Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Central Classified Files, Series A: Indian Delegations to Washington

Transcription

1 A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Central Classified Files, Series A: Indian Delegations to Washington Project Editor Robert E. Lester A microfilm project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA An Imprint of CIS 4520 East-West Highway Bethesda, MD i

2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs central classified files, [microform] / project editor, Robert E. Lester. microfilm reels Accompanied by printed guide compiled by Robert E. Lester, with title: A guide to the microfilm edition of Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs central classified files, Contents: ser. A. Indian delegations to Washington. ISBN United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs Archives. 2. Indians of North America Government relations Sources. I. Lester, Robert. II. United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs. III. University Publications of America (Firm) IV. Title: Guide to the microfilm edition of Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs central classified files, [E93] dc CIP Copyright 1995 by University Publications of America. All rights reserved. ISBN ii

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction...vii Scope and Content Note...xi Source Note...xiii Editorial Note...xiii Abbreviations List...xiii Name List...xv Reel 1 Blackfeet [Reservation/Agency, Browning, Montana]...1 Reel 2 Blackfeet cont...3 Cherokee Nation [Cherokee Agency, Tahlequah, Oklahoma/Cherokee, North Carolina]...4 Cheyenne and Arapaho [Reservation/Agency, Darlington (later, Concho), Oklahoma]...4 Reel 3 Cheyenne and Arapaho cont...6 Cheyenne River [Reservation/Agency, Cheyenne Agency (Gettysburg), South Dakota]...6 Reel 4 Chickasaw [Office of the Five Civilized Tribes, Muskogee, Oklahoma]...8 Choctaw [Office of the Five Civilized Tribes, Muskogee, Oklahoma]...8 Coeur d Alene [Reservation/Agency, Tekoa, Washington (later, Plummer, Idaho)]...9 Colorado River [Reservation/Agency, Parker, Arizona]...9 Colville [Reservation/Agency, Fort Spokane (Nespelem), Washington]...10 Reel 5 Colville cont...10 Consolidated Chippewa [Agency, Cass Lake, Minnesota]...11 Reel 6 Consolidated Ute [Agency, Ignacio, Colorado]...12 Creek [Reservation/Agency, Muskogee, Oklahoma]...12 Crow [Reservation/Agency, Crow Agency, Montana]...12 Reel 7 Crow cont Five Tribes [Agency, Muskogee, Oklahoma]...16 Flathead [Reservation/Agency, Jocko (later, Dixon), Montana]...17 Reel 8 Flathead cont...17 Reel 9 Flathead cont...19 Fond du Lac [Reservation/Agency, Cloquet, Minnesota]...20 Fort Apache [Reservation/Agency, White River, Arizona]...20 Fort Belknap [Reservation/Agency, Harlem, Montana]...20 Fort Hall [Reservation/Agency, Fort Hall, Idaho]...22 Reel 10 Fort Totten [Reservation/Agency, Fort Totten, North Dakota]...23 Fort Yuma [Reservation/Agency, Yuma, Arizona]...24 Hoopa Valley [Agency, Eureka, California]...24 Hopi [Reservation/Agency, Keams Canyon, Arizona]...24 Jicarilla [Reservation/Agency, Dulce, New Mexico]...24 Kiowa [Reservation/Agency, Anadarko, Oklahoma]...24 iii

4 iv Reel 11 Kiowa cont Klamath [Reservation/Agency, Klamath, Oregon]...27 Lac du Flambeau [Reservation/Agency, Lac du Flambeau Wisconsin]...29 Leech Lake [Reservation, Agency, Onigum, Minnesota]...30 Mescalero [Reservation/Agency, Mescalero, New Mexico]...31 Navajo [Reservation/Agency, Fort Defiance (later, Window Rock), Arizona]...31 Nevada [Reservation/Agency, Nixon, Nevada]...31 Reel 12 Northern Idaho [Reservation/Agency, Lapwai, Idaho]...32 Omaha [Reservation/Agency, Macy, Nebraska]...32 Reel 13 Omaha cont...34 Osage [Reservation/Agency, Pawhuska, Oklahoma]...34 Otoe [Reservation/Agency, Otoe (later, Red Rock), Oklahoma]...35 Pawnee [Reservation/Agency, Pawnee, Oklahoma]...36 Reel 14 Pawnee cont...37 Pima [Reservation/Agency, Sacaton, Arizona]...37 Pine Ridge [Reservation/Agency, Pine Ridge, South Dakota]...38 Reel 15 Pine Ridge cont Ponca [Agency, Whiteagle, Oklahoma]...40 Reel 16 Ponca cont Potawatomi [Agency, Mayetta (later, Horton), Kansas]...42 Quapaw [Agency, Miami, Oklahoma]...42 Red Lake [Reservation/Agency, Red Lake, Minnesota]...42 Rocky Boy [Reservation/Agency, Rocky Boy, Montana]...44 Rosebud [Reservation/Agency, Rosebud, South Dakota]...44 Reel 17 Rosebud cont...45 Reel 18 Rosebud cont...47 Sac and Fox Iowa [Reservation/Agency, Toledo, Iowa]...48 Sac and Fox Oklahoma [Reservation/Agency, Stroud, Oklahoma]...49 Salt River [Reservation (Camp McDowell Agency), Scottsdale, Arizona]...49 San Carlos [Reservation/Agency, San Carlos (later, Rice), Arizona]...49 Santee [Reservation/Agency, Santee, Nebraska]...50 Sac and Fox Oklahoma [Reservation/Agency, Stroud, Oklahoma]...50 Reel 19 Santee [Reservation/Agency, Santee, Nebraska]...50 Sells [Agency (San Xavier Reservation), Sells, Arizona]...51 Seminole [Nation, Seminole, Oklahoma]...51 Seneca [School (Quapaw Agency), Wyandotte, Oklahoma]...51 Shawnee [Reservation/Agency, Shawnee, Oklahoma]...51 Reel 20 Shawnee cont...52 Shoshone [Reservation/Agency, Wind River (later, Fort Washakie), Wyoming]...53 Sisseton [Reservation/Agency, Sisseton, South Dakota]...54 Southern Ute [Agency, Ignacio, Colorado]...56 Reel 21 Standing Rock [Reservation/Agency, Fort Yates, North Dakota]...56 Tulalip [Agency, Tulalip, Washington]...58 Turtle Mountain [Reservation/Agency, Turtle Mountain (later, Belcourt), North Dakota]...58 Uintah and Ouray [Agency, Fort Duchesne, Utah]...59 Umatilla [Reservation/Agency, Pendleton, Oregon]...59

5 Reel 22 Umatilla cont...60 United Pueblos [Agency, Albuquerque, New Mexico]...61 Ute Mountain [Agency, Cortez, Colorado]...61 Warm Springs [Reservation/Agency, Warm Spring, Oregon]...61 White Earth [Reservation/Agency, White Earth, Minnesota]...61 Reel 23 White Earth cont Winnebago [Reservation/Agency, Winnebago, Nebraska]...64 Reel 24 Winnebago cont Yakima [Reservation/Agency, Fort Simcoe (later, Toppenish), Washington]...66 Reel 25 Yakima cont Yankton [Reservation/Agency, Greenwood (later, Wagner), South Dakota]...68 Principal Correspondent Index...73 Subject Index...83 v

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7 INTRODUCTION The course of the federal government s relations with Native Americans began in the colonial era and has undergone many subsequent changes beginning with the creation of the first Indian commissioners, whose mission was to cement military alliances and promote trade; to the nineteenth century s demand for land, and the consequent herding of Native Americans onto reservations by military force and attempted eradication of Native American culture; to the mid twentieth century s efforts to reestablish Native American tribal identities. Federal-Indian Relations Beginning in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, federal policy commenced the effort to exchange Native American lands in the east for lands in the unsettled trans- Mississippi west. This effort, known as the Indian Removal Policy, led to a gradual need by the federal government to provide a Native American homeland in the western territory. Many historians consider this a paternalistic policy. It was felt that eventually all Native Americans would have to be brought under federal control: They must be brought gradually under our [federal government s] authority and laws. They should be taken under our guardianship with measures intended for their civilization and happiness. As the white population grew and western lands were coveted for settlement, mining enterprises, and cattle, federal Indian policy moved to one of paternalism with a gloved fist. After the Indian wars of the mid- to late nineteenth century came the treaty-making period and creation of reservations or the so-called Native American homelands in the west. This period ushered in the era of Native American dependency, bred by federal paternalism. Federal paternalism flourished throughout the nineteenth century and carried into the first decade of the twentieth. As a result of federal policy, Native Americans were, in fact, dependent. This dependency called forth more paternalistic responses on the part of the federal government, manifested in restrictions upon Indian political independence, loss of economic self-sufficiency and the resultant dependence upon white rations and blankets, and wardship status of Native Americans under the reservation system. By the late nineteenth century, white reformers sought ways to solve the Indian problem and to reduce the federal burden and control of Native Americans. Their first efforts included the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 or the General Allotment Act, use of white Christians as Indian agents, and the control of Native American education and training. The goal of these benevolent humanitarians was the assimilation of Native Americans into the general American citizenry. The solution to this paternalism/dependency was thus the effacement of the Indian, his culture, social organization, and customs through absorption into white society. Many historians claim that this movement to acculturate, assimilate, and Americanize Native Americans was the single force dominating all federal Native American relations. By 1920 this policy had proved, in almost all instances, a failure. A new group of Indian reformers sought to rehabilitate Native Americans economically and spiritually. Their goal was to restore pride in Indian customs, art, religion, and social organization; this pride was to be shared by both Native Americans and whites. Ending the allotment system and preserving and augmenting Indian tribal landholdings, reestablishing tribal government, and encouraging tribal corporate economic activity became prominent goals of this group of reformers. Their ideas were embodied in social reformer John Collier, and after his appointment to the Office of Indian Commissioner, they were implemented under the Indian Reorganization Act of This act launched a policy of federal financial and technical aid to tribal groups, sought to reestablish tribal government, and aimed to preserve Indian culture. vii

8 Bureau of Indian Affairs Created on March 11, 1824, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) presides over the ebb and flow of federal policy on Native Americans. The mission of the bureau continues to this day to be to conduct the business of the federal government relating to Native Americans. The nature and scope of this business has changed with policies and circumstances. The responsibility of the bureau has never extended to all Native Americans, but rather to those Native Americans maintaining their tribal affiliation in some manner or to Native Americans living on reservations. Areas of administration included treaty negotiations, land disputes on the everchanging frontier, regulation and licensing of trade with Native Americans, and control and eventual prohibition of liquor in Indian areas. In addition, the bureau was responsible for the implementation of the allotment system, dissemination of rations and blankets, and eventually the promulgation and implementation of the Indian Reorganization Act under the strong leadership of John Collier. Throughout the history of the bureau, its primary responsibility has been to civilize and educate Native Americans. Federal assistance for Native American education in academic and trade schools was institutionalized in various subordinate divisions of the bureau; these included the Civilization Division and the Education Division. With the advent of the reservation system, the federal government increased its efforts to train and educate Native Americans in agricultural and mechanical pursuits. The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 brought an even greater recognition of the importance of the training and education of Native Americans to make them capable of managing their affairs as members of the general population. This led to an increase in construction and staffing of Indian schools. Curricula was based on what the Native American needed to survive in a white society to become assimilated, acculturated, Americanized. The mandate to educate Native Americans had an enormous effect on the bureau, for much of its energy and appropriations were expended in this pursuit. Additional responsibilities dealt with land disputes between Native Americans, white citizens, and/or the federal government. The federal government developed and implemented many programs geared to economic development, medical and health care, industrialization, agricultural extension, and employment. These programs were managed by a plethora of offices and divisions within the bureau. One division that endured the bureau s various reorganizations was the Inspection Division. Its purview was to evaluate reservation living conditions and performance of Indian schools and to provide information for the formulation of policies and programs. Field officials maintained contact with Native Americans in the performance of their functional operations. Most of these officials lived on the reservation or at an agency s headquarters. Early in the history of the service, agents were as nomadic as their wards. These individuals acted as representatives of the federal government, answerable only to Washington. History shows that corruption and political patronage were rampant in the early service, but by the turn of the century Indian agents (later called superintendents) were responsible to the civil service system. These agents corresponded regularly with Washington. The Office of the Indian Commissioner required a great deal of information in formulating and implementing federal policy. In addition, data from the far-flung schools, hospitals, reservations, and jurisdictions were necessary to the lobbying and debate over congressional appropriations. Native Americans are the only racial group distinctly mentioned in the U.S. Constitution. They have their own body of statutes, and appropriations for their benefit are voted by Congress in a separate, annual budget. Two major committees of Congress handle the Indian budget and consider and report upon bills affecting the administration of Native American affairs at large. Making laws exclusively for Native Americans is no light task. For their proper performance, viii

9 legislators must look into local difficulties, both white and native, trace the source of frequent misunderstandings, study social conditions among the tribes, and try to ascertain and understand the Native Americans point of view on all the larger questions liable to arise in the course of formulating policies and programs. One way in which Congress, the commissioner of Indian affairs, and the Indian agent are brought together with their wards is through the visit of Native Americans to Washington. These visits were quite common in the nineteenth century, eventually reaching junket proportions. Funding for these excursions were debited against the funds provided to the tribe by the federal government. Beginning in the first decade of the twentieth century, restrictions were put on visits by Indian delegations to Washington. Detailed correspondence between native representatives, agents, and the Office of the Indian Commissioner was implemented to ascertain whether visits were necessary or could be handled simply in writing. Only those delegations authorized to visit by the Indian Commissioner were reimbursed or provided with travel advances. Another reason for the implementation of written application was the desire to determine reputable tribal representatives from those who were not. Series A: Indian Delegations to Washington UPA s new Native Americans collection documents the person-to-person relations between the federal government and Native American tribes, agencies, and/or reservations, providing insight into the problems and concerns of various tribes. This collection consists of official and personal correspondence, tribal name lists, memoranda, petitions, agenda, and reports. In addition, there are news clippings, pamphlets, minutes of meetings, press releases, and congressional documents. The documents in this collection highlight the efforts by Native Americans to express their concerns regarding conditions on the various reservations and agencies, corruption and misconduct by bureau officials, land allotment and tenancy, and the Indians growing desire to provide for their own economic sufficiency. The primary issue discussed by the various delegations pertains to land, tenancy, and allotment. Additional topics include fishing rights, mineral rights, use of public lands for grazing, poverty and health, tribal monies, and education. Summary This collection provides reseachers, students, and academicians with a window into the myriad world of federal-indian relations. Documentation in this microform outlines the promulgation and implementation of Indian policies throughout the period a period of entrenched acculturation and assimilation of Native Americans, acknowledgment of the failure of this Americanization policy, and the prospect for future revitalization of Native American culture and social organization, embodied in the Indian Reorganization Act. Sources Hill, Edward E., comp. Preliminary Inventory of the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, PI 163. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Service, GSA, Philip, Kenneth R. John Collier s Crusade for Indian Reform, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, Prucha, Francis Paul. The Indians in American Society. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, Prucha, Francis Paul. Americanizing the American Indians: Writings by the Friends of the Indian, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ix

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11 General Records, SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE From 1824 to 1907, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) kept its basic records in separate series of incoming and outgoing letters. The subjects of the correspondence reflected the full range of civilian federal Native American administration and to some extent military matters, although in almost every subject area certain records were segregated from the main series of correspondence into Special Files. During this period, the BIA followed the War Department record-keeping practice of copying letters in letterbooks and of registering and filing incoming letters for each year in alphabetical groups by the initial letter of the writer s surname. During the 1880s a new registry system was instituted. However, by 1906 this system proved unwieldly due to the volume of correspondence from tribes, agencies, schools, individual Indians, missionaries, and reformers. The BIA discontinued the practice of maintaining separate series of incoming and outgoing correspondence in August Thereafter correspondence was filed according to a decimalsubject classification system. File numbers, however, continued to be assigned to letters in order of receipt. In addition, letters were assigned to a particular subject classification and to a jurisdiction. The jurisdictions were mainly the field units of the bureau: agencies, schools, institutions, hospitals, sanitariums, and warehouses. There was also an Indian Office designation for records relating to the operation of the BIA s central office and a General Service designation for general administrative records not relating to any particular jurisdiction. In addition, there were separate designations for tribes, geographical areas, and a few special topics (i.e., liquor traffic). This classification scheme allowed for the expeditious handling of the influx of documentation from both the jurisdictions and the tribes or tribal governments. This scheme consists of a number of subject headings. Each heading is subdivided further by specific topics or aspects of the main subject heading. Copies of letters sent, replies received, and any other records relating to the same specific subject as the first or base letter received were filed with that letter; all this material was fastened together to form a dossier or, as it was usually called by the bureau, a flat file. In these files were also placed reports, memos, minutes, leases, contracts, authorities, affidavits, applications, certificates, licenses, permits, bonds, wills, tables, circulars, photographs, and other kinds of documents that formerly had been segregated from the correspondence. This provided for a complete record of a particular action, decision, or problem. The Central Classified Files is the progeny of this type of record keeping. Central Classified Files The Central Classified Files span the years 1907 to 1939 and include letters received, copies of letters sent, reports, memoranda, minutes, petitions, leases, contracts, affidavits, applications, certificates, licenses, permits, bonds, wills, other legal documents, tables, circulars, accounting records, clippings, photographs, diagrams, and blueprints. These materials are grouped into records relating to the central office of the BIA; general administrative records; and records relating to the individual field units of the bureau, arranged alphabetically by name of jurisdiction. The records for each jurisdiction are arranged according to a decimal-subject classification system. Within each decimal-subject classification there are individual dossiers or files of records relating to a specific subject. These files are arranged chronologically and thereunder by file number of the first or base letter filed therein. The individual documents within a file are generally arranged in chronological order. xi

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13 SOURCE NOTE The documents reproduced in this publication are among the Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Record Group 75, at the National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C. These papers were filmed from Entry 121, Central Classified Files, , decimal number.056. EDITORIAL NOTE These files were the actual working files of the BIA, and thus were rifled through; material was added, deleted, or charged-out, and/or rearranged by office and staff members. The original organization of the files has been retained by the Civil Reference Branch, National Archives, and perpetuated by UPA during microfilming. UPA has microfilmed this collection in its entirety, with the exception of exact duplicate documents. Generally, the file folders are arranged chronologically. For the most part, the contents of the file folders are arranged in reverse chronological order, with exceptions in the large correspondence files. There are a small number of file folders whose contents are arranged in straight chronological order. Documents in this collection have been arranged according to the decimal-subject classification system used in the Central Classified Files. The decimal number is.056, subject Tribal Relations Delegations. This collection includes the documentation exchanged between various tribes, agencies, jurisdictions, and the bureau. ABBREVIATIONS LIST BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs CCC ID Civilian Conservation Corps Indian Division H.R. House of Representatives Resolution Indian ECW Indian Emergency Conservation Work IRA Indian Reorganization Act S. Senate bill S.J. Res. Senate Joint Resolution S.R. Senate Resolution xiii

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15 NAME LIST Material by or about the following individuals appears in this guide. Their affiliations/ identities are provided for the researcher. Abbott, F. H. acting commissioner of Indian affairs Abeita, Pablo governor, Isleta Pueblo Adams, Richard C. attorney-at-law, Washington D.C.; Delaware Indians legal representative Adams, Samuel first assistant secretary, Interior Department Allen, Earl W. superintendent, Red Lake Agency Allen, Edgar A. superintendent, Consolidated Chippewa Agency Allen, Sanford E. superintendent, Sisseton Agency Andrews, H. A. superintendent, Quapaw Agency Antelope, Morris delegate, Coeur d Alene Reservation; Coeur d Alene spokesman Antelope, Simon chairman, Yankton tribal council; representative, full-bloods faction; delegate, Yankton Reservation Anthony, Daniel R. U.S. congressman, Kansas Armstrong, E. J. acting commissioner of Indian affairs Arnold, LeRoy D. superintendent, Klamath Agency Asbury, C. H. superintendent, Crow Agency; special agentin-charge, Klamath Reservation Aschemeier, L. Wesley superintendent, Fort Hall Agency Asendorf, Albert superintendent, Mekusukey Academy, Seminole, Oklahoma Aye ne mah sung [Ay-Ne-Mah-Sung/Any mah sung/aynemahsung], Louis chief, General Council of the Chippewa of Minnesota; chief, Fond du Lac Babcock, Omar L. superintendent, Umatilla Agency; superintendent, Winnebago Agency Baker, Fred A. supervisor, Fort Belknap Indian School; superintendent, Klamath Agency Ballinger, R. A. secretary of the interior Ballinger, Webster attorney-at-law, Washington, D.C.; legal representative, Delaware Indians; legal representative, White Earth Reservation Balmer, J. E. superintendent, Turtle Mountain Agency Balsam, Louis field representative-in-charge, Colville Agency; field representative-in-charge, Consolidated Chippewa, Duluth Bartles, Joe A. chairman, Delaware Indian business committee Bay-mway-way-be-nais full-blood delegate, Red Lake Reservation Bearclaw, Hartford delegate, Crow Reservation; chairman, Crow tribal council Beaulieu, Gus mixed-blood delegate, White Earth Reservation; agitator Beaulieu, Theodore H. mixed-blood White Earth Chippewa Berry, Charles H. superintendent, Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency Big Man, Max member, Crow tribal council Billingsley, M. W. representative, Second Mesa Hopi; agitator Bingham, George E. attorney-at-law, El Reno, Oklahoma; tribal attorney, Cheyenne and Arapaho Bishop, William H. superintendent, Red Lake Agency xv

16 Name List Bitney, Raymond H. superintendent, Red Lake Agency Blackbird, Alfred Omaha delegate, Winnebago Reservation; president, Omaha Land Owners League, Winnebago Reservation Black Dog commissioner, Osage Allotting Commission Blair, C. M. superintendent, Cherokee Agency (Cherokee, North Carolina) Boggess, O. M. superintendent, Hoopa Agency; superintendent, Omaha Agency Bonnin, Leo S. superintendent, Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency Bost, Eli J. superintendent, Omaha Agency Bottineau, John B. attorney-at-law, Washington, D.C.; tribal attorney, Turtle Mountain Boudinot, Frank J. attorney-at-law, Washington, D.C.; legal representative, Shawnee Boy, Oscar secretary, Blackfeet business council Boy Chief Gros Ventre, from Lodge Pole, Montana Boyd, Fred W. superintendent, Turtle Mountain Agency Bradley, Edgar C. assistant to the secretary of the interior Brandon, Frank E. special supervisor, Indian Service Breid, Jacob superintendent, Otoe Agency; superintendent, Sac and Fox Sanatorium Brennan, John R. superintendent, Pine Ridge Agency Brockie, Clarence chairman, Fort Belknap tribal council; president, Fort Belknap Indian Community Council Broker, Frank chairman, Consolidated Chippewa tribal council; president, Consolidated Chippewa executive committee Brophy, William A. commissioner of Indian affairs Brown, Harrison delegate, Klamath Reservation Brown, Sargent delegate, Klamath Reservation Bruce, Harold E. superintendent, Potawatomi Agency Buchanan, Charles M. superintendent, Tulalip Agency Buckler, R. T. U.S. congressman, Minnesota; member, House Committee on Indian Affairs Bullhead, Andrew delegate, Flathead Reservation Buntin, John A. superintendent, Kiowa Agency; district superintendent-in-charge, Kiowa Reservation; superintendent, Rosebud Agency Burke, Charles H. commissioner of Indian affairs Burland, J. T. president, Tribal Council of the Flathead Nation Burns, Mark L. acting superintendent, Cheyenne River Agency; acting superintendent, Cass Lake Agency Burton, Charles E. superintendent, Santee Agency Campbell, Fred C. district superintendent, Blackfeet Agency; superintendent, Blackfeet Agency; general superintendent, Northwestern Indian Reservations, Fort Browning, Montana; superintendent, Cheyenne River Agency Capota, Savero chief, Capota Band of Southern Utes Carl, John W. chairman, Legislative Committee to the President of the Executive Committee of the Chippewa General Council Carpenter, James H. chairman, Crow business committee Carpenter, Louis J. legal representative, Chippewa Carr, Don M. superintendent, Yakima Agency xvi

17 Name List Carroll, James A. superintendent, Mescalero Indian School Carter, C. D. U.S. congressman, Oklahoma; chairman, House Committee on Indian Affairs Cartwright, Wilburn U.S. congressman, Oklahoma Cassidy, A. J. examiner of inheritance, Indian Service Caswell, Benjamin mixed-blood delegate, White Earth Reservation Cavill, J. C. superintendent, Red Lake Agency Chinn, Henry agitator, San Carlos Reservation Churchill, C. A. superintendent, Blackfeet Agency Clapp, Moses E. U.S. senator; chairman, Senate Committee on Indian Affairs Clark, Hiram N. superintendent, Fort Belknap Agency Clark, Malcolm delegate, Blackfeet Reservation Cline, Henry secretary, Omaha tribal council Cloud Chief chief, Cheyenne (Calumet, Oklahoma) Coe, Charles E. superintendent, Flathead Agency; superintendent, Camp McDowell Agency Coffey, James J. or I. delegate, Consolidated Chippewa Agency (Cass Lake); legal representative, Chippewa (Cass Lake); member, Legislative Committee to the President of the Executive Committee of the Chippewa General Council Collier, John commissioner of Indian affairs Commons, John M. superintendent, Omaha Agency Conn, Silas Kaw; lost his allotment to foreclosure issue Cooley, A. C. director, Extension and Industry Division, BIA Court, Ignatius delegate, Devil s Lake Reservation Covey, Claude C. superintendent, Rosebud Agency; superintendent, Warm Springs Agency Craig, Joseph full-blood Umatilla Craige, R. C. superintendent, Cheyenne River Agency Crane, Leo superintendent, Colorado River Agency Crawford, Ida M. secretary, Klamath delegation Cross, George W. superintendent, Fond du Lac Agency; superintendent, Red Lake Agency Daiker, Fred H. assistant to the commissioner of Indian affairs Daniel, R. E. L. superintendent, Yankton Agency Daniels, C. C. Justice Department attorney, White Earth Reservation Danielson, P. W. superintendent, Pawnee Agency Davis, Charles L. superintendent, Rosebud Agency Decora, Charles E. delegate, Winnebago Reservation decourse, Benjamin F. president, Quechan tribal council Demarce, Frank delegate, Devil s Lake Reservation Dennis, Fred tribal attorney, Red Lake Reservation (Chippewa) Detwiler, C. P. chief clerk-in-charge, Pine Ridge Agency Dick, Lucien Omaha Indian Dickens, Walter F. superintendent, Cheyenne River Agency; superintendent, Consolidated Ute Agency; superintendent, Red Lake Agency; superintendent, Tulalip Agency Dimick, H. chief, Finance Division, Office of Indian Affairs Dodge, Chee chairman, Navajo tribal council xvii

18 Name List Donner, William superintendent, Fort Apache Agency; superintendent, Fort Hall Agency Dooley, B. H. acting superintendent, Red Lake Agency; traveling auditor-in-charge, Indian Field Service Dortch, J. H. acting chief clerk, Office of Indian Affairs; chief, Education Division, BIA Driskell, Charles chief, Shoshone Dwight, Ben principal chief, Choctaw Nation Eagle, McKinley chairman, Ponca tribal council Edwards, John H. assistant secretary of the interior Egan, Anna C. superintendent, Fort Yuma Agency Eggers, Charles Seger Agency, Colony, Oklahoma Elliott, J. W. superintendent, Fort Belknap Agency; superintendent, Warm Springs Agency Ellis, Charles L. special agent, Blackfeet Reservation; superintendent, Blackfeet Agency Ereaux, Frank delegate, Fort Belknap Reservation Eschiti chief, Comanche Estep, Evan W. superintendent, Crow Agency; superintendent, Yakima Agency Farrell, F. E. superintendent, Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency; superintendent, Ponca Agency Ferris, Scott U.S. congressman, Oklahoma; chairman, House Committee on Public Lands Fickinger, Paul L. chief administrative officer, Office of Indian Affairs Finney, E. C. acting secretary of the interior Fiske, H. H. field agent, Indian Service Fixico, Thlechum Choctaw; member, Four Nations Council Foght, Harold W. superintendent, Cherokee Agency (Cherokee, North Carolina) Folsom, Albert accountant and auditor, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Fox, George E. director, Indian Organization Division, BIA Francis, John, Jr. acting chief clerk, Office of Indian Affairs; chief, Education Division, Indian Office; acting chief, Land Division, Indian Office Frater, Jno. T. Indian agent, Leech Lake Agency Frazier, Lynn J. U.S. senator, North Dakota; chairman, Senate Committee on Indian Affairs Freer, William B. superintendent, Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency; superintendent, Klamath Agency French, Burton L. U.S. congressman, Idaho; member, House Committee on Indian Affairs Friday, Robert Arapaho delegate, Shoshone Reservation Frosted, Thomas Sioux, Standing Rock Reservation Fryer, E. R. general superintendent, Navajo Agency Galloway, Herman J. assistant U.S. attorney general Gamble, Robert J. U.S. senator, South Dakota; chairman, Senate Committee on Indian Affairs Garber, M. C. U.S. congressman, Oklahoma Garrett, Minnie A. secretary, Delaware Indian Association, Bartlesville, Oklahoma Gehrmann, B. J. U.S. congressman, Wisconsin; member, House Indian Affairs Committee Gensler, C. H. superintendent, Colorado River Agency George, Nespelem agitator, Colville Reservation xviii

19 Name List George, Willie chairman, Fort Hall Reservation business council Ghost Dog, John Oglala Sioux; performer in wild west shows Giegoldt, John F. superintendent, Leech Lake Agency Gilbert, Luke chairman, Cheyenne River tribal council Goodwin, F. M. assistant secretary of the interior Gore, T. P. U.S. senator, Oklahoma; member, Joint Committee on Short-Time Rural Credits Grant, Richard, Sr. chairman, Blackfeet business council Grass, John chief, Standing Rock Sioux; delegate, Standing Rock Temperance Union Graves, C. L. superintendent, Blackfeet Agency; superintendent, Mescalero Agency Graves, Peter delegate, Red Lake Reservation; tribal legal representative, Red Lake Reservation Gray, O. C. superintendent, Fort Totten Agency Green, John M. Santee delegate, Yankton Reservation Green, Orville J. superintendent, Sac and Fox, Iowa Agency; superintendent, Shawnee Agency Greene, F. C. acting superintendent, Cheyenne River Agency Greenwood, W. Barton assistant and acting commissioner of Indian affairs Griffin, C. B. office of the general manager, Glacier Park Hotel Company Gross, F. A. superintendent, Colville Agency Gurney, Chan U.S. senator, South Dakota Haas, R. P. superintendent, Shoshone Agency Hall, Gilbert L. superintendent, Warm Springs Agency Hall, T. B. superintendent, Sels Agency Hamer, Thomas R. U.S. congressman, Washington Hamilton, Robert J. delegate, Blackfeet Reservation Hanna, L. B. U.S. congressman-at-large, North Dakota; governor, North Dakota Hansbrough, H. C. U.S. senator; chairman, Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry; chairman, Senate Committee on Public Lands Harlan, Elwood delegate, Omaha Reservation; secretary, Omaha business council; Omaha delegate, Winnebago Reservation; president, Omaha tribal council Harper, Allan G. exectuive secretary, Indian Defense Association; field representative, Indian Office Harrison, James delegate, Winnebago Reservation Harrison, John delegate, Winnebago Reservation Harrison, William H. principal chief, Choctaw Nation Harrold, John W. U.S. senator, Oklahoma; chairman, Senate Committee on Indian Affairs Hart, Joseph C. superintendent, Pawnee Agency Hauke, C. F. chief clerk, Office of Indian Affairs; second assistant commissioner of Indian Affairs Hawkins, Katie Z. white ex-wife of Starving Elk, who sought relief from estate of Starving Elk for children Hayden, Carl U.S. senator, Arizona; member, Senate Committee on Appropriations He Dog delegate, Rosebud Reservation Hendricks, Fred delegate, Klamath Reservation Hensley, William Winnebago Hepikiya, David Yankton Sioux; accused of arson on reservation xix

20 Name List High Horse delegate, Rosebud Reservation Hinton, John H. special Indian agent, Detroit, Michigan; superintendent, White Earth Agency Hobgood, Guy superintendent, Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency Holcomb, E. P. chief supervisor, Indian Service, Shawano, Wisconsin Holland, M. F. superintendent, Colorado River School (Agency) Hollow Horn Bear delegate, Rosebud Reservation Holt, Lester M. supervising engineer, Irrigation and Drainage, Indian Service, Yakima, Washington; supervising engineer, U.S. Irrigation Service, Interior Department, Yakima, Washington Howard, John R. superintendent, White Earth Agency Hoyo, George A. superintendent, Otoe Agency; superintendent, Ponca Agency Hyde, James H. superintendent, Crow Agency Ickes, Harold L. secretary of the interior Jackson, C. B. Indian agent, Sisseton Agency Jackson, Edmond, Sr. president, Quechan tribal council James, P. J. agitator, Tulalip Reservation Jemison, Alice Lee representative, American Indian Federation Jennings, Joe director, Tribal Relations Division, Office of Indian Affairs Jermark, E. W. superintendent, Pine Ridge Agency Johnson, Axel superintendent, Omaha Agency Johnson, Horace J. superintendent, Sac and Fox, Oklahoma Agency Johnson, Jed U.S. congressman, Oklahoma Johnson, John M. superintendent, Colville Agency; superintendent, Klamath Agency Johnson, M. A. superintendent, Yakima Agency Johnston, Douglas H. governor, Chickasaw Nation Jones, A. A. first assistant secretary, commissioner of Indian affairs Joshua, Billy delegate, Umatilla Reservation Kah-de-way chief, White Oak Point Band Kanine, Jim Walla Walla Indian; delegate, Umatilla Reservation Kelley, Edward B. superintendent, Rosebud Agency Kendrick, John B. U.S. senator, Wyoming Kennerly, Leo M. secretary, Blackfeet business council Ketchum, John Shawnee King, Richard chairman, Fort Belknap Indian Community Council King, Thomas J., Jr. superintendent, Cheyenne River Agency Kiowa Bill delegate, Kiowa Reservation Kirk, Clayton delegate, Klamath Reservation; secretary, Klamath tribal council; tribal attorney, Klamath Kirk, Frank W. delegate, Potawatomi Reservation; tribal attorney, Potawatomi Kitch, James B. superintendent, San Carlos Agency; superintendent, Standing Rock Agency Kneale, Albert H. superintendent, Omaha Agency; superintendent, Uintah & Ouray Agency; superintendent, Winnebago Agency xx

21 Name List Ladd, Burton A. superintendent, Papago Agency; superintendent, Santee Agency LaFramboise, F. nonreservation Sioux agitator Lamar, Albert delegate, Kiowa Reservation Landman, A. M. superintendent, Five Civilized Tribes Agency Lane, Harry U.S. senator, Oregon; chairman, Senate Committee on Forest Reservations and the Protection of Game Lapointe, Sam president, Rosebud Sioux Council Larrabee, C. F. acting commissioner of Indian affairs Latimer, Joseph W. agitator, San Carlos Reservation Lavatta, George P. representative, The Shoshone Bannock Tribes, Inc. Lavatta, Philip delegate, Fort Hall Reservation Lawshe, A. L. superintendent, San Carlos Agency Leavitt, Scott U.S. congressman, Montana; chairman, House Committee on Indian Affairs Leech, A. W. superintendent, Shawnee Agency; superintendent, Yankton Agency Lemieux, John B. secretary, Fond du Lac executive committee; representative, Lake Superior Chippewa Indian Club LeSieur, Thomas B. Indian policeman, Fort Hall Reservation Leupp, F. E. acting commissioner of Indian affairs Levering, Levi delegate, Omaha Reservation; secretary, Omaha tribal council; interpreter Little Jim chief, Big Jim Band of Absentee Shawnee Lippert, L. C. superintendent, Standing Rock Agency Locke, Victor M., Jr. principal chief, Choctaw Nation Lohmiller, C. B. superintendent, Omaha Agency Lone Wolf, Delos K. delegate, Kiowa Reservation Long, H. F. chief supervisor of livestock, Indian Service Long Bull, Paul delegate, Standing Rock Reservation; member, Standing Rock tribal council McBride, F. H. superintendent, Blackfeet Agency McCabe, J. W. superintendent, Standing Rock Agency McCaskill, J. C. assistant to the commissioner of Indian affairs McChesney, Charles E. chairman, Osage Allotting Commission; superintendent, Southern Ute Agency McCormick, T. F. superintendent, Sells Agency McCray, E. R. superintendent, Mescalero Agency; superintendent, San Carlos Agency McDonald, Louis delegate, Ponca Reservation McFatridge, Arthur E. superintendent, Blackfeet Agency McGregor, James H. superintendent, Cheyenne River Agency; superintendent, Pine Ridge Agency; superintendent, Rosebud Agency; district superintendent-in-charge, Flandreau Reservation McGuire, Bird U.S. congressman, Oklahoma McHarg, Ormsby attorney-at-law; legal representative, Choctaw Nation McIntyre, Frank E. superintendent, Santee Agency McKean, E. E. superintendent, Consolidated Ute Agency; superintendent, Rosebud Agency; superintendent, Southern Ute Agency McKinney, Lizzie delegate, Citizen Band of the Potawatomi McNary, Charles L. U.S. senator, Oregon; chairman, Senate Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation xxi

22 Name List McNeilly, E. E. superintendent, Rocky Boy Agency Mann, Frank T. superintendent, Winnebago Agency Marshall, D. P. B. Crow from Sheridan, Wyoming; member, Crow Reservation Commission Marshall, John T. superintendent, Fort Belknap Agency Martin, Jewell D. supervisor-in-charge, Uintah & Ouray Agency Matt, Henry mixed-blood Flathead; indicted for liqour violations on reservation May-zhuc-ke-ge-shig chief, Pine Point Band; chairman, Pine Point Council Means, H. C. superintendent of irrigation, Indian Service, Fort Duchesne, Utah Meritt, E. B. assistant commissioner of Indian affairs Meyer, Harvey K. superintendent, Colville Agency; superintendent, Leech Lake Agency Michel, St. Pierre chief, Flathead; delegate, Flathead Reservation Miguel, Patrick tribal representative in Washington, D.C., for Yuma Indians Millard, Ret superintendent, Osage Agency Miller, A. G. W. district superintendent-in-charge, Office of the Five Civilized Tribes Miller, A. R. superintendent, Ponca Agency Miller, Edgar K. superintendent, Hopi Agency Miller, Horton H. superintendent, Fort Belknap Agency; superintendent, Fort Hall Agency Millin, Richard B. acting superintendent, Crow Agency Moctelmay (Moctilma), Peter chief, Coeur d Alene Moore, Tom president, Choctaw and Chickasaw League Moorehead, Warren K. member, Board of Indian Commissioners Morgan, Fred C. superintendent, Colville Agency; superintendent, Flathead Agency Mossman, Eugene D. superintendent, Sisseton Agency; superintendent, Standing Rock Agency Murray, James E. U.S. senator, Montana Murray, Wallace A. Sioux; secretary, Todd County Sioux Democratic Club, Parmelee, South Dakota Myers, Henry L. U.S. senator, Montana; chairman, Senate Committee on Public Lands Nah-gon-nway-we-dung full-blood delegate, Red Lake Reservation (Chippewa) Nash, Roy special agent, Division of Investigations, Interior Department Noble, H. M. superintendent, Ponca Agency No Heart, Abraham delegate, Cheyenne River Reservation; Indian judge Norris, Joseph H. superintendent, Shoshone Agency Norton, Charles E. superintendent, Ponca Agency No Shirt chief, Walla Walla, Cayuse, Oregon O Brien, John J. acting assistant U.S. attorney general Oliver, Joseph D. superintendent, Navajo Agency Orr, Albert chairman, Colville Reservation Business Council Owen, Robert L. U.S. senator, Oklahoma; chairman, Senate Committee on Five Civilized Tribes of Indian; chairman, Senate Committee on Banking and Currency Owhi, Harry delegate, Colville Reservation xxii

23 Name List Page, Lewis W. superintendent, Uintah & Ouray Agency Paquette, Peter superintendent, Navajo Agency Parish, M. L. tribal attorney, Rosebud Reservation Parker, Gabe E. superintendent, Five Tribes Agency; superintendent, Winnebago Agency Parker, Quanah chief, Comanche Payne, John Barton secretary of the interior Pease, Anson H. tribal representative, Crow; delegate, Crow Reservation Peters, Jim member, Sac and Fox, Iowa Reservation; critic of Sac and Fox Agency management Phillips, Wallace chairman, Wakpola Local Council, Standing Rock Reservation Pierce, Frank first secretary, Office of the Indian Commissioner Pierce, Walter M. U.S. congressman, Oregon Pipestem, Charles S. B. Otoe; unauthorized delegate, Ponca Reservation Pipestem, John chief, Otoe; delegate, Otoe Reservation Pitzer, Hugh superintendent, Osage Agency Plenty Coos chief, Crow Poindexter, Miles U.S. senator; chairman, Senate Committee on Indian Depredations Primeaux, George interpreter, Ponca Reservation Primeaux, Mack secretary, Ponca tribal council Provinse, John H. assistant commissioner of Indian affairs Rasdall, Eli Winnebago Rastall, C. W. superintendent, Cheyenne River Agency Ratliff, Russell superintendent, Coeur d Alene Agency Red Cloud, James H. chief, Oglala Sioux; chairman, Oglala Council Red Lightning member, full-bloods faction, Yankton Reservation Red Thunder, John delegate, Lake Travers Reservation Ressurection [also Reselection and Resurrection], Sam chief, Flathead Reynolds, A. M. superintendent, Warm Springs Agency Reynolds, Samuel G. superintendent, Crow Agency Rhoads, C. J. commissioner of Indian affairs Robinson, A. E. superintendent, Pima Agency Roberts, W. O. superintendent, Cheyenne River Agency; superintendent, Pine Ridge Agency; superintendent, Rosebud Agency Roe Cloud, Henry superintendent, Umatilla Agency Rogers, Will U.S. congressman, Oklahoma; chairman, House Committee on Indian Affairs Roubideaux, Antoine A. chairman, Rosebud tribal council Runke, Walter superintendent, Yankton Agency Russell, Robert L. superintendent, Sac and Fox Sanatorium Ryan, Thomas acting commissioner of Indian affairs St. Germaine, T. L. delegate, Lac du Flambeau Reservation; tribal attorney, Lac du Flambeau Scattergood, J. Henry assistant commissioner of Indian affairs Scott, F. J. superintendent, Consolidated Chippewa Agency xxiii

24 Name List Scott, W. W. superintendent, Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency; superintendent, Crow Agency Scriven, John H. superintendent, Rosebud Agency Sells, Cato commissioner of Indian affairs Serven, A. R. attorney-at-law, Washington, D.C.; legal representative, Blackfeet Sharp, Byron A. superintendent, Coeur d Alene Agency; superintendent, Umatilla Agency Sharp, Theodore superintendent, Flathead Agency Shell, Charles E. superintendent, Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency Sherman, Paschal Okanogan; interpreter, Colville Reservation Indians delegation Shipstead, Henrik U.S. senator, Minnesota; member, Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry Shotwell, L. W. superintendent, Flathead Agency; superintendent, Rocky Boy Agency Simon, Joe delegate, Potawatomi Reservation Sinnott, N. J. U.S. congressman, Oregon; member, House Committee on Irrigation; chairman, House Committee on Public Lands Sloan, Thomas L. attorney-at-law, Washington, D.C.; tribal attorney, Winnebago Smith, W. C. superintendent, Cheyenne River Agency Snyder, A. R. superintendent, Pawnee Agency; superintendent, Potawatomi Agency Spalsbury, R. L. superintendent, Cherokee Agency (Cherokee, North Carolina) Spanish, Joseph member, Blackfeet tribal council Spear, John S. superintendent, Omaha Agency Spotted Horse chief, Pawnee; delegate, Pawnee Reservation Stacher, S. F. superintendent, Pueblo Bonito Agency Standing Bear, Henry delegate, Pine Ridge Reservation Stanion, Ralph P. superintendent, Otoe Agency; superintendent, Pawnee Agency Stecker, Ernest superintendent, Kiowa Agency; superintendent, Mescalero Agency Stefan, Karl U.S. congressman, Nebraska Sterling, Thomas U.S. senator, South Dakota Stewart, J. M. general superintendent, Navajo Agency; chief, Land Division, Office of Indian Affairs Stinchecum, C. V. superintendent, Kiowa Agency; superintendent, Rosebud Agency Stingy delegate, Blackfeet Stone, Forrest R. acting superintendent, Blackfeet Agency; superintendent, Shoshone Agency Stover, Arthur E. superintendent, Jicarilla Agency Strange Horse chief, Rosebud Sioux; delegate, Rosebud Reservation Swan, Edward chairman, Cheyenne River Delegation; interpreter, Cheyenne River general council Swartzlander, E. L. superintendent, Umatilla Agency Sweeney, Bo assistant secretary of the interior Symons, Alfred H. superintendent, Fort Belknap Agency Taelman, Father L. Roman Catholic missionary, Crow Reservation Taylor, R. J. Indian agent, Yankton Agency xxiv

25 Name List Thackery, Frank A. Indian agent, Shawnee Reservation Thomas, Elmer U.S. senator, Oklahoma; chairman, Senate Committee on Indian Affairs Thomas, James agitator, Tulalip Reservation Thompson, Fred subagent, Ponca Sub-Agency Throssell, Richard adopted Crow Tidwell, Henry M. superintendent, Pawnee Agency; superintendent, Pine Ridge Agency; superintendent, Winnebago Agency Tiger, Moty principal chief, Creek Nation Timentoe, C. B. Okanogan chief, Colville Reservation Timmins, Norman A. physician; director, Timmins Hospital, Bedford, Pennsylvania Tobacco chief, Cheyenne (Cantonment, Oklahoma) Towers, Lem A. superintendent, Pawnee Agency Traylor, H. S. inspector, Indian Service Tunway chief, First Mesa Hopi Turning Hawk, Charles president, Oglala Council [Pine Ridge Reservation] Two Elk, Robert Oglala Sioux residing in Washabaugh County, South Dakota; member, Pine Ridge tribal council; headman, Eagle Nest District, Pine Ridge Reservation Two Strike chief, Rosebud Upchurch, O. C. superintendent, Fort Lapwai Agency Valentine, R. G. commissioner of Indian affairs Vann, Lovie G. secretary, Cherokee Freedmen Delegation Velarde, James A. Garfield Apache; delegate, Jicarilla Reservation Venning, J. R. director, Miscellaneous Section, Office of Indian Affairs Wadsworth, H. E. superintendent, Shoshone Agency Wadsworth, P. R. superintendent, Consolidated Chippewa Agency Wah-we-yay-cum-ig chief, Elbow Lake Band Wakefield, Charles A. Chippewa representative, Washington, D.C. Wakonabo, James A. Chippewa from Inger, Minnesota Walker, Thomas F. chairman, Omaha business council Walsh, Thomas J. U.S. senator, Montana; chairman, Senate Committee on Mines and Mining; member, Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys Walters, George representative, Pine Point Band War-be-shar-nece representative, White Oak Point Band Ward, Elias C. Choctaw; chairman, June 1914 Ludlow Choctaw Meeting Warren, Francis E. U.S. senator, Wyoming; chairman, Senate Appropriations Committee Warrior, Rufus secretary, Fort Belknap Indian Community Council Wassaon, George B. mixed-blood Crow; subject of BIA investigation Webber, James C. secretary, Delaware Indian tribal council West, Walter G. superintendent, Klamath Agency; superintendent, Southern Ute Agency Wheeler, Burton K. U.S. senator, Montana; member, Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry Wheeler, Robert attorney-at-law, Tecumseh, Oklahoma Whipple, William secretary, Santee tribal committee xxv