Newsletter of the Valley of Northern New Jersey. Vol 7 No December The Great Gatsby.

Transcription

1 ValleyREVIEW Newsletter of the Valley of Northern New Jersey Vol 7 No valynnj@aol.com December 2013 The Great Gatsby of Valleys

2 2 VALLEY REVIEW A Rose Croix Chapter Message of Enthusiasm! Sublime Princes and all. Greetings to you during this season of winter solstice! While our mind and body awaits the regeneration of the spring season, may I remind you to maintain your enthusiasm for the remainder of the Scottish Rite Year. The Chapter of Rose Croix begins our meeting schedule in the early spring of this year. Our Commander-in-Chief along with the remaining Presiding Officers, have planned what we believe to be exciting and worthwhile events, designed for your enjoyment. The traditional Feast of the Paschal Lamb highlights the Chapter calendar, coupled with another Restaurant styled social evening planned for If there is anything I or the Chapter officers can do to make your Scottish Rite experience more meaningful, please do not hesitate to ask! Here is to a great 2014 with a healthy and prosperous second half of the calendar term at the Valley! Fraternally, SP Richard Jackson, 32 MSA, MWM Northern Valley Chapter of Rose Croix ValleyReview Editorial Director...SP Paul M. Ferreira, 32, MSA Design Director...Ill. Ronald J. York, 33, MSA Valley Review is published quarterly in March, June, September, and December by the Scottish Rite Association of Northern New Jersey, a 501(c)(10) non-profit fraternal order headquartered at: 2333 Morris Avenue, Suite B-208A, Union, NJ by the Scottish Rite Association of Northern New Jersey. All rights reserved. All correspondence must be mailed to the address above. Phone: Valynnj@aol.com please send us your address for monthly fliers. Valley s meetings, social functions, and other events take place on the second and fourth Tuesdays of the month, unless otherwise noted, at: Salaam Temple AAONMS 369 East Mount Pleasant Avenue, Livingston, NJ Northern NJ Lodge of Perfection SP William J. Berenbroick, 32, MMS Thrice Potent Master Northern NJ Council Princes of Jerusalem SP Richard E. Schultz, 32 Sovereign Prince Northern NJ Chapter of Rose Croix SP Richard T. Jackson, 32, MSA Most Wise Master New Jersey Consistory, S.P.R.S. Ill. Brendon J. Schlitt, 33, MSA Commander-in-Chief Secretary: Ill. J. Robert Deissler, 33 Treasurer: SP Peter M. Maris, 32, MSA Active Members of Supreme Council Ill. David A. Glattly, 33,.Deputy for New Jersey Ill. Robert J. Sheridan, 33...Active Ill. Daniel M. Wilson, 33...Active Ill. Thurman C. Pace, Jr., 33...Active Emeritus Ill. Donald D. Miller, 33...Active Emeritus Ill. Verdon R. Skipper, 33...Active Emeritus Deputy s Representative: Ill. Robert V. Monacelli, 33, MSA

3 VALLEY REVIEW 3 The Valley of Northern New Jersey is the amalgam of three sister Valleys formerly known as the Valley of Newark, Valley of Jersey City, and the Valley of Paterson. Each of which carries a storied legacy and tradition of existence from a golden era in Craft Masonry for New Jersey. This brief article touches on the history of our Newark brethren and the former home they occupied during their existence as a Valley spanning almost 32 years from 1926 to The Krueger mansion as it is known was the former home to Gottfried Krueger a brew master and owner of the famed Krueger Brewing Company. It was constructed in Located at 601 High Street in the Central Ward of Newark, this building stands as a testament to the glory days of a city that was once home to many barons of the Brewery world. Newark itself was in fact home to 26 Beer breweries in total! Needless to say, it truly was the brewery capital of the East coast of America! The neighborhood and the mansion have changed much since its early years and glory days. The Central ward of Newark was home to many Jewish Synagogues and Greek Orthodox structures largely spotted along parts of High Street. The Avenue also offered at one time, unobstructed views of downtown Newark and beyond. The St. Nicholas Church was founded in 1901 and was the first Greek Orthodox congregation in New Jersey. Just north of the Krueger mansion, is the Newark Arts High School once home to legendary jazz and blues singer Sarah Vaughn. The Divine Riviera hotel and the once great Silk Stocking District of Lincoln Park are within walking distance of the mansion. High Street seemed to be the home to many Brewery Barons and Philanthropists of the time. If you continue to travel North on High street you will come across the Feigenspan Mansion. Home to Beer Baron Christian Feigenspan. The Krueger family and brewery is also known to be the first producer of something we kind of take for granted in this day and time. What is that you might ask? Well it s the maker of the first beer can to be used in mass production in the world! Yes that s right, in 1935 Krueger Brewery put into effect the first aluminum can for beer and ushered in the modern age of beer The Krueger mansion, although in great disrepair and dilapidated condition, still exists today. It stands as a white elephant in a deforested jungle of concrete and ruination. However, valley members like Illustrious Clarence Brunner, remember its glory days as a hallmark location for Scottish Rite Freemasons to enjoin and dwell together in unity. Ask Ill. Clarence and he can wax poetic about the 700 seat auditorium that was added on to the mansion by the Valley in order to accommodate its membership during reunion times. Or, he can tell you about the former Greenhouse and billiards room, or the ornate wooden columns, embossed leather walls, and its five story atrium capped with an elaborate copper filigreed dome. Till this day, plaster of Paris ceiling medallions inscribed with the four symbols of the bodies of the Rite still exist on the ceiling areas in some sections of the mansion. The building was last occupied by Louise Scott a prominent woman entrepreneur who utilized the first floor of the mansion as a Beauty salon and school and kept residence on the upper floors for herself. The Krueger Mansion rests their on the corner of Court and High Streets (now known as MLK Boulevard) boarded up and awaiting a proper suitor to resurrect her glorious façade and interior. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in In the year of 1982, ownership of the mansion passed on to the City of Newark and a bond was floated in 1991 to stabilize the exterior of the structure.

4 4 VALLEY REVIEW Valley Awards & Recognition Evening The Valley s annual award and recognition dinner took place this past September at the Hanover Manor located in East Hanover, New Jersey. The occasion was highlighted by this being our 200th Anniversary celebration as a Supreme Council. As is customary for the Valley, this night is reserved for the presentation of Award Ribbons, 33rd Degree Caps, Meritorious Service Award Cap and Jewels, and the celebration of honorees having been elected to receive the Medallion for Masonic Service, Lifetime Achievement, and the Family of Freemasonry Awards. Our surprise MMS (Medal for Masonic Service) awardee was unable to be present. However, we did have the opportunity to present the remainder of the aforementioned awards to their elected recipients. Our Illustrious Commanderin-Chief Brendon J. Schlitt 33, MSA welcomed the assembly, and with that, the presentation ceremonies and dinner began in earnest! Our Valley Ribbon Awards program is one which dates back to the by-gone days of the Valley of Newark. Many of us today, have no lasting memory of the Valley of Newark and its majestic home located along High Street in the Central Ward of the City of Newark. This issue of the Valley Review touches on this building and its unique place in our Masonic history as a Valley. The Ribbon awards program emanates from the Valley of Newark and its recognition program designed for its membership during its existence. In cases like Ill. Bob Deissler 33, his Grand Medallion with Purple Ribbon, belonged to his father a proud Valley of Newark member, and was preserved for Bob when the time came for him to enjoy the recognition of achieving such an honor. Certainly, one can appreciate its importance as a program based on such a rich history of existence as part of our valley Structure. This year, the Valley presented the Grand Medallion with Purple Ribbon to two recipients. Namely, SP Charles S. Jackson 32, MSA, and SP Paul M. Ferreira 32, MSA. Both men earning this achievement by fulfilling the demanding requirement of offering over 325 hours of service to ones Valley, Learning Center, and /or overall duty of a Scottish Rite nature. Other ribbon award levels from Grey to Gold were presented to qualified candidates receiving those levels of recognition as designated. They were as follows: Tony Abano, James Chwalyk, David Reed, Charles Booth, Michael Emerson, and Roger Quintana receiving Grey Ribbons. William Berenbroick, Jack Janssens, Louis Noonburg receiving Blue Ribbons. Mohamad Yatim receiving a Green ribbon. Alex Dakak receiving an Orange Ribbon. Emilio Bermudez received a Red Ribbon, and lastly, John Healy and Peter Maris receiving a Gold Ribbon. The Awards dinner festivities continued forth with the cap presentations to those coroneted 33rd degree Masons during the recent session in August, and with the Meritorious Service Award Ceremony for those elected to receive this honor at the annual Council of Deliberation sessions. Both Red and White caps signifying the identification of such was presented. The MSA ceremony is considered the highlight of the awards evening based on the significance of the award and the formality of the prescribed ritual necessary to the investiture. The ceremony was conducted once again this year by Ill. Henry Stein 33 and assisted by SP Paul M. Ferreira as Marshal, with the assistance of fellow MSA holders and Marshal assistants; Gordon Fleming, Thomas Kaynak, and Joseph DeIntinis. Awards continued with recognition of Lifetime Achievement and the Family of Freemasonry Award. In both scenarios deserving candidates were placed into consideration and by unanimous consent, Ill. Thurman C. Pace, Jr. 33, Past Deputy of AASR, and Ms. Karyn Visscher were honored for their achievements. To say that Ill. Pace s accomplishments in the fraternity would take up a few pages of space in this newsletter would be a complete understatement to say the least! Ill. Brother Pace is world renowned for his endless contributions to Freemasonry! As brother Pace has contributed more than a half a century in Masonry, his trailblazing legacy will live on for many a generation in New Jersey circles and beyond to enjoy! We honored Thurman with the Lifetime Achievement Award, which was presented to him by his close friend Ill. J. Robert Deissler, 33 and Valley Secretary. Thurman as usual,

5 VALLEY REVIEW 5 was not for a loss of words and recalled many of his past experiences in the craft and humbly thanked the Valley for the level of recognition afforded. The Family of Freemasonry award designates those who have given much to our fraternity in ways not so necessary to the brethren itself, but to the overall contributions to the importance of the craft and its overall structure which make it function as a harmonious body of men seeking and equally doing, good deeds to further the mission of our organization and the world at large. Surely, an honor of great importance and noteworthy accomplishments in the name of Freemasonry. Ill. Robert Monacelli, 33 made this important presentation to Ms. Karyn Visscher who humbly accepted this honor and briefly reminisced about the important role Freemasonry has taken in the life of her and her family. The Visscher family is well known in and about the apartments of the Temple as the saying goes. A welldeserved honor for Karyn. A hearty applause to all our awardees on this special evening! Our new MSAs: from L. to R. SP Roger Quintana,32, SP Chet Stupinkevicius,32, SP Kyle Nurge,32, SP Peter Maris,32. Valley Brethren Honored as Sovereign Grand Inspectors General of the 33rd and last degree of Supreme Council! The annual meeting of the Supreme Council took place during the week of August of 2013 in our nations capital of Washington D.C.. Those elected to receive this honor during the previous session of the Supreme Council, were present to receive the conferral of the Thirty-Third and last degree of Scottish Rite Freemasonry. This high and distinct honor represents a mans journey through the craft and signifies a dedicated worker and patron who has demonstrated long term skill and application in Masonry as well as Public life. Less than 5% of the fraternity receives this honor in their lifetime! Therefore, the significance of the same holds even more special meaning to the recipient. The Valley of Northern New Jersey is proud to have them as part of this impor- tant class of astounding Masons. Congratulations brethren! Pictured from left to right are: Ill. Rajaram Rao, 33, MSA, Ill. William J. Anderson, 33, MMS, Ill. Charles Secallus, 33, MSA, MW & Ill. Ferris O. Tryon, PGM, 33, and Ill. Ronald J. York, 33, MSA.

6 6 VALLEY REVIEW Fall Reunion Report & Future Reunion Notes The Northern Valley was assigned the task of portraying the 26th Degree for the combined fall reunion with the Central Valley. The day consisted of the showing of the Fourth Degree video, followed by the Central Valley performing the 17th Degree, Knight of the East and West, and the Valley portraying the aforementioned 26th Degree, Friend and Brother Eternal, a degree patterned after an American Civil War Masonic theme. Key actors were Ill. Glenn Visscher 33, SP Louis Noonburg, 32, SP Peter Maris, 32, MSA, Ill. Thomas Prescott, 33, MSA and Ill. Martin Spacht, 33, MSA. The occasion of the reunion was marked as the Veterans Appreciation Class. Narration was performed by SP Moises Gomez, 32, MSA. The degree was directed by Ill. Robert V. Monacelli, 33, MSA who also doubled as stage and soundman, and Co-directed by SP Paul M. Ferreira, 32, MSA acting as degree prompter. The Next Reunion is Set for Saturday February 22, 2014 and is based upon the revised version of the 22 Prince of Libanus. It is being dubbed The Boston Valley Singing Degree, and currently we are seeking individuals who would like to be a part of the Chorus. The day will also be a themed fund raiser, and all three New Jersey Valleys will take part in the festivity. The fourth degree video will also be shown for the benefit of all new candidates. A commemorative stein will be given out as well. Please see our article related to this event and in this issue of the Valleyreview.

7 Yes, I would like to help solve the Dyslexia puzzle. Enclosed is our donation. (circle one) $50 $150 $350 $500 $1,000 Sponsor a Child 1 Year $2,500 Sponsor a Child 2 Years $5,000 All donations are welcome! Checks payable to: Children s Dyslexia Centers, NJ 301 Forest Rd. Scotch Plains NJ Contacts for tickets: RW Paul M. Ferreira pferreira@optonline.net or Bro. Anthony Ritwagger arittjr@gmail.com All proceeds benefit Children s Dyslexia Centers NJ A 501 (c)3 charity Tutoring the Orton-Gillingham Method of Remediation Free of charge to needy kids!

8 Fund Raiser for Burlington and Scotch Plains Dyslexia Centers Saturday, February 15, :00 PM to 9:00 PM Scottish Rite Central Valley: 103 Dunns Mill Road, Bordentown, NJ (just off Exit 7 of the NJ Turnpike) Live DJ Beefsteak Dinner provided by Hap Nightingale 50/50 Raffle Admission Price of $40.00 Basket Auction with 45+ Baskets (valued at over $100 per basket!) Tricky Tray Tickets $10.00 per sheet of 20+ Tickets Higher Value Items Tickets / $10.00 per ticket Reservations Only / NO TICKETS SOLD AT THE DOOR Reservations to WLMorris573@comcast.net or Mail reservations to: scotch Plains Dyslexia Center; attn./ W. L. Morris 301 Forest Road, Scotch Plains, NJ Please make checks payable to: Children s Dyslexia Centers, Inc. Tear-Off Information: Name: Address:º Phone Number: Address: Number of Tickets: Amount Enclosed: No Tickets Will Be Mailed

9 VALLEY REVIEW 9 Brethren Your Assistance is earnestly solicited!, Come One... Come All!! a Commemorative Stein to honor the occasion. We can use your help - from All Valleys! If you would like to lend your voice to the cast as a Soloist or a Chorus member or would like to be involved as a non-speaker or server, please respond back to Glenn Visscher (gvisscher@aol.com) as soon as possible. We will be casting and starting rehearsals in December to be prepared for the February performance. More information will be forthcoming about the degree, but please get involved at the outset! It should be a great night for all! Come be part of this exciting new chapter in New Jersey Scottish Rite History. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me. I look forward to hearing from you. The Three Scottish Rite Valleys of New Jersey will be jointly presenting an Alternate Version of the 22nd Degree (Prince of Libanus) on February 22nd, As many may remember this degree has a musical component which extols the virtues of Hard Work towards a Common Goal. As of 2013, Supreme Council has introduced an alternate version of the degree, which has a wider ranges of songs, more parts Prince of Libanus Degree With a Twist! and expanded audience involvement. We will be performing this Degree as a Fund Raising Dinner for the Valley of Central Jersey. The event will be held at Crescent Shrine (Westampton, NJ) and will include a Dinner of German Cuisine (Bavaria / Austria / etc) with appropriate "adult beverages". All attendees will be presented with Best Fraternal Regards, Ill. Glenn T. Visscher, 33 Director General of the Work Prince of Libanus Degree; A Synopsis So you might be wondering how we went from a degree based on the Mighty Cedars of Lebanon, to a Lumberjack styled singing degree with full throated choruses? Well it goes something like this. The Legend informs us that The Sidonians cut the Cedars of Lebanon for Noah s ark. Their same descendants prepared the wood for the Ark of the Covenant. Later in history, their same descendants felled the Cedars of Lebanon for Solomon s Temple and centuries later, the materials for Zerubbabel s Temple. The original degree named from the French title of the 22 was Chevalier de la Royale Hache or Knight of the Royal Axe. From the original Francken ritual of 1783, the degree eventually evolved into the ritual of 1939 and later 1993 whereby, the musical portions were reworked so that they are identical. In 2007, the major change was the setting from the Forests of Lebanon to a North American Forest of the 19th Century, with a corresponding change in the costumes to flannel shirts, and blue denim trousers. The Prince of Libanus degree now equates to these two versions. One being a musical version and the other the continued ritual without the musical interludes playing such a prominent role within the degree work. So let s have some fun!

10 10 VALLEY REVIEW New Member Night... A Success!! With over 110 people in attendance, it was our first go around in our new home at the SALAAM Shrine Building! With the team effort of the Lodge of Perfection officers (sponsoring body for the evening) and the many volunteers from the Valley membership and other officer lines, we pulled it off in a first class manner. The evening featured recognition for class participants from both the MW Glenn R. Trautmann class, and Past Deputies of AASR class honoring Illustrious Sirs Verdon R. Skipper, Thurman C. Pace Jr., and Donald D. Pete Miller. This also marked the occasion of seeing our newly made 32nd Degree Masons of the Valley for the first time since the one day May 2013 ceremony held in the Trenton Temple! Needless to say, it was a joyous occasion for all who were able to make it. Both Ill. and MW Glenn R. Trautmann 33 and Ill. Thurman C. Pace, Jr. 33 were on hand to present the Sublime Princes with their respective class jewels, certificate, and class photo as prepared by the Valley office. Each offered comments of encouragement and accomplishment to the classes and wished them a joyful voyage into the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry. The occasion also afforded us an opportunity to pres- ent our Medal for Masonic Service recipient with his medal of recognition. If you recall, we were originally scheduled to make this surprise presentation at our awards dinner in September to this brother. However, to know its eventual recipient is to know a man who shuns the spot light. A brother who would much rather cook and work in the kitchen than be seen, a brother who goes beyond the call in almost every task he is assigned to take on. A brother, who is truly outstanding and understands the essence of Freemasonry, That brother, is none other than SP Drew Jardine 32. Congratulations to SP Drew and his many gestures of kindness and brotherly love! The evening concluded with a few welcoming words from the Shrine s Potentate Willie Navallo who on the behalf of the Divan and the brothers of SALAAM AAONMS, welcomed us back to the building and offered to extend the fraternal hand of friendship and brotherly affection whenever needed. As a Valley, we have been fortunate to have the embrace of our former home at Loyalty Lodge, and now the added support of our friends here at SAALAM Temple. We are truly blessed in these regards. So mote it be!

11 VALLEY REVIEW 11 Membership Management; It s Meaning to You? I wanted to take a few moments to query what membership means to you, and the principals behind what an active group of dedicated members can do for a Valley s membership campaigns. The foundation stones of any valley contain two pertinent building blocks. That being membership and the portrayal of Ritual in a dramatic setting or staged format. These two components are the essence of Scottish Rite Freemasonry. It is what separates us from others. However, the super structure upon which it is built is often tattered or becomes worn because the attentive need of new blood to regenerate its body falls short of the necessary plateau. That s the membership quandary. A recent edition of a weekly e-newsletter from the Membership/Leadership team of Supreme Council refers to the management of Scottish Rite Membership. This premise is set upon set goals and methodology to membership management. Clearly, it extends beyond the first or second line signature to a potential members petition. It is the constant need to prune and feathered roost in the menagerie of the plume that is Scottish Rite Masonry. You might say; A tending to the Eagle of Lagosh if you will? According to the article I am paraphrasing, written by Ill. R. Curtiss Montgomery, 33 from the Valley of Buffalo, the beginning goal of membership is to: Ensure that every member has exposure to our values and activity and then offered a convenient opportunity to join in. Why is this essential? It makes the member take ownership of the opportunity. To make it their own! Next, the member must have an opportunity to take part on some level. It s about having that ICE experience! This helps maintain his membership and seek to grow in new areas of involvement! Illustrious Montgomery then touches on Segmenting the Market. Basically, this serves as a primer to divide your members into three to five categories of interest and then create vehicles from them to develop activities that satisfy those interests. This could be the development of clubs or guilds addressing various aspects of interest from Wine to Model Trains, to Movie nights, etc, etc. Whatever it takes to motivate the base in order to offer an opportunity to multiply the involvement! Finally, the management of end of the cycle types of membership. This entails showing compassion and care for our members. As Ill. Montgomery points out; We don t just lose members, they die, their interest s and circumstances change, and sometimes we just don t satisfy their value proposition to continue paying dues. Treating these groups according to their needs coupled with respect for our brothers, nurtures membership success. Let s give it a management approach! Statewide Dyslexia Center Raffle Winners Announced! The occasion was the Annual Deputy s Ball celebrating the 200th Anniversary of our founding as an organization. The gala was a Black Tie Dinner held this year at the Southern Valley s Cathedral Ballroom. Over 150 people were in attendance and this was the culmination of the drawing and announcement of the raffle ticket winners. Each year, the Statewide raffle undergoes a drawing for the top monetary prizes which can realize upwards of $40,000 to the 1st place winner, based on the number of tickets sold. We congratulate this years winners which were drawn and announced on this evening! They are: First Prize and $16,464 to Charles Wolfe, Second Prize and $2,058 to Ruben Rodriguez, and Third Place Prize and $2,058 goes to Russell Rutler. We sincerely thank all who participated to help raise funds for this worthy cause. Over $30,000 in total was raised for our learning centers! Notes of Brotherly joy and good cheer! Congratulations to SP Charlie Wlller, 32. Our brother better known from the kitchen crew just received recognition from the Philadelphia Hospital related to having more than 785 completed hospital trips as part of the SALAAM Temple Shepherds Club! It is known as the Special Driver Award and was presented to Chuck by the Chairman of the Board. Congratulations Chuck! Never knew you had such an Iron Butt! The Shepherds club takes the young children and their family for their treatments to the Philadelphia Shriners Hospital when needed. Congratulations to Ill. Gilbert Maymon, 33 on receiving his 75 year DeMolay Membership pin! This is in no way a small accomplishment! Gil received his pin via a presentation at the fall meeting of the Legion of Honor and was presented with it by MW David A. Dorworth, Grand Master and Patrick C. Weisgerber Sr. Executive Officer of DeMolay for New Jersey. Congratulations Gil, and well deserved. Congratulations are in order for RW Lloyd I. Anderson. At a recent social meeting of the Valley, Lloyd was presented with his 55 year membership certificate and pin signifying the occasion! What a Milestone SP Lloyd! Many thanks to you for your continued service in Scottish Rite. New Jersey has the honor of having Past State Master Councilor Christopher M. LaBaw as the elected International Congress Secretary! He is the 47th Congressional Secretary in the history of the International Congress, and follows on the heels of a successful term of Brother Andrew Prescott who served as International Master Councilor of DeMolay for Brother Andrew Prescott is the son of our own Ill. Tom Prescott, 33 and Chris is the son of SP Rick LaBaw, 32, MSA from the Valley of Central Jersey. This is truly a family affair with this group of great people! Many congratulations to both!

12 Upcoming events for the Valley Tuesday, January 7 Executive Council Session Valley Office, Union Tuesday, January 14 SALAAM Temple, Livingston Consistory meeting USS Dorchester Video Tuesday, January 28 Consistory Stated Meeting Guest Speaker Tuesday, February 4 Executive Council Session Valley Office, Union Tuesday, February 11 LOP Meeting SALAAM Temple, Livingston Valentine s Theme Saturday, February 22 Reunion-Fundraiser, New Degree Valley of Boston Singing Degree- Prince of Libanus Cresent Temple, Westampton, NJ Tuesday, February 25 Stated Meeting LOP 14th Degree Portrayal Tuesday, March 4 Executive Council Session Valley Office, Union Tuesday, March 11 Stated Meeting SALAAM Temple, Livingston *Location To Be Determined Valley s meetings, social functions, and other events take place on the second and fourth Tuesdays of the month, unless otherwise noted, at: Salaam Temple, 369 E. Mount Pleasant Ave, Livingston, NJ Scottish Rite Association of Northern New Jersey 2333 Morris Ave, Suite B-208A Union, NJ RETURN SERVICE REQUESTED PRESORTED FIRST CLASS MAIL U.S. POSTAGE PAID NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ PERMIT #1993