A comparative study of Isfahan Grand Mosque and Hakim Mosque

Transcription

1 A comparative study of Isfahan Grand Mosque and Hakim Mosque Houtan Iravani, Davoodreza Laricheh, Sajad Karimi, Amir Hosseinbozorgiyan, Mahsa Habibpor Javanshir, Mohammad Reza Paknahad Abstract One of the valuable works in Isfahan and even the world is Grand Mosque. In another corner of this beautiful, historic city we have another building which is an example of architectural masterpiece in Isfahan. In this study, these two buildings have been analyzed in a comparative way. In a historic and structural view, it can be said about this building that Hakim Mosque was founded in Isfahan in the Safavids period in an imitation of the building of the Grand mosque. Most components in the Grand Mosque of Isfahan can also be found in Hakim Mosque except in some cases like minaret which is not found there. Hakim Mosque in Isfahan could be named as a small example and imitation of the majestic building of the Grand Mosque of Isfahan. Key words: Grand Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan Hakim Mosque, the pool house BBT Pub. All rights reserved. Introduction It is true that one of the greatest monuments of Isfahan is the Grand Mosque, and much of it was built before the throne of Shah Abbas It is also true that his immediate successors were sustained to decorate the city. It is true that one of the greatest monuments of Isfahan is the Grand Mosque, and much of it was built before the throne of Shah Abbas It is also true that his immediate successors were sustained to decorate the city. So, we can say that Isfahan is memorial of Shah Abbas. But Hakim Mosque which is a small masterpiece in the heart of the beautiful city of Isfahan owes to Hakim Muhammad Daoud Khan titled Tagharrob Khan, the physician of Shah Abbas II and Shah Safi. Thus, the mosque is known as Hakim because he traveled to India for some reason and with capital he gathered there he constructed this beautiful building. Recognizing these two important buildings is very important for every Iranian because these two mosques have unique features, including the Saheb Ibn Abbad veranda, student veranda, professor veranda, Darwish veranda and more importantly Nizam al-mulk, Taj al-muluk houses and unique Adytum of Oljaito that attracts every viewer. Hakim Mosque in Isfahan is considered as one of the architectural masterpieces of Iran because of its unique arches, entrance hall and the remains of Jurjir mosque. But architecturally, the two mosques due to the glorious display of four veranda in large and small scales, a brickwork, tiling, knotting and especially the Banaie manuscript are among the highlights of that period, worthy of evaluation. Review of literature Many books are published about Isfahan Grand mosque and Hakim mosque. But there is little information about comparison of the two buildings. In this paper, the buildings are investigated during the Safavid period and then their structure will be probed before and after Safavid dynasty. Methodology of research The interpretations of history and comparative methods have been used in this article. The data were collected by the study of texts and interviews with well-known experts and professors. Then all this information was compared qualitatively and the results achieved. Isfahan Grand Mosque Founder - Mosque of Isfahan was founded before the Safavid era, but it was repaired and restored in and after the Safavids by Shah Sultan HosseinSafavi (( AH) and Shah Ismail Safavi (year 911 AH) and Ashraf Afghan (1139) Fatali Shah (1218) AH: Adytum inside the Saheb platform AH: Adytum of Nizam al-mulk dome 966 AH: The chalk inscription of Hakim platform 999 AH: AbbasiShabestan in southwest 1070 AH: AbbasiShabestan in southwest 1093 AH: The student veranda inscription 1112 AH: All the Ostad veranda inscriptions 1139 AH: The inscription on the main veranda of Mozaffariyescool, that there are messages of a Sunni muslem AH: entrance of Saqakhaneh that is seasonal mosque enterance was restored. Because Shia became the official religion, inscriptions and petroglyphs have been touted and emphasized the official religion. (Memarian, 1389, p.p66-62). History of the building This building has passed through many historical eras including Buwayhids, during the transition period, Ilkhanid, Ale-Muzaffar, Timurid era, Aghkoyunlular, Safavid and post-safavids. Here we examine Safavid and post-safavid periods.

2 H.Iravani et.al/ Teknologi Tanaman /Vol (12), Supp (2) Architects Some architects that can be mentioned during Safavid period and after Safavid including Ali Almovlavy who wrote the inscription on Mozaffarye School's main porch (Memarian, 1389, p. 66). Other masters have kept it alive with their repairs, especially Reza Azami one of the traditional architects of contemporary Iran (Memarian, 1389, p. 218). Nearby tombs In the northwest corner of the mosque, some family tomb chambers belonging to Majlesi family are located. The entrance to the tomb is from the northern corridor along the Darvish platform. (Memarian, 1389, p. 164). Entries Grand Mosque of Isfahan has nine entries, three or four are in use. The eastern entry known as Saqqakhane entry is used now. Along with the completion of the structure of the mosque in 150 to 550 AH, the entries of the mosque have been completed. The oldest mosque entrance is the entrance from the neighborhood of Baboldasht and it is known by the same name (Memarian, 1389, p. 70). Shabestan area Isfahan Grand Mosque has a foreground with approximate dimensions of 56*67 meters and has an almost square shape pool and two terraces and a very large platform. Shape of the veranda Qibla veranda or Saheb Platform enters a chamber with a height of about 5 meters and then enters the space with a height of about 15 meters. (Memarian, 1389, p 102.). Saheb Ibn Ebad has been teaching in Saheb Platform before deformation of the chamber design to the four verandas. Darwish platform in northern part of the Mosque that has the simplest elements and is covered with arch. And perhaps this simplicity is linked with its name. If here's the place of Darvishes then this simplicity is necessary (Memarian, 1389, p. 150). Ostad (master) veranda located in the West of the mosque is among the most beautiful mosque platforms of Iran. Its construvtion dates back to Saljuqi period. Arrays were added to it during the Safavid era. The most important architectural feature of this veranda is the danglings or Mogharnas (Memarian, 1389, p. 166).Shagerd (student) veranda has been built at Eastern mosque. Its construction dates back to the Seljuk period between 515 and 522 AH. Until now two fundamental changes have been done to it, one in the Safavid era. Probably this veranda was like the western one in the Seljuk period. formermogharnas were completely destroyed Between 1077 and 1105 AH during the Safavid and instead Mogharnas were made with small components. This Mogharnas were hung by small and large wooden and bone beams (Memarian, 1389, p.196) Shabestans Isfahan Grand Mosque has eight Shabestans. Two large Shabestans are located in the eastern and western sides of the Nizam al-mulkdome. This Shabestan have preserved the original shape of the mosque. A space full of square pillars made up of bricks. Researchers believe that it was constructed in MalekshahSaljuki successor priod (Honarfar, 1344, p. 103).Old Seljuk Shabestan is located on the West of Nizam al-mulk dome. This Shabestan like the eastern Shabestan is covered with various coatings but it does not match it in the diversity of arches (Memarian, 1344, p. 134).Northeast Shabestan is located on northeast of Isfahan Grand Mosque and it is an interface between the northeast entry to the mosque courtshabestan.northwest Shabestan is located on northwest of Isfahan Grand Mosque and it is an interface between the northern entry to the mosque courtshabestan and the way to AllameMajlessi tomb.alshta Beit or winter Shabestan has fewer columns but more thick-set ones. It is located on the west side of the mosque just behind Ostad veranda and it is the boundary between this Shabestanand Shah Abbas Shabestan is an entry which is located in the southwest corner straight into the Shabestan.After the Mongol invasion and the establishment of the descendants of Genghis in Iran, with thoughtfulness of their Iranian ministers peace prevails in Iran. In this period, many buildings were built by Iranian architects. A Shabestan was built Inside the Grand Mosque called Oljaito. This area is world famous for its beautiful Adytum. It was built in 710 AH. (Memarian, 1389, p 180)Pool is located in the courtyard of the mosque. The yard includes two pools that that older one is rectangular and located at the middle of the yard. A palace was built on top of the upper part in the Safavid period that was remained safe until a few decades ago and is seen in the photos.if you look to the booth in terms of meaning, it will probably refer to the image of heaven in the Koran and it is the booth that water flows under it (Memarian.R, 1389, p. 83) 9.4. Other features Nezamolmolk Dome and dome of the Taj ol-molk are unique features of this mosque. Nezamolmolk Dome is on the south side and Taj ol-molk Dome is on the north side of the mosque.there wasn't any enterance to NNND and people entered there whether via Saheb veranda or via southeastern Shabestan. But Taj al-molk Dome was reachable directly via two northern entrances. Isfahan Hakim Mosque Founder It was founded by Hakim Mohammad Daoud known as Tagarrob Khan, doctor of Shah Abbas II and Shah Safi, and thus the mosque is named Hakim (Honarfar, 1344, p. 612) and since it was constructed in the old neighborhood ofjorjir in place of a fourth century mosque (Jorjir) built by Sahib Ibn Abbad, the mosque is also known Jorjir (Mafrukhy, p. 13 &JaberAnsary, 1378, p. 85 &Mehrabadi, 1352, p. 604). History of the building The present mosque was built on the ruins of a large mosque known as Jorjir Mosque made by Saheb Ibn Abbad during Dylmyan dynasty era with a hundred meters high minaret and the entrance is still remained and has

3 14 H.Iravani et.al / Teknologi Tanaman /Vol (12), Supp (2) 2015 become a part of the present mosque. Therefore, the Hakim Mosque has been in competition with Isfahan Grand Mosque since Al-buyeh dynasty and its architects have tried to build a mosque which is equivalent to the Grand Mosque. However, in this study it was found that the mosque with all its importance through all the times could not be considered a serious contender for Isfahan Grand Mosque. Building of the mosque, according to the inscription on its eastern entrance, started in 1067 and according to the inscription on the North entrance ended in 1037 (Honarfar, 1344, p. 613). This building was registered as national monument in 1954 to No In 1960 the north-western part of the entrance or the Dylmyan period entrance, was subsoiled and became apparent and in 1960s became completely destroyed. (Nikzad Amir Hosseini, 1333, p. 183). This mosque was repaired in the early 1970s and also in the recent decade, thanks to the cultural heritage organization (Nikzad Amir Hosseini, 1333, p. 183) Architects According to the inscriptions of the mosque, Mohamed Ali Bin Ali Beig was one of the Architects of Isfahan, Mirza Muhammad did the tile works, and inscriptions were done by the famous Safavid calligrapher Mohammad Reza Emami. Another calligrapher Mohammad Shirazi also can be seen in one of the scrolls. Nearby tombs There are tombs of famous masters in the southwest of the mosque, and tomb of Mohammed Ibrahim Kalbasi, the famous scholar of the thirteenth century is located across from the eastern door which is adorned with plaster Mogharnas. In the past, the tomb of Hakim Davud was in the north of the mosque, which is replaced by a store today. Mortmains of the mosque The mosque has many mortmains that some of them were destroyed and some including number of shops around the mosque and in Isfahan bazaar. Area Hakim Mosque, with an irregular plan, is about eight thousand square meters (Mehrabadi, 1352, p. 608) The building was made up of brick, just like many buildings of the Safavid period. This type of mosques is without minarets and domes that the Sayed Mosque of Qajar era is one of them. Mosque entries This Mosque has four Verandas and three main gates. Eastern entrance is pentagram, with two platforms on either side, with an inscription in Persian poetry, Mogharnas on the entrance arch, and two back side which are decorated with tile work. Western entrance with simple Mogharnas stone arch is at the end of a dead-end street and opens to Hakim Street close to Jorjir (Honarfar, 1344, p.41 & RafeieMehrabadi, 1352, p. 151). Northern entrance has tiling and brickwork and two platforms on either side, a small veranda with a beautiful design, which is at the top of the entrance to a chamber. Tiling covering with Mogharnas can be seen at the top of the back side rooms and patio doors. Courtyard area Hakim Mosque has a foreground with dimensions of approximately 53 to 61 meters with verandas on each side and rectangular stone pooland two platforms on either side of it with a length of 1.70 meters to say prayers. Shape of the veranda North side veranda has a length of 511 cm and a depth of 9 meters, about 15 cm above the level of the courtyard. A tile inscription contains poems describing the mosque in the middle of the veranda. Plinth of this veranda is up to 120 cm in height and is covered with pending tiles. A corridor with a width of 330 cm can be seen in the middle of the western wall that is access way to the northern entrance of the mosque, and now is blocked covered with a mesh brick wall.in the upper part of the corridors, there are rooms on the small front veranda. There is an inscription in Sols font by Mohammad Reza Emami with blue background. The inscriptions along the roof repeat the word "Ali" with Banaee font have decorated the veranda. A smaller veranda has been built on both sides of the veranda with same decorations and each of the verandas has arches on both sides (Maheralnqsh, 1376, pp and101). South front yard and Veranda is similar to the north side and has just different decorations including a Mogharnas in the court of veranda. East and West sides are alike, including a wide veranda about eight meters wide. There are three smaller verandas on each side of the veranda with a width of five meters. Two small arches can be seen at the beginning and end of each side that through them one can access rooms above them. Some arches were made on the top floor of East and West sides to beautify the courtyard so that the air flows through them.thus, there are six arches in both eastern and western sides of the veranda. Eastern veranda has dais about 5.5 meters fossa and has an arch and has a balcony opens to rooms on either side.tile work decorations on the back sides with the suspended eight and quadrilateral inscriptions can be seen. Western veranda having a network with the arabesque mosaic tiling has been designed against the wall of the veranda (Maheralnqsh, 1376, pp ). The Shabestan main Shabestan Hakim Mosque has four Shabestana and one adytum under the dome of the main Shabestan which is located behind southern veranda about 511 square centimeters. Plinths of walls reach a height of 301 cm are made of various designs and are adorned with bricks and tiles. Also, there are arches with strasses work similar to Banaee font including words Ali, Hanan, or Manan, and so on. Ceiling of the dome is designed with the eight and Venus figures and beneath it another inscription can be seen from Mohammad Emami. The largest and most beautiful adytum of the mosque is located in this Shabestan.This adytum with a width of approximately 560 cm is as wide as the Southern veranda. Plinth of adytum is covered with turquoise screw tiles. Adytum inscriptions on the outer edge of adytum are from the Koran (Maheralnqsh, 1376, pp )

4 H.Iravani et.al/ Teknologi Tanaman /Vol (12), Supp (2) East and West Shabestans On either side of Shabestan under the dome, there are two Shabestans with dimensions of 2,200 to 5,700 cm. Enterances to corridors of Shabestans are located in the eastern and western sides of the Shabestan. Plinths have brick and tile decorations, so that the decorations in the form of a woven mats with squares of tile in the middle of their own can be seen.other places such as arches, the sides and roof of Shabestans are alsodecorated same as elsewhere in the mosque. Adytums of these two Shabestans are smaller. Adytum in the eastern Shabestan is half porch and an inscription on the chamfer edge of tiling work is seen. The sides are decorated by tile works and roof of adytum is decorated with Mogharnas. Mehrab shaped brick. Adytum of western Shabestan has a simpler design (maheralnqsh, 1376, pp ) Winter Shabestan Winter Shabestan is situated on the west side of the mosque and has two sections for men and women. Men's yard is a tent ceiling and decorated with plinth tile-work with the figures of eight and Sabunak. Women Shabestan has thirteen columns of the quartet roof. There areholes in the middle of each ceiling with marble lids to keep the heat inside the Shabestan and the absorbance of light. In the southern wall of the Shabestan for men, there is a adytum which is in the form of an octagon, half covered with tiles and inscriptions in the upper half of it. There is an adytum for worshipers in the summer (Maheralnqsh, 1376, pp ). Pool house There is a pool house in the northwestern side of the mosque, near the Diyalameh gate, that its size is 808 to 707 cm. There are arches around the pool house about fifty centimeters higher than the bottom of the pool house to sit down on them during ablutions and a place to put extra clothing. A pool house is built in the middle of the pond about four meters long and three meters wide. There is a fountain in the middle of the pool to pass water from source to here. Recently, faucets have been installed around the pool. The pool house is an example of excusive designs that cannot be found in other mosques. Other features Another feature of this mosque is two sundials, one installed in the northwest corner of the mosque and the other at the top of northwest veranda (Maheralnqsh, 1376, p. 49). Hakim mosque has no minaret and no large dome, similar to the Qajar era Sayed Mosque. Comparison of the existing verandas of the two buildings Nizam al-muluk dome was constructed independently at the qibla side of the mosque between 465 and 485 AH. It was independent of the mosque so that it was free on all four sides at first, and later became a part of the overall design of the mosque. This early independence of the dome was a sign of those days architecture tendency to give superiority to the dome. Ofcourse, this early independence and then joining to the mosque can be due to independence and freedom seeking tendencies of Iranians at those times. Accession of dome was done originally by creating south veranda (Saheb Platform) and in later periods with the creation of three other verandas until the sixth century. The trend to build domes in the north of the mosque reached its highest level by building the Taj-ul- Mulk dome in 481 AH. This dome is far from central yard and it gives the dome an independent entity. In 515 AH fire destroyed the East and West buildings of the mosque and this provided an opportunity to put aside Shabestani plans when restructuring, so that four-veranda plans which were dominant plans in schools, homes and inns for centuries became a unit pattern.but this newborn model in Isfahan Grand Mosque was used in Azerbaijani mosques a few centuries later. This pattern tends to be of an organic nature and only in Isfahan Grand mosque comes into action. The undercurrent dome of the mosque was hidden in the Khorasani method, and in the next periods it comes to act. Isfahan Grand mosque has four vrandas but the other mosques including Ardestan Grand Mosque and Zavareh Grand Mosque don't have four-veranda plans (Iravani, 1385).Therefore, the early design of Isfahan Grand Mosque was Shabestani and then was turned into present plan which has four verandas, all done before Safavid period.but Isfahan Hakim Mosque had four-veranda plan from the beginning, and it is not as powerful as Isfahan Grand Mosque, both in appearance and in terms of applications; this claim can be understood by noting the pictures below: Isfahan Hakim Mosque Isfahan Grand Mosque Figure5: southern(toward Qibla) veranda Figure1: southern(saheb ibn Ebad) veranda

5 16 H.Iravani et.al / Teknologi Tanaman /Vol (12), Supp (2) 2015 Figure6: western(across from winter Shabestan) veranda Figure2: western(ostad) veranda Figure7: northern(jurjirenterance) veranda Figure3: northern(darvish) veranda Figure8: eastern veranda Figure4: eastern(student) veranda Source: authors Table1: Comparison of Hakim mosque and Isfahan Grand mosque in the Safavid period Hakim mosque Hakim Mohammad Daoud, known as Tagarrob Khan, doctor of Shah Abbas II and Shah Safi Built In the Safavid period and on the ground of Jurjir (JoJo) mosque from Daylmian period and was destroyed. The main architect: Mohammad Ali Bin Ali Beik. Tile work: Mirza Mohammad tiler. Inscriptions: Mohammad Reza Emami, Mohammad BagherShirazi Isfahan Grand mosque Shah Sultan Hussein & Shah Ismail Safavi, main sponsors of the restoration. Al Buwayhid period, evolution period, Ilkhanid period, Al- Muzaffar period, Timurid era, Aghkoyunlular era, Safavid and post-safavid era. Ali Almovlavy who wrote the inscription on Mozaffariye school entrance FOUNDER DATE OF CONSTRUCION ARCHITECTS There have been 3 enterances which have been open from beginning till now. The main remained enterance belonged to Jurjir (JoJo) mosque. There have been 9 entrances in the Safavid era and most of these entries were open, but now only three or four entrances are open. ENTERANCES Area is almost 61*53 square meters. Area is almost 67*56 square meters. AREA OF YARD There are four Shabestans, the southern is for winters. There are eight Shabestans, Beit-ol-Sheta is the most SHABESTANS important. A mosque without a minaret, with two solar clocks in the northwest and north-eastern sides. Nizam al-mulk dome, Taj-ul-Mulk dome and unique Oljaito adytum OTHER FEATURES Source: authors

6 H.Iravani et.al/ Teknologi Tanaman /Vol (12), Supp (2) Conclusions Hakim Mosque is one of the last works of the Safavid period; according to western researchers, a disappointing sample compared to the Imam and Sheikh Lotfollah mosques. But from an architectural view, due to the glorious display of four large-scale verandas and the brickworks, tile-works, knotting, especially the Banaee fonts, it is among the highlights of the period, worthy of evaluation. It can be said that Hakim Mohammad Dauod built this building in an exact imitation of Isfahan grand mosque. Because all the components such entrances, internal courtyard terrace, pool house, winter Shabestan, tiling and many other components are exactly similar to the Grand mosque's. But Abbasi Mosque and Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque which were built in the Safavid period have not similar structure to Isfahan Grand mosque. It should be noted that Hakim mosque was built during the Safavid Isfahan but Isfahan Grand mosque was constructed during the Safavid era and then has gradually been completed. So these two mosques cannot be compared in terms of historical and beauty and antiquity values; because the Isfahan Grand mosque is a masterpiece of architecture and it is unique. References 1. Iravani, Houtan (1385) Razi architecture. International congresses of the development of Islamic science, culture and civilization. (pp. 112_109) Isfahan: Isfahan University. 2. Jaber Ansari, Sheikh Hassan (1378). Ray & Isfahan History (Eleventh Edition) Tehran: Kherad newspaper and magazine publishing. 3. Rafeie, A., (1352) the National Works of Isfahan. publication of the National Association of Tehran. 4. Mafrokhy (1312). Isfahan Merits.Tehran Iqbal Library Publications. 5. Maheralnqsh, Mahmoud, (1376) Hakim mosque architecture. Soroush Publications. 6. Memarian, G.H. (1389). The Isfahan Grand mosque. Tehran: Center for Urban architecture. 7. Nikzadeh, Karim(1333).History of historic buildings of Isfahan. Dad publications. 8. Honarfar, Lotfollah (1346).Isfahan.Tehran: sepehre pub. 9. Honarfar, Lotfollah (1344). Isfahan historical treasures. Isfahan Houtan Iravani Ph.D, Department of Architecture, Ardestan branch, Islamic azad university, Ardestan, Iran Davoodreza Laricheh, Sajad Karimi, Amir Hosseinbozorgiyan, Mahsa Habibpor Javanshir, Mohammad Reza Paknahad, Department of Architecture, Ardestan branch, Islamic Azad university, Ardestan, Iran