χρυσοδακτύλιος, ον = with a gold ring / rings on one s fingers under BDAG 1093a. Hapax.

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1 1 James 2:1-10, (11-13), (2:1) προσωπολημψία, ας ἡ = partiality under BDAG 887b. δόξα, ας, ἡ = the condition of being bright or shining, brightness, splendor, radiance (a distinctive aspect of Hebrew ;(כבוד (of humans involved in transcendent circumstances, and also transcendent beings); (of reflected radiance) reflection; a state of being magnificent, greatness, splendor, (anything that catches the eye); honor as enhancement or recognition of status or performance, fame, recognition, renown, honor, prestige; a transcendent being deserving of honor, majestic being, (by metonymy) under BDAG 256b. (2:2) εἰσέλθῃ - aorist active subjunctive εἰσέρχομαι = to move into a space, enter; to enter into an event or state, (of persons) come into something; to happen, with focus on initial aspect, happen, develop under BDAG 293b. συναγωγή, ῆς, ἡ = a place where something collects, gathering place; a place of assembly; (of the Jewish) synagogue; (an assembly-place for Judeo-Christians [Nazarenes] can also be meant in James 2:2); the members of a synagogue, (the congregation of a) synagogue; a synagogal meeting, a meeting, gathering; a group of persons who band together frequently with hostile intent, bad, gang under BDAG 963a. χρυσοδακτύλιος, ον = with a gold ring / rings on one s fingers under BDAG 1093a. Hapax. ἐσθής, ῆτος, ἡ = clothing under BDAG 396b. λαμπρός, ά, όν = pertaining to radiating light, bright; pertaining to being free of anything that impedes clear perception, clear, transparent; gleaming, bright; (as substantive) splendor under BDAG 585b. πτωχός, ή, όν = pertaining to being economically disadvantage, dependent on others for support, (but also simply) poor; pertaining to being thrust on divine resources, poor; lacking in spiritual worth; pertaining to being extremely inferior in quality, miserable, shabby under BDAG 896a.

2 2 ῥυπασός, ή, όν = pertaining to being dirty, filthy; pertaining to moral sordidness, unclean, defiled under BDAG 908a. (2:3) ἐπιβλέψητε aorist active subjunctive ἐπιβλέπω = to look intently, look, gaze; to pay close attention to, with implication of obsequiousness, show special respect for, gaze upon; to look attentively at, with implication of personal concern for someone, look upon under BDAG 368a. φοροῦντα present active participle φορέω = to carry or bear habitually or for a considerable length of time, bear; to identify habitually with something, bear under BDAG 1064a. εἴπητε aorist active subjunctive λέγω. κάθου present middle imperative κάθημαι = to be in a seated position, sit; to be a resident in a place, stay, be, live, reside, settle; to take a seated position, sit down under BDAG 491a. Compare καέζομαι under BDAG 490a. καλῶς = pertaining to meeting relatively high standards of excellence or expectation, fitly, appropriately, in the right way, splendidly; pertaining to meeting expectations of personal excellence, commendably, in a manner free from objection; pertaining to being of advantage, in a manner that is beneficial/acceptable, well; pertaining to being in accord with a standard, rightly, correctly; (with verbs of speaking, hearing, understanding) answer rightly, well; fortunately under BDAG 505b. στῆθι aorist active imperative ἵστημι. ὑποπόδιον, ου, τό = footstool under BDAG 1040b. How is this being used here? ἤ καθου ἐκει 1 1 {C} ἤ καθου ἐκει B it ff cop samss. ἐκει ἤ καθου A (C* for ἤ) Ψ * 1611 l 591 it ar, s, t vg syr h cop sams (arm) geo Cyril Hesychius lat ; Augustine GNB NIV NRSV EU LB BJ NBS BTI DHH. ἐκει ἤ καθου ὦδε א (C 2 και for ἤ) c Byz [K L P] Lect syr p cop bo geo mss eth slav REB.

3 3 Grammatical note = Adverbs of Place (Where?). Sit here in a good place (James 2:3). See KMP, 419. Grammatical note = Uses of the Adverb. Place (Where?) συ καθου ὦδε καλως Sit here in a good place (James 2:3). See KMP, 425. Grammatical note = Imperative. An imperative sentence makes a command or request. συ καθου ὦδε καλως Sit here in a good place (James 2:3). See KMP 448. Grammatical note = 2. Prioritize Synchrony over Diachrony. When we study a word synchronically, we compare usages from the same time period. When we study a word diachronically, we consider usages from various time periods. Valuing synchrony over diachrony means that we have a much greater chance of rightly understanding a word s meaning if we rely on parallel uses from the same time period. All languages change over time, and part of that evolution is the change in meaning of individual words. / The translators of the King James Version rendered James 2:3 as Ye have respect to him that weareth the gay clothing, and say unto him, Sit here in a good place; and say to the poor, Stand thou here, or sit here under my footstool. In the early seventeenth century, the word gay means fine or luxurious. The word gay has experienced a dramatic semantic shift (change in meaning) over the last 400 years; its primary meaning now is homosexual. In the same way, one must always remember that the words in the NT are a photograph of a moving target, that is, a snapshot of language in the process of change. For this reason, we should not cite Homer (ca. 8 th century BC) as the most authoritative source for the meaning of a NT Greek word, but should seek more contemporaneous sources to inform us. The best Greek lexicographers understand this principle, and it informs their work. See KMP, (2:4) διεκρίθητε aorist passive διακρίνω = to differentiate by separating, separate, arrange; to conclude that there is a difference, make a distinction, differentiate; to evaluate by paying careful attention to, evaluate, judge; to render a legal decision, judge, decide; to be at variance with someone (middle, with passive aorist) dispute (someone); (by maintaining a firm opposing position or adverse judgment) take issue; to be uncertain, be at odds with oneself, doubt, waver (this meaning appears first in NT) under BDAG 231a.

4 4 ἐγένεσθε aorist middle γίνομαι. κριτής, οῦ, ὁ = one who has the right to render a decision in legal matters, a judge; one who rules in a special sense in the accounts of Israel s theocratic period, ruler under BDAG 570a. διαλογισμός, οῦ, ὁ = the process of reasoning, reasoning (of polytheists); content of reasoning or conclusion reached through use of reason, thought, opinion, reasoning, design; verbal exchange that takes place when conflicting ideas are expressed, dispute, argument; reasoning that gives rise to uncertainty, doubt under BDAG 232b. πονηρός, ά, όν = pertaining to being morally or socially worthless, wicked, evil, bad, base, worthless, vicious, degenerate; pertaining to being so deficient in quality in a physical sense; pertaining to being in an unhealthy condition physically under BDAG 851b. Grammatical note = Futuristic Aorist. In a few cases, the aorist tense-form is used to describe events that have not yet taken place as if they had already occurred. By using the aorist as a future, an author stresses the certainty of the event by picturing it as if the event was in the past (thus sometimes called the prophetic aorist). See KMP, 295. (2:5) Ἀκούσατε aorist active imperative ἀκούω. ἀγαπητός, ή, όν = beloved (inclining strongly toward the meaning only beloved ) under BAGD 6apertaining to one who is in a very special relationship with another, only, only beloved; pertaining to one who is dearly loved, dear, beloved, valued under BDAG 7a. ἐξελέξατο aorist middle ἐκλέγομαι = to pick out someone or something, choose (for oneself) (someone [something]); to make a choice in accordance with significant preference, select someone/something for oneself (with simply accusative); gather in a crop, gather under BDAG 305b. πλούσιος, ία, ιον = rich, wealthy under BAGD 673b.

5 5 κληρονόμος, ου, ὁ = one who is designated an heir, heir; one who receives something as a possession, beneficiary under BDAG 548a. ἐπηγγείλατο aorist middle ἐπαγγέλλομαι = to declare to do something with implication of obligation to carry out what is stated, promise, offer; (of God) promise; to claim to be well-accomplished in something, profess, lay claim to, give oneself out as an expert in (something) under BDAG 356a. ἀγαπῶσιν present active participle ἀγαπάω. Grammatical note = Dative. Reference or Respect. The dative of reference provides a limitation, setting concrete boundaries for a given relationship. It can be used with a main or copulative verb or an adjective. This type of usage of the dative case could also be called dative of respect, frame of reference dative, limiting dative, qualifying dative or contextualizing dative. See KMP, 125. (2:6) ἠτιμάσατε aorist active ἀτιμάζω = deprive someone of honor or respect, to dishonor/shame under BDAG 148b. καταδυναστεύω = oppress, exploit, dominate (someone) under BDAG 516b. ἕλκω = to move an object from one area to another in a pulling motion, draw; to draw a person in the direction of values for inner life, draw, attract; to appear to be pulled in a certain direction, flow under BDAG 318a. κριτήριον, ου, τό = a forum for justice, lawcourt, tribunal; case before a court, lawsuit, legal action under BDAG 570a. (2:7) βλασφημέω = to speak in a disrespectful way that demeans, denigrates, maligns; (in relation to transcendent or associated entities) slander, revile, defame, speak irreverently/disrespectfully of or about under BDAG 178a. ἐπικληθὲν aorist passive participle ἐπικαλέω = to call upon deity for any purpose; to call upon, call out; to address or characterize someone by a special term, call, give a surname; a request put to a higher judicial authority for review

6 6 of a decision in a lower court, appeal; to invoke in an oath, call on someone as a witness under BDAG 373a. (2:8) μέντοι = (particle) really, actually; (mostly adversative) though, to be sure, indeed under BDAG 630b. τελέω = to complete an activity or process, bring to an end, finish, complete; to carry out an obligation or demand, carry out, accomplish, perform, fulfill, keep (something); to pay what is due, pay under BDAG 997b. βασιλικός, ή, όν = royal under BDAG 170b. πλήσιον = marker of a position quite close to another position, nearby, near, close; (as substantive) the one who is near or close by, neighbor, fellow human being under BDAG 830a. Grammatical note = Cohortative Indicative. The cohortative indicative (sometimes called the indicative of command or a volitive indicative), involves a future indicative that is used as a command. For examples, in James 2:8 we read, You shall love your neighbor as yourself. This obviously is not a future prediction but is a use of the future that functions as an imperative. See KMP, 202 [not 201 as listed in the index]. Grammatical note = Cohortative. A future indicative that is used as a command. You shall love your neighbor ; James 2:8. See KMP, 214. Grammatical note = Imperatival Future. The future tense-form is sometimes used to express a command. This is a common use in English. For example, a parent might say to a child, You will clean your room! This statement does not function as a prediction but as an imperative to the child and is virtually the same as saying, Clean your room! In the NT, this usage is most commonly found in the Gospels, especially Matthew. Because this use of the future was common in the OT, NT writers often quote such statements and support their teaching. The force of imperatival future is usually seen as being more emphatic than the imperative mood, containing a universal or timeless quality. For examples of the imperatival future quoting Leviticus 19:18 see James 2:8. See KMP, 271 and n62. (2:9)

7 7 προσωπολημπτέω = (have so far been found only in Christian writers, they are based on the προσωπον λαμβανειν of the LXX which in turn is modeled on the Hebrew) show partiality under BDAG 887b. ἐργάζεσθε present middle ἐργάζομαι. ἐλεγχόμενοι present passive participle ἐλέγχω = to scrutinize or examine carefully, bring to light, expose, set forth; to bring a person to the point of recognizing wrong doing, convict, convince; to express strong disapproval of someone s action, reprove, correct; to penalize for wrongdoing, punish, discipline under BDAG 315a. παραβάτης, ου, ὁ = (in non-biblical writings mostly a warrior beside the charioteer, or a certain kind of foot-solider) (in our literature only) violator, transgressor under BDAG 759a. Grammatical note = Participles. Result. This use of the participle is similar to the purpose participle except that it indicates the actual result (and not merely the intended result) of the main verb s action. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between purpose and result, especially if the actual result was intended. The result that is accomplished can either be a logical result of the main verb s action (e.g., Eph 2:5) or a temporal result (e.g., Mark 9:7). Result participles are consistently found (1) in the present tense-form and (2) after the main verb. In translation the terms so that, or with the result that, or that can be added. This use is less common than the purpose participle. So that He might create in Himself one new man from the two, resulting in peace. For more results of result participles, see James 2:9 (ἐλεγχομενοι). See KMP, 335 and n42. (2:10) τηρήσῃ - aorist active subjunctive τηρέω = to retain in custody, keep watch over, guard; to cause a state, condition, or activity to continue, keep, hold, reserve, preserve; keep; (of holding on to something so as not to give it up or lose it); (of being protective); to persist in obedience, keep, observe, fulfill, pay attention to (especially of law and teaching) under BDAG 1002b. πταίσῃ - aorist active subjunctive πταίω = to lose one s footing, stumble, trip; to experience disaster, be ruined, be lost under BDAG 894b.

8 8 γέγονεν perfect active γίνομαι. ἔνοχος, ον = pertaining to being held in or constrained, subject to; pertaining to being required to give an account for something held against one, liable, answerable, guilty under BDAG 338b. Grammatical note = Gnomic Perfect. As with the gnomic use of the other tense forms, the perfect gnomic is used to communicate a customary or general truth. The basic sense of the perfect is preserved in this use, but the existing result of an antecedent occurrence is not limited to a particular time or occasion; instead, it refers to a generic situation which could be true on numerous occasions. As such it is often used to express axioms or proverbs. Some of the following examples may also fit into other categories (especially the intensive use of the perfect). Those examples which are found in the apodosis of a conditional clause could also be categorized as the futuristic use of the perfect. For he looks at himself, goes away, and right away forgets what kind of man he was (James 1:24). For more examples of the gnomic perfect, see James 2:10 (πεπλήρωκεν). See KMP, 302 and n60. (2:14) ὄφελος, ου, ὁ = an advantage derived from something, benefit, good under BDAG 743b. ἔργον, ου, τό = that which displays itself in activity of any kind, deed, action; manifestation, practical proof; deed, accomplishment; that which one does as regular activity, work, occupation; that which is brought into being by work, product, undertaking, work; something having to do with something under discussion, thing, matter under BDAG 390a. ἔχῃ - present active subjunctive ἔχω. σῶσαι aorist active infinitive σῴζω = to preserve or rescue from natural dangers and afflictions, save, keep from harm, preserve, rescue; save from death; bring out safely; save/free from disease; keep/preserve (passive) thrive, prosper, get on well; to save or preserve from transcendent danger or destruction, save/preserve from eternal death under BDAG 982a. μὴ δύναται ἡ πίστις σῶσαι αὐτόν; Wait is faith not able to save him? And this sounds like a direct contradiction with Pauline theology. Of course there are ways

9 9 to understand what James means. Take a moment to notice how strongly James frames the issue. (2:15) γυμνός, ή, όν = pertaining to being without covering, (literally) naked, stripped, bare; (figurative) uncovered, bare; pertaining to being inadequately clothed, poorly dressed; pertaining to being lightly clad, without an outer garment, (without which a decent person did not appear in public) under BDAG 208b. ὑπάρχω = to really be there, exist, be present, be at one s disposal; to be in a state or circumstance, be under BDAG 1029b. One of a few verbs that we might translate as be, is in English. λειπόμενοι present active participle λείπω = to leave behind (transitive middle and passive) fall short, be inferior, lack; be/do without, lack, be in need of; to be deficient in something that ought to be present for whatever reason, lack under BDAG 590b. Compare Hebrew חסר in Psalm 23:1. ἐφημέρος, ον = for the day under BDAG 418b. τροφή, ῆς, ἡ = nourishment, food under BDAG 1017a. Grammatical note = Attributive Participles. The participle functions as a typical adjective since it modifies an expressed noun (or other substantive). If there is no article, then most likely it is adverbial but it may be attributive. And just like an adjective, an attributive participle will agree with the noun it is modifying in gender, case, and number. An attributive participle should normally be translated with a relative clause ( the Father who sent him ). The bread that comes down (ὁ αρτος ὁ ἐκ οὐρανου καταβαίνων) from heaven. Oftentimes this use is also confused with (or difficult to distinguish from) a periphrastic participle. For more examples see James 2:15 (λειπομενοι). See KMP, 325 and n9. (2:16) εἴπῃ - aorist active subjunctive λέγω. ὑπάγετε present active imperative ὑπάγω = to leave someone s presence, go away; to be on the move, especially in a certain direction, go; (as a euphemism) to take the journey of death, die under BDAG 1028a.

10 10 θερμαίνεσθε present middle imperative θερμαίνω = warm oneself (at a fire in Isaiah 44:16 LXX) under BDAG 454b. χορτάζεσθε present middle imperative χορτάζω = to fill with food, feed, fill; (of humans) someone; to experience inward satisfaction in something, be satisfied under BDAG 1087a. δῶτε aorist active subjunctive δίδωμι. ἐπιτήδειος, α, ον = pertaining to being made for an end or purpose, fit for, necessary under BDAG 383b. Grammatical note = Indirect Object. Very commonly verbs take an accusative direct object as well as a dative indirect object. For more examples of the dative of indirect object, see James 2:16. In addition, Wallace discusses a dative of destination, a rare type of usage that describes a transfer of something from one place to another with the dative indicating the final destination of the action conveyed by the verb. See KMP, and n10. (2:17) ἔχῃ - present active subjunctive ἔχω. νεκρός, ά, όν = pertaining to being in a state of loss of life, dead; pertaining to being so morally or spiritually deficient as to be in effect dead, dead; pertaining to having never been alive and lacking capacity for life, dead, lifeless; one who is so spiritually obtuse as to be in effect dead, dead person under BDAG 667b.