Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs

Transcription

1 A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Central Classified Files, Series D: Education Part 1, General Organization, Regulations, and Types of Schools A UPA Collection from

2 Cover: Children of Fort Kipp School. Courtesy of the National Archives, Washington, D.C.

3 Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Central Classified Files, Series D: Education Part 1, General Organization, Regulations, and Types of Schools Project Editor Robert E. Lester Guide Compiled by Ariel W. Simmons A UPA Collection from 7500 Old Georgetown Road Bethesda, MD

4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs central classified files, [microform] / project editor, Robert E. Lester. microfilm reels Accompanied by printed guide, with title: A guide to the microfilm edition of Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs central classified files, Contents: ser. A. Indian delegations to Washington. ser. D. Education. pt. 1. General Organization, Regulations, and Types of Schools ISBN (pt. 4: microfilm) 1. United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs Archives. 2. Indians of North America Government relations Sources. I. Lester, Robert. II. United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. III. University Publications of America (Firm) IV. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs central classified files, [E93] '497 dc CIP Copyright 2005 LexisNexis, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ISBN ii

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Scope and Content Note... Source Note... Editorial Note... Reel Index vii ix ix Reel 1 Education (General) Decimal 800 Albuquerque... 1 Blackfeet... 1 Carlisle... 2 Cherokee Nation... 2 Cherokee School... 2 Cheyenne and Arapaho... 4 Reel 2 Cheyenne and Arapaho cont Cheyenne River... 5 Chickasaw... 5 Chilocco... 5 Coeur D Alene... 6 Colorado River... 7 Colville... 7 Reel 3 Consolidated Chippewa... 8 Consolidated Ute... 8 Creek... 9 Crow... 9 Five Tribes Flandreau Flathead Reel 4 Fort Apache Fort Belknap Fort Berthold Fort Hall Fort Peck Reel 5 Fort Totten Haskell Hoopa Valley iii

6 Hopi Jicarilla Kiowa Reel 6 Klamath Lac Du Flambeau Mescaler Navajo Reel 7 Omaha Osage Paiute Pawnee Phoenix Phoenix School Pierre Pima Pine Ridge Reel 8 Pine Ridge cont Potowatomi Pueblo Bonito Quapaw Red Lake Rosebud Sac and Fox Iowa San Carlos Santa Fe Reel 9 Sells Seminole Sequoyah Orphan Training School Shawnee Sherman Institute Shoshone Reel 10 Sisseton Standing Rock Tulalip Turtle Mountain Reel 11 Turtle Mountain cont Uintah and Ouray Umatilla United Pueblos Walker River Warm Springs Western Navajo iv

7 White Earth Winnebago Yakima Zuni Reel 12 Rules and Regulations Decimal 801 Cherokee Orphan Training School Cheyenne and Arapaho Cheyenne River Chilocco Colorado River Five Tribes Flandreau Fort Peck Fort Totten Haskell Hoopa Valley Kiowa Navajo Pawnee Pine Ridge Ponca Rosebud Salt River Santa Fe Seneca Shawnee Shoshone Tulalip Compulsory Education Decimal 802 Cherokee School Crow Flathead Klamath Osage Pine Ridge Red Lake Sac and Fox Iowa Santee Shoshone Turtle Mountain Principal Correspondents Index Subject Index v

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9 SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE The following microfilm publication presents the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, , filmed from the holdings of the National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. This collection consists of the documents composing decimal numbers 800 (Education, General), 801 (Rules and Regulations), and 802 (Compulsory Education), primarily dating from the 1930s. The files include correspondence, reports, surveys, school newsletters, attendance rolls, and photographs exchanged between the Indian agencies listed in the Table of Contents and the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington D.C. Prominent correspondents include John Collier, Willard W. Beatty, Paul L. Fickinger, and Samuel H. Thompson, as well as local social workers, educational field agents, principals, and teachers. The 1930s marked a period of transition for Indian schools. Many boarding schools were closing down. Some were converting into day schools while others were transferring students to existing Indian day and public schools. The changes did not always run smoothly. Proposals to integrate Indian students into public schools were accepted more readily in the 1930s than in previous decades, but some communities still put up a formidable resistance. In 1933 employees of the Sante Fe Railroad near the Colorado River agency signed a petition to keep Indian children out of white schools. John Collier responded to the action diplomatically but firmly: It is difficult to believe that citizens in any American community can take so unenlightened an attitude regarding Indian people as your petition suggests, and I am assuming that the attitude indicated in this petition represents only a temporary misunderstanding (Reel 2, Frame 0777). The U.S. government paid tuition for each Indian child attending public and day schools, which meant that students had to document what percentage of Indian blood they possessed. Many letters between agencies and citizens concern the eligibility of mixed-race children. Children less than one-quarter Indian would not be enrolled at government expense, regardless of extenuating circumstances. The health of students is an ever-present topic in the reports and correspondence in this collection. School was often a child s only opportunity for medical care, and school administrators found their hands full with unhealthy students. Some agencies built special schools just for students with trachoma to isolate them from healthy children. Social workers monitored ill students and, along with principals, always noted the health condition of students on the frequent enrollment lists sent back to Washington, D.C. Home studies often revealed infirm guardians, unsanitary living conditions, and poverty so severe that some communities were faced with starvation. Educating students often came secondary to feeding them. Boarding schools came equipped with working dairies that students helped operate. Even day schools maintained gardens to help provide school meals, dovetailing the lunch program with agricultural education. Principals included menus in their reports and submitted food requirements in their annual budgets. Not every school administrator, however, took the feeding of students so seriously. An investigation of E. E. Wiley, superintendent of Colony Public School in Oklahoma, revealed he was feeding spoiled food and meals of plain hot water to Indian children. Janitors and teachers submitted testimony stating that Wiley vii

10 believed the students were useful only for getting their tuition money from the government and that Wiley sought to profit from the arrangement in every way possible. Despite the pressing concerns of school reorganization and student health, curricula and educational theory remained constant topics of the bureau. Education field agents and visiting teachers sat in on classes, interviewed staff, and introduced new educational materials and ideas to teachers on remote reservations. The bureau made efforts to weed out uninspiring teachers and sometimes to bring in Indian teachers and staff. Vocational training was the main objective at nearly every school, though some agents made the point that training young women for the workforce when jobs were scarce or nonexistent might not be the most effective use of tuition dollars. The bureau promoted home economics lessons and encouraged craft production as a cottage industry sometimes to the dismay of Indian leaders. Curricula are reprinted in full, as are budgets, which include lists of needed school supplies, agricultural equipment, and new buildings. The reports of the field agents provide a window into the classrooms, offering detailed descriptions of teacher attitudes, life in the school dormitories, and home studies of the communities around the schools. A particularly interesting set of documents is the daily journal entries of Edna Groves and Dwight R. Gardin during a month-long residency on a Seminole Indian reservation under threat of eviction within the Everglades National Forest. In their attempts to strike a compromise between government and Seminole interests, Groves and Gardin became well acquainted with the residents of the community and provide a vivid description of the political hierarchy (Reel 9). The issues discussed above are only a few of the topics covered in these files, which capture the educational situation on reservations across the United States. Other prominent topics include sex education, discipline, teacher conduct, and life on the reservation, among many more. An alphabetical listing of major topics and prominent persons can be found in the Subject and Principal Correspondents indexes. Related LexisNexis collections concerning the Indian experience during the first half of the twentieth century include Native Americans and the New Deal: The Office Files of John Collier, ; Native Americans Reference Collection: Documents Collected by the Office of Indian Affairs, Part II, ; Survey of Conditions of the Indians in the United States; Major Council Meetings of American Indian Tribes, Section I ( ): Navaho, Five Civilized Tribes, Ute, Pueblo, Cheyenne, and Arapaho; Section II ( ): Sioux (Standing Rock, Rosebud, Pine Ridge, and Cheyenne River), Chippewa, and Klamath; Survey of Conditions of the Indians in the United States; and Survey of Indian Reservations. viii

11 SOURCE NOTE The materials in this microform publication are from Record Group 75, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Entry 121: Central Classified Files, , in the possession of the National Archives, Washington, D.C. This publication consists of the documents composing decimal numbers 800 (Education, General), 801 (Rules and Regulations), and 802 (Compulsory Education) for the tribes, jurisdictions, agencies, and/or reservations listed in the Editorial Note. EDITORIAL NOTE The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) discontinued the practice of maintaining separate ready-reference volumes of incoming and outgoing correspondence in August Thereafter, correspondence was filed according to a decimal-subject classification system, called the Central Classified Files. File numbers used to access correspondence in the old ready-reference volumes continued to be assigned to letters in order of receipt. In addition, documents were assigned to a particular subject classification and to a jurisdiction. The jurisdictions were mainly the field units of the bureau: agencies, schools, hospitals, sanitariums, warehouses, and other institutions. There were separate designations for tribes, geographical areas, and a few special topics (i.e., liquor traffic). In addition, there was an Indian Office designation for records relating to the central office of the BIA and a General Service designation for general administrative records not relating to any particular jurisdiction. This classification scheme allowed for the expeditious handling of the influx of documentation from both the jurisdictions and the tribal governments. This scheme consisted of a number of subject headings. Each heading was further subdivided by specific topics or aspects of the main subject heading. The Central Classified Files for this microfilm product span the years 1907 to Included are letters received, copies of letters sent, reports, memoranda, minutes, petitions, leases, contracts, affidavits, applications, certificates, licenses, permits, bonds, wills, other legal documents, tables, circulars, accounting records, clippings, photographs, diagrams, and blueprints grouped into the individual field units of the bureau, arranged alphabetically by name of jurisdiction, tribe, reservation, and/or agency. The records for each jurisdiction are arranged according to a decimal classification system. Within each classification there are individual dossiers or files of records relating to a specific subject. These files are arranged chronologically and thereunder by file number of the first or base letter filed therein. The ix

12 individual documents within a file are generally arranged in chronological order. All documents for the tribes, jurisdictions, agencies, and/or reservations listed below have been filmed in their entirety. A very small number of jurisdictions will not have documentation for one of more of the decimal numbers listed above. List of Tribes, Jurisdictions, Agencies, and/or Reservations included in Series D Albuquerque Blackfeet Carlisle Cherokee Nation Cherokee Orphan Training School Cherokee School Cheyenne and Arapaho Cheyenne River Chickasaw Chilocco Coeur d Alene Colorado River Colville Reservation Consolidated Chippewa Consolidated Ute Creek Crow Five Tribes Flandreau Flathead Fond Du Lac Fort Apache Fort Belknap Fort Berthold Fort Hall Fort Peck Fort Totten Fort Yuma Haskell Hoopa Valley Hopi Jicarilla Kiowa Klamath Lac du Flambeau Leech Lake Mescalero Navajo Nevada (also Pyramid Lake) Agency Northern Idaho (Nez Perce) Omaha Osage Otoe Paiute Pawnee Phoenix Phoenix School Pierre Pima Pine Ridge Ponca Potawatomie Pueblo Bonito Quapaw Red Lake Rocky Boy Rosebud Sac and Fox Iowa Sac and Fox Oklahoma Salt River San Carlos Santa Fe Santee Sells Seminole Seneca Sequoyah Orphan Training School Shawnee Sherman Institute Shoshone Sisseton Southern Pueblo Southern Ute Standing Rock Tulalip Turtle Mountain Uintah & Ouray Umatilla Ute Mountain United Pueblo Walker River Warm Springs Western Navajo White Earth Winnebago (Nebraska) Yakima Yankton Zuni x

13 REEL INDEX The following is a listing of the documents and folders that compose the Records of Bureau of Indian Affairs, Central Classified Files, , Series D: Education, Part 1: General Organization, Regulations, and Types of Schools, filmed from the holdings of the National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. The four-digit number on the far left is the frame at which a particular file folder begins. This is followed by the file title and the date(s) of the file. Substantive subjects are highlighted under the heading Major Topics, as are prominent correspondents under the leading Principal Correspondents. Topics and correspondents are listed in the order in which they appear on the film, and each one is listed only once per folder. Reel 1 Frame No. Education (General) Decimal 800 Albuquerque , Major Topic: Enrollment. Principal Correspondent: Reuben Perry , Major Topic: Graduation. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; Reuben Perry , Major Topic: New Mexico Educational Association. Principal Correspondents: W. Carson Ryan Jr.; Samuel H. Gilliam , Major Topics: Budgets; New Mexico Pueblo Program; irrigation; livestock; health condition; vocational training. Principal Correspondents: A. C. Monahan, C. M. Blair. Blackfeet , Major Topics: Boarding schools; sports and athletics. Principal Correspondents: C. W. Sellers; W. Carson Ryan Jr.; Forrest R. Stone , Major Topics: Continuing education; Blackfeet Illiteracy Clinic; English-language instruction; Indian mental capacity; preservation of Indian culture; crafts. Principal Correspondents: Forrest R. Stone; May L. Dull , Major Topics: School transportation; student clothing; budgets. Principal Correspondents: Forrest R. Stone; Donald W. Haggerty. 1

14 , Major Topic: Attendance. Principal Correspondents: Donald W. Haggerty; A. C. Monahan , Major Topics: Vocational training; school newsletters; crafts; home economics; attendance; orphans; trachoma treatment; health services; boarding schools; budgets; dairies; Works Progress Administration; teacher salaries; births out of wedlock; tuberculosis; livestock. Principal Correspondents: F. H. McBride; C. L. Graves; Willard W. Beatty; Rose K. Brandt; Samuel H. Thompson; Paul L. Fickinger; R. J. Croff; H. F. Schrader; Lynne A. Fullerton , Major Topic: School transportation. Principal Correspondent: Paul L. Fickinger , Major Topic: Preschool education. Principal Correspondent: Paul L. Fickinger Carlisle , Major Topics: English-language instruction; continuing education. Cherokee Nation , Major Topic: Indian Education Society. Principal Correspondents: Cato Sells; T. P. Gore; O. A. Wells , Major Topics: Attendance; boarding schools. Principal Correspondent: A. S. Wyly , Principal Correspondent: Mrs. Morris Schwartz , Major Topics: Tuition; budgets; public schools; African American schools. Principal Correspondents: Wesley E. Disney; Troy A. Simpkins , Major Topic: Public schools. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; John Collier. Cherokee School , Major Topics: Curricula; student discipline. Principal Correspondent: R. L. Spalsbury , Major Topics: Births out of wedlock; off-reservation employment; Indian mental capacity; vocational training; Hampton University; African American education. Principal Correspondents: Flora Warren Seymour; Samuel A. Eliot , Major Topic: School closure. Principal Correspondent: John Collier , Major Topics: Budgets; student clothing. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; R. L. Spalsbury. 2

15 , Major Topic: Student excavation of Indian mounds. Principal Correspondents: William Zimmerman Jr.; Paul L. Fickinger , Major Topic: Budgets. Principal Correspondent: John Collier , Major Topic: Indian ceremonies. Principal Correspondents: T. J. McConnel; John H. Kirk , Major Topic: Indian languages. Principal Correspondents: W. Carson Ryan Jr.; C. C. Parker , Major Topic: Enrollment. Principal Correspondent: John Collier , Principal Correspondents: Charles T. Loram; John Collier , Major Topic: Public schools; teacher salaries. Principal Correspondent: Samuel H. Thompson , Major Topics: Public schools; Republican Party. Principal Correspondent: Samuel H. Thompson , Principal Correspondent: D. F. Lowry , Principal Correspondent: D. F. Lowry , , Major Topics: Budgets; building repair; teacher salaries; tuition; school employee salaries. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; Harold F. Foght; A. C. Monahan , , Major Topics: Budgets; tuition; student clothing. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; Harold F. Foght , Major Topics: African American and white schools; racial segregation. Principal Correspondent: Paul L. Fickinger , Major Topics: Policy to discourage wearing of Indian clothing; creoles; African Americans. Principal Correspondents: H. S. Mekeel; Edna Groves , Major Topics: Indian test scores; graduation; Indian festivals , Major Topics: Agricultural education; health services; home economics; livestock; budgets; water supply and use; enrollment; curricula; graduation; vocational training; tuberculosis. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; C. A. Collins; Edna Groves; H. A. Mathiesen; C. M. Blair; B. J. Sloan; Samuel H. Gilliam , Principal Correspondent: C. M. Blair. 3

16 , Major Topics: Roads; Tuscarara tribe; enrollment. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; William Russell Carroll; J. Nixon Hadley; George E. Butler , Major Topics: Livestock; agricultural education. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; Samuel H. Gilliam , Cheyenne and Arapaho , Major Topics: Home economics; teacher-to-student ratio. Principal Correspondent: L. S. Bonnin , Major Topics: Oklahoma Indian School Magazine; boarding schools; health services; Boy Scouts; Girl Scouts; agricultural education; poetry; enrollment; sports and athletics. Principal Correspondent: George C. Wells , Major Topics: Boarding schools; attendance; vocational training; graduation; budgets; enrollment. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; George C. Wells , Major Topic: Student discipline. Principal Correspondent: A. C. Monahan , Major Topics: Budgets; educational materials; teacher salaries; boarding schools; transportation; water supply; building repair; tuition; agricultural equipment. Principal Correspondents: E. J. Armstrong; John Collier; William Zimmerman Jr.; Charles H. Berry; Joseph C. McCaskill; A. C. Monahan; Paul L. Fickinger; H. D. Milburn , Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; Samuel H. Thompson , Major Topics: Public schools; teacher salaries; tuition; enrollment. Principal Correspondents: Charles H. Berry; Samuel H. Thompson , Major Topics: Attendance; boarding schools. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; Charles H. Berry; John Collier , Reel 2 Cheyenne and Arapaho cont , Major Topics: Enrollment; integrated classrooms; vocational training; school lunches; children with disabilities; health condition; tuberculosis; mental disabilities; music; literacy; teacher salaries; agricultural equipment; student clothing; agricultural education; land use. Principal Correspondents: Guy Hobgood; Samuel H. Thompson; Willard W. Beatty; J. G. Townsend; E. J. Allgood; Charles H. Berry; Paul L. Fickinger; A. C. Monahan; George C. Wells; William Zimmerman Jr. 4

17 , 1930 [ ]. Major Topics: Land use; agricultural equipment; agricultural education; integrated classrooms; school lunches; teacher salaries; building repair; Superintendent E. E. Wiley mismanagement. Principal Correspondents: Charles H. Berry; A. C. Monahan; Willard W. Beatty; William Zimmerman Jr.; A. C. Monahan; Paul L. Fickinger; Samuel H. Thompson; Sam Massingale; Patti Mae Williams; George C. Wells , Major Topics: Attendance; budgets. Principal Correspondent: Charles H. Berry , Principal Correspondent: Josh Lee. Cheyenne River , Major Topic: Building construction , Principal Correspondent: Samuel H. Thompson , , Principal Correspondent: W. F. Dickens , Major Topics: English-language instruction; attendance , Major Topics: Home economics; teacher salaries; health services; health condition; building repair; livestock; agricultural equipment; vocational training; boarding dairies; music; education field agent salaries; water supply; student clothing; child labor. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; M. L. Burns; G. Warren Spaulding; George C. Wells; W. F. Dickens; Paul L. Fickinger; E. Morgan Pryse; Samuel H. Thompson , Major Topics: Boarding schools; vocational training; agricultural education; livestock; dairies; home economics; crafts; sports and athletics. Principal Correspondents: W. F. Dickens; R. W. Kraushaar , Major Topic: Building construction. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; W. F. Dickens. Chickasaw , Major Topics: Mixed-race children; foster care. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; A. M. Lanaman; Glenn C. Palmer. Chilocco , Principal Correspondent: R. L. Spalsbury , , Major Topic: Curricula , ,

18 , Principal Correspondents: John Collier; Margaret Thomas , Major Topics: Health condition; diseases and disorders; dentistry , Major Topic: Teacher retirement. Principal Correspondent: John Collier , Major Topics: Art; Public Works Act. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; L. E. Correll , Principal Correspondent: L. E. Correll , Major Topic: Summer schools. Principal Correspondent: A. C. Monahan , Major Topics: Mental health and illness; summer schools. Principal Correspondent: A. C. Monahan , Major Topics: National Guard Armory on school property; vocational training. Principal Correspondents: A. C. Monahan; William I. Goodwin; L. E. Correll; T. P. Gore , Major Topics: Public schools; boarding schools; vocational training. Principal Correspondents: A. C. Monahan; L. E. Correll , Major Topics: Eyeglasses; health condition; vaccination; dentistry; health facilities. Principal Correspondents: E. J. Armstrong; L. E. Correll , Major Topic: Building construction. Principal Correspondents: William I. Goodwin; L. E. Correll , Major Topics: Curricula; banking. Principal Correspondents: L. E. Correll; Willard W. Beatty , Major Topics: Indian Education; marketing; agricultural education. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; Edward Huberman , Major Topics: Higher education; graduation. Principal Correspondents: George C. Wells; Willard W. Beatty , Major Topics: Agricultural education; race relations; poverty; building construction; vocational training; health condition. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; Paul L. Fickinger; L. E. Correll. Coeur D Alene , Major Topic: Roman Catholic Church. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; Arthur G. Wilson , Major Topics: Public schools; budgets. Principal Correspondent: John Collier. 6

19 , Major Topic: School transportation. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; Arthur G. Wilson , Major Topic: Home economics. Principal Correspondents: Samuel H. Thompson; Elinor Gregg; Arthur G. Wilson , Major Topics: Student clothing; public schools; school transportation; budgets. Principal Correspondents: Arthur G. Wilson; A. C. Monahan; Paul L. Fickinger , Major Topics: Public schools; home economics; vocational training. Principal Correspondent: Paul L. Fickinger , Major Topic: Building construction. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; Arthur G. Wilson; Samuel H. Thompson. Colorado River , Major Topics: School lunches; boarding schools , Major Topics: Agricultural education; tuition; teacher salaries; school employee salaries. Principal Correspondent: Edna Groves , Major Topics: Public schools; attendance; music; Santa Fe Railroad; integrated classrooms; petition to keep Indians out of public schools; tuition. Principal Correspondents: William Zimmerman Jr.; William G. Carr; C. H. Gensler; John Collier; R. M. Tisinger , Major Topic: School transportation. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; C. H. Gensler , Major Topic: Educational materials. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; C. H. Gensler , Major Topics: School transportation, lunches, and clothing; budgets; dairies; public schools; tuition. Principal Correspondents: C. H. Gensler; Willard W. Beatty; E. J. Armstrong; Paul L. Fickinger; A. C. Monahan , Major Topics: Works Progress Administration; preschool education. Principal Correspondent: A. C. Monahan , Major Topics: Agricultural education; enrollment. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; C. F. Shaffer; Paul L. Fickinger; C. H. Gensler; Samuel H. Thompson. Colville , Major Topic: Health services. Principal Correspondent: Harvey K. Meyer. 7

20 , Major Topic: Higher education. Principal Correspondents: C. J. Rhoads; Sam B. Hill; Moses B. Phillips , Major Topic: Building construction. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; G. A. Pehrson; Sam B. Hill; Harvey K. Meyer , Major Topic: Enrollment. Principal Correspondent: John Collier , Major Topics: Building construction; student clothing. Principal Correspondents: E. J. Armstrong; A. C. Monahan; Harvey K. Meyer; Paul L. Fickinger. Reel 3 Consolidated Chippewa , Major Topics: Public schools; segregation; Indian voting rights in school meetings. Principal Correspondents: C. J. Rhoads; John Collier; C. H. Allender; F. G. Casper; A. C. Monahan , Major Topics: Budgets; poverty; tuberculosis; eye care; health services; foster care; boarding schools; health condition; enrollment. Principal Correspondents: J. S. Monks; Paul L. Fickinger; Isabelle Robideau; Frank Christy; John Collier; M. L. Burns , Principal Correspondent: John Collier , Major Topics: Home economics teachers; vocational training; agricultural education. Principal Correspondents: Byron J. Brophy; A. C. Monahan , Major Topics: Segregation; building repair. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; Samuel H. Thompson; C. H. Allender , Major Topics: Enrollment; building construction; teacher capability; agricultural education; roads; federal aid programs. Principal Correspondents: Samuel H. Thompson; Willard W. Beatty; E. Morgan Pryse; Louis Balsam , Major Topics: Tuition; treaties. Principal Correspondents: Paul John Kvale; Fred Doolittle , Major Topic: Budgets. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; Samuel H. Thompson; Louis Balsam. Consolidated Ute , Major Topic: Boarding schools. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; Frank M. Smith. 8

21 , Major Topics: Missionaries; boarding schools. Principal Correspondents: D. H. Wattson; William Zimmerman Jr , Major Topic: Enrollment. Principal Correspondent: Joseph C. McCaskill , Major Topics: Boarding schools; agricultural equipment; water supply. Principal Correspondents: S. F. Stacher; W. W. Verner; Willard W. Beatty , Major Topic: Teacher conference. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; S. F. Stracher. Creek , Major Topic: Enrollment. Principal Correspondents: E. B. Merritt; A. S. Wyly , Major Topics: Budgets; enrollment; attendance. Principal Correspondents: Victor M. Locke Jr.; Charles H. Burke; E. M. Goodwin , Major Topics: Agricultural education; foster care. Principal Correspondent: Gene Stapp. Crow , Major Topics: Home economics; vocational training; segregated sports teams; public schools; Indian membership on school boards; Public Works Administration. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; A. C. Monahan; Samuel H. Thompson; Paul L. Fickinger; Robert Yellowtail; Bess R. Stevens , Major Topic: Attendance. Principal Correspondent: A. C. Monahan , Major Topic: Higher education. Principal Correspondents: Samuel H. Thompson; Robert Yellowtail , Major Topic: Budgets. Principal Correspondents: Robert Yellowtail; E. J. Armstrong; Paul L. Fickinger; Samuel H. Thompson; A. C. Monahan , Major Topics: Indian teachers; higher education; integrated classrooms. Principal Correspondents: Robert Yellowtail; Samuel H. Thompson , Major Topics: Enrollment; sports and athletics; building construction; school transportation; school lunches. Principal Correspondents: Robert Yellowtail; Homer B. Frailey. 9

22 Five Tribes , , Principal Correspondent: Herbert C. Calhoun , Major Topics: Orphans; public schools. Principal Correspondents: Herbert C. Calhoun; Charles H. Burke , Major Topics: Attendance; tuition; public schools; roads; mixed-race children. Principal Correspondent: Herbert C. Calhoun , Major Topics: Attendance; budgets; health condition; boarding schools; curricula; teacher salaries; tuition; poverty; housing; water supply; health services; student clothing. Principal Correspondents: Elsie L. Parker; Elsie Wherry , Major Topic: Indian teachers. Principal Correspondent: George C. Wells , Major Topic: Sports and athletics. Principal Correspondent: O. Padgett , Principal Correspondent: A. C. Monahan , Principal Correspondent: A. C. Monahan , Principal Correspondent: Samuel H. Thompson , Major Topics: School lunches and transportation; student clothing; summer school; crafts; tuition; mental disabilities; enrollment; vocational training. Principal Correspondents: Samuel H. Thompson; A. C. Monahan , Major Topics: Sports and athletics; student discipline. Principal Correspondents: Joseph C. McCaskill; O. Padgett , Major Topic: Attendance. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; George C. Wells , Major Topics: Budgets; tuition. Principal Correspondent: Vera B. Harmon , Major Topic: Budgets. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; Robert M. Jones Jr , Major Topics: School transportation; higher education; Indian teachers. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; Mrs. Andrew Bramlett , Major Topics: Attendance; budgets. Principal Correspondent: H. T. Borden. 10

23 Flandreau , Major Topics: Teachers; student clothing; dairies. Principal Correspondent: Samuel H. Thompson , , Major Topic: Enrollment. Principal Correspondents: Byron J. Brophy; W. Carson Ryan Jr , Major Topics: Home economics; boarding schools; teacher salaries. Principal Correspondent: Carrie A. Lyford , Major Topic: Curricula. Principal Correspondents: Byron J. Brophy; George F. Miller , Major Topics: Vocational training; school closings. Principal Correspondents: Byron J. Brophy; John Collier , Principal Correspondent: Byron J. Brophy , Principal Correspondent: Byron J. Brophy , Major Topics: Building repair; budgets. Principal Correspondent: Byron J. Brophy , Major Topic: Federal aid programs. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; Byron J. Brophy , Major Topics: Vocational training; curricula; budgets; educational tests; educational materials; home economics; enrollment. Principal Correspondents: Verda C. Arnold; Edwin Schanandore , Major Topics: Health condition; livestock. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; R. J. Bristol , Principal Correspondent: Byron J. Brophy , , Major Topics: Educational tests; clothing factories; home economics. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; Byron J. Brophy; Samuel H. Thompson , Major Topics: Curricula; summer school. Principal Correspondents: Byron J. Brophy; R. T. Othmer , Major Topics: Health services; home economics. Principal Correspondents: Mabel L. Morgan; Byron J. Brophy , Major Topic: Enrollment. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; Byron J. Brophy. 11

24 , Major Topics: Vocational training; agricultural education. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; Byron J. Brophy , Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; Byron J. Brophy; E. L. Bersagel , Major Topics: Weaving; crafts. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; Byron J. Brophy , Major Topics: Poetry; sports and athletics. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; Byron J. Brophy. Flathead , Major Topics: Federal aid programs; student clothing. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; Samuel H. Thompson; Charles E. Coe , Principal Correspondent: A. C. Monahan , Major Topics: Budgets; tuition; school transportation; student clothing; education field agent salaries; attendance; orphans; foster care; boarding schools; mental and physical disabilities. Principal Correspondents: A. C. Monahan; John Collier; Paul L. Fickinger; L. W. Shotwell , , , Major Topics: National Youth Administration; public schools; vocational training. Principal Correspondents: L. W. Shotwell; Samuel H. Thompson , Major Topics: Building repair; Works Progress Administration; employment; summer school; tuition. Principal Correspondents: L. W. Shotwell; Samuel H. Thompson. Reel 4 Fort Apache , Principal Correspondent: John Collier , Major Topics: Budgets; enrollment; dairies. Principal Correspondents: William Zimmerman Jr.; Edna Groves; William Donner , , Major Topics: Crafts; health services. Principal Correspondents: William Donner; John Collier , Major Topics: Health services; tuberculosis; school lunches; home economics. Principal Correspondent: Sally Lucas Jean. 12

25 , Major Topics: Summer school; irrigation; livestock; agricultural commodities; religion; boarding schools; vocational training; enrollment; poverty; building construction; water supply; attendance; health condition; alcohol abuse; trachoma; measles; tuberculosis sanitarium; Public Works Administration; home economics; dairies. Principal Correspondents: Edna A. Gerken; Willard W. Beatty; William Donner; Samuel H. Thompson; Paul L. Fickinger; R. M. Tisinger. Fort Belknap , Major Topics: Tuition; orphans. Principal Correspondents: Jasper W. Elliott; Norman B. Hinds , Major Topics: Land use; livestock; boarding schools; roads; building repair; public schools; segregation; tuition. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; Samuel H. Thompson; Paul L. Fickinger; H. T. Borden. Fort Berthold , Major Topic: Budgets. Principal Correspondent: Paul L. Fickinger , Major Topics: Parent-Teacher Associations; Fort Berthold Tribal Council. Principal Correspondents: C. H. Beitzel; Paul L. Fickinger; Willard W. Beatty; W. R. Breyer. Fort Hall , Major Topics: School lunches; home economics; boarding schools; Indian school employees. Principal Correspondents: Edna Groves; Cleora C. Helbing; Fred A. Gross , Major Topic: Roads. Principal Correspondents: Fred A. Gross; Samuel H. Thompson , Major Topics: Public schools; boarding schools. Principal Correspondents: Fred A. Gross; Samuel H. Thompson , Major Topics: Public schools; boarding schools. Principal Correspondents: Fred A. Gross; John Collier , Major Topic: Maude E. Lyon. Principal Correspondents: Fred A. Gross; John Collier , Major Topics: Public schools; boarding schools. Principal Correspondent: John Collier , Major Topic: Teachers. Principal Correspondent: Bertha A. Lively. 13

26 , Major Topics: School closings; teachers; school employees; attendance; sexual assault of female teachers and students by male teacher, Reuben Jacobs; sex education; student discipline; curricula. Principal Correspondents: Edna Groves; Fred A. Gross; Maude E. Lyon; W. Carson Ryan Jr.; Bertha A. Lively , , Major Topics: Health services; Public Works Administration; vocational training; building repair; school transportation; trachoma; school lunches; Indian teachers; enrollment; English-language instruction; school employee salaries. Principal Correspondents: C. L. Graves; Fred A. Gross; Paul L. Fickinger; Samuel H. Thompson , Major Topic: Health services. Principal Correspondent: Edna A. Gerken , Major Topic: Budgets. Principal Correspondent: Paul L. Fickinger , Major Topic: Trachoma. Principal Correspondent: Willard W. Beatty. Fort Peck , Major Topic: Jails. Principal Correspondent: Samuel H. Thompson , , Major Topics: Public schools; building repair. Principal Correspondent: John Collier , Major Topic: Poverty. Principal Correspondent: C. L. Walker , Major Topics: Land use; dentistry; housing; poverty. Principal Correspondents: C. L. Walker; Carl M. Moore , Major Topic: School lunches. Principal Correspondent: H. M. Knutson , , Major Topics: Enrollment; tuition; school lunches; student discipline; building construction; housing; school transportation; livestock; teachers. Principal Correspondents: Carl M. Moore; C. L. Walker , Major Topic: School lunches. Principal Correspondent: Carrie A. Lyford , Major Topics: Curricula; vocational training. Principal Correspondent: A. C. Monahan. 14

27 , Major Topic: Tuition. Principal Correspondents: John G. Hunter; Paul L. Fickinger , Major Topics: Enrollment; births out of wedlock; crafts; building construction; vocational training. Principal Correspondents: Samuel H. Thompson; Vera B. Harmon; Edna A. Gerken; John G. Hunter , Major Topics: Works Progress Administration; building construction; school bonds. Principal Correspondent: Paul L. Fickinger. Reel 5 Fort Totten , Major Topic: Educational materials , Major Topics: Health condition; foster care; tuberculosis; livestock; enrollment; mixed-race children; mental disabilities; dairies. Principal Correspondents: George F. Miller; C. F. Hauke; John S. R. Hammitt , Major Topics: Educational tests; race-based education tests. Principal Correspondents: O. C. Gray; C. W. Telford , Major Topics: School lunches; home economics. Principal Correspondent: Carrie A. Lyford , Major Topics: Music; educational tests; vocational training. Principal Correspondents: O. C. Gray; C. H. Beitzel , Major Topics: Boarding schools; poverty. Principal Correspondent: C. L. Walker , Major Topics: School transportation; building construction; enrollment. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; F. J. Scott; Samuel H. Thompson , Major Topics: Enrollment; boarding schools. Principal Correspondent: Carrie A. Lyford , Major Topics: Health condition; health facilities. Principal Correspondent: A. C. Monahan , Major Topics: Livestock; agricultural education; budgets; Civilian Conservation Corps; horticulture; vocational training; building construction; health services; school employee salaries; teachers. Principal Correspondents: L. Eugene Clements; Paul L. Fickinger; Donald G. Schuler; G. Warren Spaulding; O. C. Gray; Samuel H. Thompson; Willard W. Beatty; J. L. Barnes; Edna A. Gerken. 15

28 , Major Topics: Budgets; dairies; vocational training. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; O. C. Gray; Joseph C. McCaskill; William I. Goodwin , Major Topics: Physical disabilities; social worker salaries; budgets. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; O. C. Gray. Haskell , Major Topics: Mental disabilities; special education. Principal Correspondent: E. B. Meritt , Major Topics: Budgets; boarding schools. Principal Correspondent: H. B. Peairs , Major Topics: Vocational training; curricula; racial characteristics; home economics; crafts; teachers. Principal Correspondents: C. F. Klinefelter; W. Carson Ryan Jr.; Edna Groves , Major Topics: Building repair; health condition. Principal Correspondent: Cleora C. Helbing , Major Topics: Republican Party; competency of W. Carson Ryan Jr.; school employee salaries; competency of Paul L. Fickinger; firearms. Principal Correspondents: Harold L. Ickes; Frank O. Jones; W. Carson Ryan Jr.; Arthur Capper; John Collier , Major Topics: Vocational training; curricula; health condition. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; Henry Roe Cloud; James Arentson; Paul L. Fickinger , Major Topic: Attendance. Principal Correspondent: Henry Roe Cloud , Major Topics: Health services; vocational training; mental disabilities. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; Henry Roe Cloud , Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; Ruth E. Morse , Major Topics: School employees; vocational training; curricula. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; G. Warren Spaulding , Major Topics: Agricultural labor; calendar; curricula; tuition; livestock; The Indian Leader; teacher salaries; home economics. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; Solon G. Ayers; Edna A. Gerken; G. Warren Spaulding; Paul L. Fickinger; R. M. Kelley; Asher H. Jackson , , Major Topic: Student clothing. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; G. Warren Spaulding. 16

29 , Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; G. Warren Spaulding. Hoopa Valley , Major Topics: Dairies; teachers; agricultural education. Principal Correspondent: O. M. Boggess , Principal Correspondent: A. C. Monahan , Major Topics: Public schools; enrollment; budgets; House of Representatives bill; school transportation; building construction. Principal Correspondents: Charles West; O. M. Boggess; Paul L. Fickinger; William Zimmerman Jr , Major Topics: Home economics; vocational training; agricultural education. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; O. M. Boggess. Hopi , Major Topics: Parents; health condition. Principal Correspondent: Dorothy G. Ellis , Principal Correspondent: F. H. McBride , Major Topics: Vocational training; irrigation and soil conservation; student clothing; Hopi Tribal Council; building construction; land use. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; Seth Wilson; A. G. Hutton; Paul L. Fickinger; John Collier; Samuel Shingoitewa; Homer S. Cooyara; Cleora C. Helbing; Helen E. Lock , Major Topic: Missionaries. Principal Correspondent: C. F. Larrabee , Major Topics: Boarding schools; unauthorized sale of Hopi crafts; student clothing; Hopi Tribal Council. Principal Correspondent: Peter Nucamsa. Jicarilla , Major Topics: Curricula; vocational training , Major Topic: Building repair. Principal Correspondents: E. J. Armstrong; Paul L. Fickinger; A. E. Stover , Major Topics: Building repair; mineral rights; health condition; agricultural commodities; livestock; boarding schools; building repair; dairies. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; A. E. Stover. 17

30 Kiowa , Major Topics: Attendance; poverty; enrollment; boarding schools; Indian removal; missionaries; health condition; livestock; crafts; Coushatta tribe; attendance; health facilities; housing. Principal Correspondents: Jasper Saunkeah; Paul L. Fickinger; W. Carson Ryan Jr.; George C. Wells; R. L. Spalsbury , Major Topics: School lunches; health condition. Principal Correspondent: A. Buntin , Major Topics: School employees; teachers; home economics; budgets. Principal Correspondents: Carrie A. Lyford; Cleora C. Helbing; J. Henry Scattergood , Major Topic: Attendance. Principal Correspondent: A. C. Monahan , Major Topics: Health services; health condition. Principal Correspondent: J. G. Townsend , Major Topic: Building construction. Principal Correspondents: Paul L. Fickinger; C. B. Montgomery. Reel 6 Klamath , Major Topics: Poverty; health condition; agricultural commodities; irrigation; land use; alcohol abuse. Principal Correspondent: Samuel H. Thompson. Lac Du Flambeau , Major Topics: Potawatomie tribe; attendance. Principal Correspondents: E. B. Meritt; James W. Balmer , Major Topics: Chippewa tribe; health condition; water supply; vocational training. Principal Correspondent: John S. R. Hammitt , Major Topics: Boarding schools; tuition; marriage; livestock; alcohol abuse. Principal Correspondent: Dorothy Deane , Major Topics: Alcohol abuse; dances; attendance; health condition. Principal Correspondents: Mary B. Foley; Carrie A. Lyford , Mescaler , Major Topics: Teachers; public schools. Principal Correspondents: O. M. Boggess; H. B. Peairs. 18

31 , Major Topics: Dormitories; home economics; school lunches. Principal Correspondent: Dorothy G. Ellis , , Major Topics: Building construction; health facilities; water supply; boarding schools; health condition; budgets; teachers; school lunches; dairies; school employees; religion; poverty; marriage; births out of wedlock; parents. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; J. C. Cavill; P. W. Danielson; Paul L. Fickinger; R. M. Tisinger , , Major Topics: School transportation; budgets; water supply; boarding schools. Principal Correspondents: R. M. Tisinger; Roy H. Bradley; John H. Holst; E. R. McCray , Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; E. R. McCray. Navajo , Major Topics: Boarding schools; teachers , Major Topic: Budgets. Principal Correspondent: E. B. Meritt , Major Topics: Boarding schools; attendance; school closings; livestock; drought; soil conservation; budgets. Principal Correspondents: John Collier; W. Carson Ryan Jr.; Allan Hulsizer , Major Topics: Water supply; building construction; federal aid programs; Indian school employees. Principal Correspondent: Moris Bunge , Principal Correspondents: John Collier; C. M Blair , Major Topics: Health condition; enrollment; trachoma; health facilities and services; boarding schools; nurses; physicians. Principal Correspondents: Grace G. Engleman; J. G. Townsend; Willard W. Beatty; E. J. Armstrong; E. R. Fryer; Edna A. Gerken; John Collier , , Major Topics: Livestock; vocational training; graduation. Principal Correspondent: Willard W. Beatty , , Major Topics: Missionaries; religion; roads; diseases and disorders; boarding schools. Principal Correspondents: Willard W. Beatty; Paul L. Fickinger; E. R. Fryer; Edna A. Gerken. 19