καταβαῖνον present active participle καταβαίνω = to move downward, come/go/climb down; to suffer humiliation under BDAG 514b-.

Transcription

1 1 James 1:17-27 δόσις, εως, ἡ = gift; giving under BDAG 259a. δώρημα, ατος, τό = gift, present under BDAG 266b. τέλειος, α, ον = pertaining to meeting the highest standard, perfect; perfect, complete, expert; pertaining to being mature, full-grown, mature-adult; pertaining to being a cult initiate, initiated; pertaining to being fully developed in a moral sense, perfect, fully developed; (of God) perfect under BDAG 995b. ἄνωθεν = in extension from a source that is above, from above; from a point of time marking the beginning of something, from the beginning; for a relatively long period in the past, for a long time; at a subsequent point of time involving repetition, again, anew under BDAG 92a. καταβαῖνον present active participle καταβαίνω = to move downward, come/go/climb down; to suffer humiliation under BDAG 514b-. φῶς, φωτός, τό = light in contrast to darkness, light; (in a transcendent sense); that which gives/hears lilght, torch lamp, lantern; that which is illumined by light under BDAG 1072b. ἔνι present active ἔνειμι = to be inside an area or object, be in; to be within the limits of realization, it is possible under BDAG 334a. παραλλαγή, ῆς, ἡ = change, variation under BDAG 768b. Hapax in the NT. τροπή, ῆς, ἡ = the process of turning, turn, turning, change under BDAG 1016b. ἀποσκίασμα, τος, τό = shadow under BDAG 120a. παραλλαγη ἡ τροπης ἀποσκιασμα 1 1 {B} παραλλαγη ἠ τροπης ἀποσκιασμα א 2 A C Byz [K L P] Lect (l 422 καταλλαγη [sic]) syr h arm Athanasius Cyril-Jerusalem Didymus John-Damascus; Jerome. παραλλαγη οὐδε τροπης ἀποσκιασμα Ψ vg it ar, t syr p. παραλλαγη ἠ (or ἡ) *א B REB. παραλλαγη ἠ τροπης ἀποσκιασματος 23 slav. παραλλαγη ἠ ῥοπη ἀποσκιασματος it ff (Augustine Ferrandus Primasius).

2 2 (1:18) βουληθεὶς aorist passive participle βούλομαι = to desire to have or experience something, with implication of planning accordingly, wish, want, desire (with infinitive following); to plan on a course of action, intend, plan, will under BDAG 182a. ἀπεκύησεν aorist active ἀποκυέω = give birth to under BDAG 114b. ἀλήθεια, ας, ἡ = the quality of being in accord with what is true, truthfulness, dependability; the content of what is true, truth; an actual event or state, reality under BDAG 42a. ἀπαρχή, ῆς, ἡ = (cultic technical term) first fruits, first portion; birth-certificate (Romans 8:23) under BDAG 98a. κτίσμα, ατος, τό = product of creative action, that which is created (by God), creature (created by God) under BDAG 573a. (1:19) Ἴστε perfect active indicative or perfect active imperative οἶδα. ἀγαπητός, ή, όν = beloved (inclining strongly toward the meaning only beloved ) under BAGD 6apertaining to one who is in a very special relationship with another, only, only beloved; pertaining to one who is dearly loved, dear, beloved, valued under BDAG 7a. ἔστω present active imperative εἰμί. ταχύς, εῖα, ύ = pertaining to a very brief period of time, with focus on speed of an activity or event; quick, swift, speedy; pertaining to a relatively brief time subsequent to another point of time, (neuter singular as adverb) in a short time, soon under BDAG 993a. ἀκοῦσαι aorist active infinitive ἀκούω. βραδύς, εῖα, ύ = slow (opposite ταχυς) under BDAG 183b.

3 3 λαλῆσαι aorist active infinitive λαλέω. ὀργή, ῆς, ἡ = state of relatively strong displeasure, with focus on the emotional aspect, anger; strong indignation directed at wrongdoing, with focus on retribution, wrath under BDAG 720b. Ἰστε ἀδελφοι μου ἀγαπητοι ἐστω δε 2 Grammatical note = Imperative Mood. The basic concept of the imperative mood is that it expresses a command. It is best described as the mood of intention (or volition) and not mood of command because the imperative is used in contexts other than a command. It expresses neither probability nor possibility, but only intention, and is, therefore, the furthest removed from reality. Command. To state the obvious, the use of the imperative as a command expresses an exhortation or charge and is the most common category of the imperative, occurring five rimes more than the prohibitory imperative. Like subjunctives, imperatives are found mainly in the present and aorist, though a few perfect imperatives occur in the NT as well. Third person imperatives are normally translated as let him/her/them and likewise express a command (and not merely permission as English translations sometimes suggest). For future imperatives, see James 1:19 (ἴστε). See KMP, 209 and n52. Grammatical note = Infinitives. Explanatory (Appositional or Epexegetical). An appositional infinitive further defines a noun, pronoun, or ubstantival adjective by giving more specific information. One way to translate this category is to supply namely or that is in front of the infinitive. Another method is simply to use a colon. An epexegetical infinitive further clarifies or qualifies a noun or adjective. The appositional and expexegetical uses are very similar (and sometimes indistinguishable). Robertson states that there is no essential difference between the appositional and the exepegetical use of the infinitive. Wallace readily admits The use of the [exepegetical] infinitive is easy to confuse with the appositional infinitive. Porter, noting that some grammars such as Mouledistinguish between these two uses of the infinitives, treats them under one category. Epexegetical. For more examples of appositional infinitives, see James 1:19 (ἀκουσαι, λαλησαι). See KMP, and n52. 2 {Β} Ἰστε ἀδελφοι μου ἀγαπητοι ἐστω δε א B C (81 και ἐστω) ( * omit δε) it ar, ff, s, t vg (syr hmg ) cop sams, bo (ac). ἰστε δε ἀδελφοι μου ἀγαπητοι, ἐστω δε (A και ἐστω) vg mss cop samss, bomss. ὠστε, ἀδελφοι μου ἀδαπητοι ἐστω Ψ (1852 ἐστω δε) 2492 c Byz [K L P c (P* ἐστω δε)] syr h. ἀδελφοι μου ἀγαπητοι, ἐστω Lect at beginning of lesson (l 422 omit ἀδελφοι μου; l 1365 ἀγαπητοι μου ἀδελφοι).

4 4 (1:20) ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ = an adult human male, man, husband; (equal to τις) someone, a person; a transcendent figure, a figure of a man under BDAG 79a. δικαιοσύνη, ης, ἡ = the quality, state, or practice of judicial responsibility with focus on fairness, justice, equitableness, fairness; quality or state of juridical correctness with focus on redemptive action, righteousness; the quality or characteristic of upright behavior, uprightness, righteousness under BDAG 247a. ἐργάζομαι = to engage in activity that involves effort, work, (intransitive) work, be active; to do or accomplish something through work, (transitive); do, accomplish, carry out; practice, perform, officiate at; bring about, give rise to (as proceeds from work); work for/earn food 389a. (1:21) ἀποθέμενοι aorist middle participle ἀποτίθημι = take off; (figurative) lay aside, rid oneself; to put aside for a special purpose, lay aside; to remove from a locality and place elsewhere, put away, lay down under BDAG 123b. ῥυπαρία, ας, ἡ = a state of moral defilement or corruption, moral uncleanness, vulgarity under BDAG 908a. Hapax in the NT. περισσεία, ας, ἡ = that which is beyond the regular or expected amount, surplus, abundance under BDAG 804b. κακία, ας, ἡ = the quality or state of wickedness, baseness, depravity, wickedness, vice; a mean-spirit or vicious attitude or disposition, malice, ill-will, malignity; a state involving difficult circumstances, trouble, misfortune under BDAG 500a. πραΰτης, ητος, ἡ = the quality of not being overly impressed by a sense of one s self-importance, gentleness, humility, courtesy, considerateness, meekness under BDAG 861a. δέξασθε aorist middle imperative δέχομαι = to receive something offered or transmitted by another, take, receive; to take something in hand, grasp

5 5 (something); to be receptive of someone, receive, welcome; to overcome obstacles in being receptive, put up with, tolerate (someone or something); to indicate approval or conviction by accepting, be receptive of, be open to, approve, accept (of things) under BDAG 221a. ἔμφυτος, ον = implanted under BDAG 326a. Hapax in the NT. δυνάμενον present middle imperative δύναμαι. σῶσαι aorist active infinitive σῴζω = to preserve or rescue from natural dangers and afflictions, save, keep from harm, preserve, rescue; save from death; bring out safely; save/free from disease; keep/preserve (passive) thrive, prosper, get on well; to save or preserve from transcendent danger or destruction, save/preserve from eternal death under BDAG 982a. ψυχή, ῆς, ἡ = life on earth in its animating aspect making bodily function possible, (breath) of life, life-principle, soul; (the condition of being alive) earthly life, life (itself); that which possesses life/soul; (as the seat and center of life that transcends the earthly); (since the soul is the center of both the earthly and the transcendent life, persons can find themselves facing the question concerning the wish to ensure it for themselves); (on the combination of ψυχη and πνευμα); (in various Semitic languages the reflexive relationship is paraphrased with ;נפ ש the corresponding use of ψυχη may be detected in certain passages in our literatue, especially in quotations from the OT and in places where OT modes of expression have had considerable influence); an entity with personhood, person under BDAG 1098b. (1:22) Γίνεσθε present middle imperative γίνομαι. ποιητής, οῦ, ὁ = one who does something by producing something, maker (of God); one who does what is prescribed, a doer (with object genitive) under BDAG 842a. ἀκροατής, οῦ, ὁ = a hearer under BDAG 39b. Rare. παραλογιζόμενοι present middle participle παραλογίζομαι = deceive, delude; (with accusative of thing) reckon fraudulently, defraud (perhaps) distort under BDAG 768b.

6 6 Grammatical note = Predicate Nominative. Sometimes there are two nominatives in a sentence In this instances the predicate nominative provides further information about the subject. At times the subject and the predicate nominative are virtually equivalent. More commonly the predicate nominative describes a larger category of which the subject is a subset. In this regard the predicate nominative is not dissimilar to an apposition. Grammatically the predicate nominative serves as the complement (or completive) of a copulative verb (expressing a state of being rather than an action), that is, a linking verb such as εἰμι, γινομαι, ὑπαρχω (eg I am the door, εγο εἰμι ἡ θυρα). Since sentences with a predicate nominative have two nominatives in a sentence the subject nominative and the predicate nominative the question arises how one can distinguish the predicate nominative from the subject. Wallace supplies the following helpful guidelines 1. The subject is the pronoun, explicit or implied in the finite verb. 2. The subject will have the article. 3. The subject may be a proper name. There are times when the above guidelines by themselves are not conclusive. In such instances, the following pecking order can be established. First, the pronoun is to be given priority: He (literally, this one) is the Son of God (οὑτος). Second, in adjudicating between articular nouns and proper names, word order may be determinative: My Father is the vineyard keeper. For he is our peace. In cases where a pronoun and an articular noun are present, the pronoun will be the subject. But be doers of the word and not hearers only. The subject is implied in the verb γινεσθε (ie, you be ). See KMP, 55. (1:23) ἔοικεν perfect active ἔοικα = be like, resemble (something or something) under BDAG 355a. κατανοοῦντι present active participle κατανοέω = notice, observe; to look at in a reflective manner, consider, contemplate (something); to think about carefully, envisage, think about under BDAG 522b. πρόσωπον, ου, τό = the front part of his head, face, countenance; personal presence or relational circumstance; entirely bodily presence, person; the outer

7 7 surface of something, face = surface; that which is present in a certain form or character to a viewer, external things, appearance under BDAG 887b. γένεσις, εως, ἡ = (the term is used in Greek literature of ancestry as point of origin, but also of one s) coming into being at a specific moment, birth; state of being, existence; life, human experience; an account of someone s life, history, life; persons of successive generations forming an ancestral line, lineage, family line under BDAG 192b. ἔσοπτρον, ου, τό = mirror under BDAG 397a. Grammatical note = Dramatic Perfect. The perfect tense-form is sometimes used to vividly portray a past event or state of affairs. Robertson explains, Here an action completed in the past is conceived in terms of the present time for the sake of vividness. This usage is similar to the historical present which describes a past event with the present tense-form by adding vividness to the event and draws the reader into the story or gives literary prominence to some aspect of the story. It is also similar to the dramatic use of the aorist which refers to an event that occurred recently, and thus has present consequences. Due to the nature of the dramatic use of the perfect, it occurs exclusively in narrative contexts (sometimes the narrative is found in an epistle) and is usually translated into English as a simple past tense. For more examples of the present state perfect, see James 1:23 (ἔοικεν). See KMP, and n52. (1:24) κατενόησεν aorist active κατανοέω. ἀπελήλυθεν perfect active ἀπέρχομαι. We do not see this tense-form very often. ἐπελάθετο aorist middle ἐπιλανθάνομαι = to not have remembrance of something, forget (with genitive); to be inattentive to, neglect, overlook, care nothing about (with genitive of thing) under BDAG 374b. ὁποῖος, α, ον = (correlative term) of what sort under BDAG 716b. Grammatical note = Gnomic Aorist. Occasionally the aorist tense-form is used to communicate a timeless or universal truth. In this case the verb does not communicate that a particular event or state occurred but that it does occur (all the time). As such it is often used to express actions or proverbs. Because of this

8 8 nuance the gnomic use of the aorist is typically translated with a present tense verb. For more examples of the gnomic aorist see James 1:24 (κατενοησεν). See KMP, and n26. Grammatical note = Dramatic Perfect. For more examples of the dramatic perfect see James 1:24 (ἀπεληλυθεν). See KMP, and n52. Grammatical note = Gnomic Perfect. As with the gnomic use of the other tense forms, the perfect gnomic is used to communicate a customary or general truth. The basic sense of the perfect is preserved in this use, but the existing result of an antecedent occurrence is not limited to a particular time or occasion; instead, it refers to a generic situation which could be true on numerous occasions. As such it is often used to express axioms or proverbs. Some of the following examples may also fit into other categories (especially the intensive use of the perfect). Those examples which are found in the apodosis of a conditional clause could also be categorized as the futuristic use of the perfect. For he looks at himself, goes away, and right away forgets what kind of man he was (James 1:24). See KMP, 302. (1:25) παρακύψας aorist active participle παρακύπτω = to bend over for the purpose of looking, with focus on satisfying one s curiosity, take a look; to try to find out something intellectually, look (in, into) under BDAG 767b. ἐλευθερία, ας, ἡ = the state of being free, freedom, liberty under BDAG 316b. παραμείνας aorist active participle παραμένω = to remain in a state or situation, remain, stay (on); (with dative of person) stay (or) remain with someone; to continue in an official capacity, continue in an occupation/office under BDAG 769a. ἐπιλησμονή, ῆς, ἡ = forgetfulness under BDAG 375a. Hapax in the NT. γενόμενος aorist middle participle γίνομαι. ἔργον, ου, τό = that which displays itself in activity of any kind, deed, action; manifestation, practical proof; deed, accomplishment; that which one does as regular activity, work, occupation, task; that which is brought into being by work,

9 9 product, undertaking, work; something having to do with someone under discussion, thing, matter under BDAG 390a. μακάριος, α, ον = pertaining to being fortunate or happy because of circumstances, fortunate, happy; (of transcendent beings, viewed as) privileged, blessed; pertaining to being especially favored, blessed, fortunate, happy, privileged; (of things of experiences) blessed under BDAG 610b. ποίησις, εως, ἡ = the process of activity, doing, working; the product of activity, work, creation under BDAG 842a. (1:26) δοκέω = to consider as probably, think, believe, suppose, consider (transitive, of subjective opinion); to appear to one s understanding, seem, be recognized; (impersonal) it seems to be under BDAG 254b. θρησκός, όν = religious under BDAG 459a. Hapax in the NT. χαλιναγωγῶν present active participle χαλιναγωγέω = (in our literature only figurative) bridle, hold in check under BDAG 1076a. γλῶσσα, ας, ἡ = organ of speech, tongue; a body of words and systems that makes up a distinctive language, language, tongue; (of language viewed in terms of person using it) language, tongue; an utterance outside the normal patterns of intelligible speech and therefore requiring special interpretation, ecstatic language, ecstatic speech, tongue 201b. ἀπατῶν present active participle ἀπατάω = deceive, mislead (someone); (middle) enjoy oneself, live pleasurably under BDAG 98b. μάταιος, α, ον = pertaining to being of no use, idle, empty, fruitless, useless, powerless, lacking truth under BDAG 621a. θρησκεία, ας, ἡ = expression of devotion to transcendent beings, especially as it expresses itself in cultic rites, worship (the being who is worshiped is given in the object genitive) under BDAG 459a. Grammatical note = Infinitives. Indirect Discourse. The infinitive is used with verbs of speaking or perception to communicate indirect discourse. In Greek this

10 10 meaning can be communicated by using a few different grammatical expressions such as ὁτι + indicative, ἱνα + subjunctive, or an anarthrous infinitive. When the infinitive is used in indirect discourse the sentence often cannot be translated literally. For examples 1 John 2:6 could literally be translated, The one who says in him to remain but such a translation makes little sense. Instead we should render it the one who says he remains in Him. Notice that the infinitive is translated as a third person indicative verb ( he remains ). Some of the most common verbs used in this type of construction include δοκεω, ἐρωταω καλευω, κρινω, λεγω, νομιζω, παραγγελλω, and παρακαλεω. For more examples of the infinitive used in indirect discourse see James 1:26 (εἰναι). See KMP, and n44. (1:27) ἁμίαντος, ον = undefiled, pure (in religious and moral sense) under BDAG 54a. ἐπισκέπτεσθαι preset middle infinitive ἐπισκέπτομαι = to make a careful inspection, look at, examine, inspect; to go to see a person with helpful intent, visit (someone); to exercise oversight in behalf of, look after, make an appearance to help (of divine oversight) under BDAG 378a. ὀρφανός, οῦ, ὁ = pertaining to being deprived of parents, without parents, orphan; pertaining to being without the aid and comfort of one who serves as associate and friend, orphaned under BDAG 725a. χήρα, ας, ἡ = a woman whose husband has died, widow under BDAG 1084a. θλῖψις, εως, ἡ = pressing, pressure, (frequently in the LXX and our literature in the figurative sense) oppression, affliction, tribulation, (of distress that is brought about by outward circumstances, (figurative) (of mental and spiritual states of mind) affliction (in the spiritual sense) trouble under BAGD 362a. ἄσπιλος, ον = pertaining to being of highest quality and without defect, spotless (of an outward condition); pertaining to being of unstained character, pure, without blemish under BDAG 144b. τηρέω = to retain in custody, keep watch over, guard; to cause a state, condition, or activity to continue, keep, hold, reserve, preserve; keep; (of holding on to something so as not to give it up or lose it); (of being protective); to persist in

11 11 obedience, keep, observe, fulfill, pay attention to (especially of law and teaching) under BDAG 1002b. Grammatical note = Infinitives. Explanatory (Appositional or Epexegetical) Appositional. For more examples of appositional infinitives, see James 1:27 (ἐπισκεπτεσθαι, τηρειν). See KMP, and n50. Grammatical note = παρά (194x, object: gen, dat, or acc). Pure and undefiled religion in the sight of our God and Father is this (James 1:27). Estimation: in the sight of, in the judgment of, in the opinion of. See KMP, 405.