private in the French army who was at the Battle of the Pyramids The Battle of the Pyramids was perhaps one of the most exciting moments of your life. You witnessed Napoleon fighting alongside of his men and giving them orders. He looked almost god-like on his horse fighting along side of you and this made you willing to do anything to help him make France a greater country. After the victory you and your fellow soldiers were able to learn about the Egyptian culture and see the wonders of Egypt for yourself. You helped to load many of its treasures onto a boat, which would take these items to France allowing your countrymen to appreciate their beauty. You also saw that the French culture and customs were being introduced to the Egyptians who you, and many of the other men, felt lacked French sensibility. You hoped that this would elevate them to the cultural level of the French. You were quite upset when Napoleon left Egypt to return to France, but rejoiced upon hearing the news that he had become emperor.

5 Armand de Caulaincourt, Master of the Horse You held many important posts while serving Napoleon. You were an ambassador to Russia, a negotiator and were given a post in the provisional government after Napoleons defeat at Waterloo. However you are best remembered as being the Emperor s left-hand man. You were called this because you always traveled on the Emperors left side. You travelled to Russia upon the request of the Emperor to find out the intentions of the Czar. You returned to Paris to tell the Emperor of the Czar s desire for peace, but learned that Napoleon would proceed with his planned invasion of Russia. You travelled with Napoleon into Russia and were responsible for headquarters transports and the courier service, on campaign you rode immediately to the left of the Emperor s carriage and, upon his exchanging it for a horse, held his stirrup as he mounted. By the summer of 1812 this had become more than a ritual gesture. Although a supporter of Napoleon you were against the war in Russia and would be one of the few who would openly raise doubts to the emperor s face. Despite your doubts you followed the Emperor into Russia. You found the Emperor to take your criticism in stride and knew he valued your opinion. However he was driven to make France great and bring Europe together. French Citizen for the defence You were an active participant in the Revolution and supported the removal of the King and even attended his beheading. However you felt that the revolutionary governments lacked the ability to bring about effective change. At first you were doubtful of Napoleon, but soon saw the social changes he brought to France were helping you and your citizens lead a better life. What made you extremely happy was a reform to the tax system, which to you now seemed extremely fair. You feel that Napoleon was the man that returned France to greatness by bringing peace and order. The France you lived in now at the end of Napoleon s reign is one of fine arts, monuments, plebiscites, which gave the people a greater say, as well as a police force which has brought order to the streets. To you Napoleon has brought France into a golden age and hope to see him returned to the throne. Joseph Bonaparte You are Napoleon s eldest brother and were one of his most trusted advisors. You started your career as an ambassador for your brother. Trying to bring Europe together through peace. You agreed with your brother s ideas of a unified Europe. You ruled in Naples as king on your brother s behalf and due to your success there your brother gave you control of his newly captured Spain. You were very disheartened at the fact that you couldn t institute the Napoleonic codes in Spain and that you faced constant rebellion from the people. You looked to your brother for advice, which he gave freely. The Spanish would not submit and finally with the help of the British your forces were defeated decisively defeated by Wellington at Vitoria in You would fight at your brother s side at Waterloo, again facing defeat at Wellington s hand.

6 Michel, duc d' Ney, Duke of Elchingen "The bravest of the brave" was the title given to you by Napoleon. after many early military successes Napoleon appointed you a marshal of France in Extremely loyal to the Emperor you won brilliant victories, including those at Elchingen in 1805, Jena in 1806, and Friedland in 1807, and were made Duke of Elchingen in As Napoleon s right hand man you went with him to Russia and led the center, the most important force, of Napoleon's Grand Army at Smolensk and Borodino. You took on the extremely dangerous job of commanding the rear guard in the retreat from Moscow. When Napoleon abdicated the throne in 1814, Louis XVIII succeeded him, and you reluctantly became an officer under the restored Bourbon monarchy. Fate once again brought you and Napoleon together. After Napoleon s escape from Elba in 1815 the king gave you the job of tracking him down. You told the king that you would "bring Napoleon back in an iron cage." Instead of capturing Napoleon, You joined him in the march on Paris. You did this because you felt that he was better for France than the Bourbon King. During the Hundred Days of Napoleon's return to power, you held major commands, including commanding a major force at Waterloo. You have recently been captured and soon face a trial of your own to answer to the charges of treason against the king. Assistant to Napoleon at Elba Island When the Emperor was sent to Elba in exile from France you were pleased to be given the responsibility of serving him. The people of Elba greeted Napoleon with a glorious celebration and Napoleon moved into the Governor s palace. It seemed like the glory of Paris had come to the island. You found Napoleon to be kind and giving. As a citizen of Elba you soon saw the small island had become prosperous under his rule. You saw that Napoleon seemed quite happy, but as the months went on he seemed bored. He engaged in physical exercise and discussions with those around him. He grew more and more restless as news from France came in almost daily. His mood changed when he received word that the new king seemed to be undoing all that he did. The Congress was close to coming apart, the army was near revolt and that a new revolution appeared to be brewing. Napoleon told you that France needed him and you decided to help him escape. What furthered Napoleon s hopes were the allied powers were disbanding and sending their troops home. He hoped that once back in France he could make peace with each one of them; bring in a new peaceful age for Europe. When Napoleon set sail for France you were at the docks to see him and his troops off to return France to its former glory.

7 Prosecution Witnesses Louis XVIII, King of France Your family were the greatest victims of the French Revolution. Your older brother King Louis had lost his head to the mob and his son died as a child, thus making you the king of France. You managed to escape to England in 1791 and would be France s king in name only while there in exile. As the Reign of Terror came to an end you felt that you might have the opportunity to return the Bourbon monarchy to its rightful place on the throne. You were disgusted at seeing Napoleon name himself emperor of France; a title you and your royalist supporters felt was invalid. You hoped your supporters could undermine Napoleon s rule, but this was not to be so. Your dream of becoming the official King of France came true when in 1814 Napoleon abdicated. The ruling council decided to invite you backing to be king because they felt that they need stability. You returned to France and took the throne, promising to bring about a new constitutional charter and even forgiving those that killed your brother. Your one goal was to remain king. However the beginning of your monarchy was short lived as Napoleon returned to Pairs. You escaped and sought the assistance of the allies. Upon Napoleon s defeat you returned to France again as its king. Frederick William III, King of Prussia As Napoleon took power in France you were cautiously optimistic of his rule. You decided that it was time to act when Napoleon took over Hanover, an area you swore to protect. As the French forces blocked off trade you decided to invite Czar Alexander I of Russia to your palace at Potsdam to discuss an alliance against the advancing French. You vowed to work together to stop him. When Austria asked for your aid against Napoleon you were not ready, but sent what you could and the combined forces of Austria, Prussia and Russia fell at Austerlitz. In the peace negations with Napoleon you were forced to give up territory, but gained the area of Hanover, which you had long wanted. You then joined Napoleon in alliance and agreed to close all Prussian ports to British goods. Scared of the military build up of French forces in Southern Germany you secretly opened your ports to British goods again and made an alliance with Russia against France. Upon learning of your actions Napoleon moved his forces into Prussia and in October of 1806 your forces were defeated at the Battle of Jena. This loss cost your country dearly and you never forgot this defeat. Napoleon allowed you to rule a smaller country under his watchful eye and you spent the next few years rebuilding. You again joined with Alexander against France and in 1813 your combined forces won the battle of Leipzig. You rejoiced at Napoleon s abdication and were fearful of his return. You joined together with the other countries of Europe to bring him down at Waterloo and want to see him returned to exile. Alexander I of Russia You and Napoleon had come to power at almost the same time and it was only a matter of time before your forces were to meet. As his forces moved eastward gaining territory your forces moved westward helping the Russian empire to grow. To further your influence in East Europe you entered into a treaty with Austria in This treaty however drew you into war with France when Napoleon attacked. Convincing Prussia to join your forces you fell to the brilliant general at Austerlitz. You decided that you needed to buy Russia some time and in 1807 met with Napoleon at Tilsit to discuss peace. You greeted Napoleon with a kiss and the two of you agreed to split the world. You felt this was best in furthering your interests. Upon your return to Russia you found the peace was unpopular. The relationship with France soured when Napoleon married Marie Louise of Austria. This created tension between France and Russia and the alliance was cancelled when Napoleon invaded when he learned you were accepting trade goods from Britain. You creatively evaded the French forces, only engaging them when you had to, and hoped that the Russian winter to take care of Napoleon for you. You even allowed Napoleon to take Moscow to draw him further into the country. Upon Napoleon s retreat your people joined against you to attack. You were saddened to hear the way in which your people suffered under his rule. You joined together with the other European forces to bring down Napoleon and still see him as a threat to Europe.

8 Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington You began your military career in 1796 in India and gained distinction for your outstanding service and many important victories. In 1805 you left India to return to Europe to face the growing threat to Britain from Napoleon and France. You won a notable victory in your first campaign on the French-held Spanish peninsula, but your superiors lost any gains made. Your accomplishments were not lost on the British Government and you were made Commander and Chief of the Military in In 1813, your forces defeated Napoleon s brother at Vitoria and this allowed British forces a foothold on the content. Upon Napoleon s return from exile you prepared your forces to battle him once again. Together with the other allied countries Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo. Many people feel that it was due to your leadership and command that Waterloo was a victory. You feel that Napoleon was a threat to England and its growing Empire and are proud of the part you played in stopping him. Pope Pius VII When Napoleon seized power you were glad that the order was restored to France. You also hoped that it would mean the church would have all that it had lost given back. You hoped that the Catholics in France would follow you and this, you felt, gave you influence on the new leader. In 1801 Napoleon and you came together in the Concordant, which recognized Catholism as the religion of France and restored the church Hierarchy as well. As well as forging this new relationship Napoleon returned portion of the Papal States to Rome as his armies moved though Italy snatching up territory. In 1804 you were invited to Napoleon s coronation as Emperor of France. You were quite embarrassed and upset when Napoleon took the crown from your hands and placed it upon his own head. TO you this insult also meant that Napoleon did not respect your authority. What further upset you was the painting done by Jacques Louis David, which showed your hand raised in blessing as Napoleon placed the crown on his wife s head. This lie upset you because you gave no blessing at that moment and knew that you were just another pawn to the Emperor of France. You also came into conflict with Napoleon when you refused to close Papal ports to British goods. You feared that Napoleon s growth in power was dangerous to Europe and felt it your duty to protect Christdom from him. In 1807 you finally gave in when Napoleon threatened to seize all papal lands. In 1808 Napoleon sent his forces to march upon Rome when you refused to join him in a fight against France s enemies. From Rome was a prisoner of the occupying French forces and Napoleon seized papal lands for France. In 1809 Napoleon declared that the power of the pope no longer existed. Because of this you excommunicated him. Napoleon ordered his forces to seize you and you were given the choice of exile or abdication. You chose exile and were a prisoner of France until Napoleon freed you in You feel sorry for Napoleon and have decided that you will allow his mother to live in Rome under your protection. You feel that Europe is better off without Napoleon. George Augustus Fredrick, Prince of Wales, Regent of England You have recently been appointed Regent of England due to your Father, King George III s declining mental state. You knew that Napoleon had tried many times to work out agreements with your father and England to bring peace, but each time the terms seem to be more in France s favor. You felt that Napoleon s decision to create a Continental Blockade to weaken England was an act of war. Your forces worked in Spain to free it from his forces and were successful. You worked to undermine Napoleon by getting his allies to turn against him and allow English goods onto the continent. This did have an effect on your people and there was some suffering but you and your government would not give in. You are proud of the part England played in bringing him down and felt that Napoleon was no longer a threat when he was taken to Elba and placed under the watchful eye of English forces. However when he escaped you quickly joined together with Russia, Prussia and Austria to bring him down at Waterloo. Napoleon has recently looked to you for asylum. You have already offered to put him once again under English guard if the court decides to exile him.

9 Gebhard Leberecht von Blucher You are a Prussian General who has been fighting against the French since You see the French as a threat, first with their revolution, now with Napoleon. You have fought Napoleon in battle before and were able to defeat him at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and lead the first troops into Paris in You were happy to see Napoleon defeated and you believed that peace would finally come to Europe with him sent into exile. Upon his return from Elba Island you and your men moved to once again stand against Napoleon. You suffered a major loss to the French at the Battle Ligny in 1815, but were able to redeem yourself when your men arrived in time to help Wellington defeat Napoleon at Waterloo. Francisco de Goya You are a Spanish painter who witnessed the events of the Napoleonic invasion as well as your countrymen s struggle for independence. From your window you saw the way in which the French treated your people and the horrors that war brought to Spain. Unknown to the French you painted many images of the atrocities committed in the streets and want to share with the people what has been done. You also saw first hand the behavior of the French when you were appointed First Court Painter from 1808 to You found them to be rude and pompous, however some were appreciative of art. The work which you feel most describes your feelings of this time of occupation is The Disasters of War. You were very happy when Spain was freed from the Bonaparte s rule and hope that war will never again appear outside your window. French Citizen for the Prosecution The revolution was a glorious time for you. You were among crowd to storm the Bastille and bring France from out of the shadow of selfish monarchs and the spoiled rich. France belonged to the people again. You took a seat in the new assembly and helped to build a new France. When the Reign of Terror began you kept quite because you wanted to keep your head. However with it came to an end you felt now the Republic of France would be great. This wasn t the case. Your first encounter with Napoleon occurred in 1795 when the young military officer brought his forces into Paris and shot at a crowd of patriots, which had gathered to raise their voices in discontent at the policies of the Directory. You saw Napoleon order his men to open fire on his countrymen without thinking twice. Many died in the streets that day and Napoleon gained greater respect. As a member of the Council of 500 you hoped to use your influence to bring about the republic you had long fought for. However, Napoleon seized power from the people and became the First Council of France crushing the directory. In 1802, you tried to convince the people that Napoleon was a danger and fought against his plebiscite asking for the position of Council for Life. You warned that it would be a return to the times before the revolution. You were fearful when Napoleon made himself Emperor in 1804 that the end was near for France. You became an opponent of the Napoleonic Code and argue to others that the laws were created to keep people in check. You feel that France s military losses have weakened the country and that because of Napoleon all that had been accomplished by the revolution had been undone. You even blame him for the return of the Bourbon s to power. To you Napoleon is France s greatest villain.

10 Palace Attendant Your family has served the rulers of France for a long time. Your Grandfather was a personal servant to Louis XIV. When the revolution occurred your family supported it only because they feared for their life, but did remain working at Versailles to ensure its upkeep. When Napoleon took power it was only natural for you to return to service of the Emperor. Due to your experience you were one of the many servants who help attend to the Emperors needs when he was in France. You witnessed his treatment of those around him and found him to be quick tempered and unwilling to listen to those who were there to advise him. He often yelled and screamed at those who he felt had done him wrong. You saw him strike out a young servant who had left a scuff on his riding boots. You remember one time that he was meeting with some of his ministers at Versailles and when the Emperor was told that something he wanted was impossible he yelled, Nothing is impossible for I am Napoleon! He then took the glass of wine that you had just brought him and threw it at the wall. You are afraid that he is irrational and a danger to France. What further proved this to you is when he divorced his first wife Josephine. While the king was away you had spent time serving the Emperouss and found her to be delightful and friendly. You don t like his new wife at all. You feel she is unenlightened and rude. You want what is best for France and are glad to now be serving the new Bourbon King who you feel will return order and civility to France. French Soldier of the Russian Campaign You were a proud artillary man in the French military and were willing to follow Napoleon anywhere. As you marched into Russia you would either take it for the Emperor or die trying. The Russian forces proved to be more difficult to defeat than other armies you had faced. Many died, but finally you reached Moscow. Tired and hungry you felt that it would be a refuge for you and your friends before you returned to France. Only there for a day the victory of taking the Russian capital turned to a nightmare as those citizens that remained began to set the buildings on fire. You were ordered to kill anyone who was caught doing this. As you and your men were looting a house, with the permission of Napoleon, you came upon a young boy trying to start a fire. The boy, no older than 10, was taken out into the street and was shot. When Napoleon decided to leave you were allowed to take all that you could carry back to France. Filling your bag with various items you began the long walk back to France. However the Russians began to ambush you and this slowed you and your comrades down. As the harsh winter set in there was little food or shelter because it had been destroyed on the way into Russia. Your friends died in the snow of cold, hunger and guerrilla attacks from the Cossacks. You lost a foot to frostbite yourself. To survive you were forced to first eat any horsemeat that could be found. When the last of the horses were eaten you would eat any weeds or grass that you could find. You often went hungry and marched in the extreme cold with an empty stomach and little clothing. You were quite upset when Napoleon decided to leave you and feel that this action was an act of selfishness on the part of a man you once would have died for. You want him to be exiled because he is a liar and a danger to France.