AP ART HISTORY. By: Nadia Hernandez

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1 AP ART HISTORY By: Nadia Hernandez

2 ISLAM Monotheistic religion based on the Qur an. The Pillars of Islam are five obligatory acts I. The creed II. Daily prayers III. Almsgiving IV. Fasting during Ramadan V. Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once

3 ISLAM Muhammad ( ) I. Reported revelations that were from God, conveyed to him through archangel Gabriel The Constitution of Medina was formulated by communities, bringing them within one community known as the Ummah The calligraphic representation of Muhammad in Islam.

4 THE QUR'AN The Qur an is a sacred text of Islam Revelation to the Prophet Muhammad in Arabic Qur an means recitation Organized from longest to shortest

5 Folio from a Qur an Arab, North Africa Abbasid Date: Eighth to ninth century C.E Medium: Ink, and gold on parchment

6 FOLIO FROM A QUR AN This manuscript, contains the beginning of Surat Al-'Ankabut (The Spider) Includes an inscription, which states that ʿAbd al-munʿim Ibn Aḥmad donated the Qur'an to the Great Mosque of Damascus in 911 C.E.

7 FOLIO FROM A QUR AN The main text of the mushaf, is written in brown ink Arabic is read from right to left. In this manuscript, these short vowels are marked with red circles positioned above, next to, or below the consonants, depending on the vowel. The text of each sura is divided into verses by triangles made up of 5 gold circles, allows to locate the beginning of each sura.

8 FOLIO FROM A QUR AN Figural imagery was considered inappropriate for sacred monuments and objects Relied on plant and geometric shapes Vines and palmette s surround the sura, but they also accompanied animal and human forms in the decoration of palaces and textiles.

9 FOLIO FROM A QUR AN Height of each line was from the first letter of the alphabet, from the width of the nib of the reed pen Divided into a set number of interlines, were used to determine the heights of various parts of individual letters. No ruling on the parchment, scribes probably placed each sheet of the semi-transparent parchment on a board marked with horizontal guidelines as they wrote.

10 FOLIO FROM A QUR AN The calligraphic style of the Qur'an is known today as Kufic Imitated a single style in order to produce a unified finished product Emphasize words and balance the width of different length (mashq) They could also adjust spacing, to balance positive/negative space

11 MAMLUK Mamluk artisans I. Slave warriors II. Asserted their independence III. Able to rule Egypt and Syria IV. Known for their craftsmen (Textile and metal work)

12 Fleur-de-lis I. Symbol of the royal family of France II. Also associated with a Mamluk Sultan No islamic inscriptions= Not muslim Iconography not deciphered yet

13 Basin(Baptistère de Saint Louis) Muhammad ibn al-zain. Brass inlaid with gold and silver C.E

14 BASINBASIN(BAPTISTÈRE DE SAINT LOUIS) Used to baptize the children of the royal family of France Comes from the area of Egypt and Syria Made by Mamluk artisans

15 BASINBASIN(BAPTISTÈRE DE SAINT LOUIS) Would normally have large bands of calligraphy Has figures, animals, and decorative patterning Completely covered apart from the walls of the inside Floor is completely covered with sea animals Band above it is filled with animals

16 BASINBASIN(BAPTISTÈRE DE SAINT LOUIS) On either end of the basin there are 2 medallions that hold a ruler which is holding a goblet On either side there are scenes of battle I. Limbs, decapitated head 4 figures in roundels I. Two of them are hunting II. Drawing his bow III. Processing holding a club

17 BASINBASIN(BAPTISTÈRE DE SAINT LOUIS) Signature of the artist is in Arabic He signed it 6 times Ibn al-zain

18 IRAN Modern Persia "Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic" The only large plains are found in the coast of the Caspian Sea Religion: Shia Islam

19 GRECO-PERSIAN WARS Conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and Greek citystates B.C. Greeks won and got their independence from Persia

20 Islamic; Persian Il Khanid c Ink and opaque watercolor, gold, and silver on paper Bahram Gur Fights the Karg, folio from the Great Il-Khanid Shahnama

21 BAHRAM GUR FIGHTS THE KARG This folio is from a copy of the text known as the Great Ilkhanid Shahnama Most complex masterpieces of Persian art. Assumed to have been commissioned by a high-ranking member of the Ilkhanid court and produced at the court scriptorium. Reflects the Ilkhanid period ( ).

22 BAHRAM GUR FIGHTS THE KARG The paintings reveal the cosmopolitanism of the Ilkhanid court in Tabriz. The Iranian king Bahram Gur wears a robe made of European fabric to slay a horned wolf The setting is marked by the conventions of Chinese landscape painting.

23 Sultan Muhammad c C.E Ink and opaque watercolor, gold, and silver on paper Iran The Court of Gayumars, folio from Shah Tahmasp s Shahnama

24 THE SHAH-NAMEH Most important works of Iranian painting The Shah-Nameh (Book of Kings), was produced for the Safavid ruler of Iran, Shah Tahmasp I. All the major Iranian artists were involved in this monumental project. 258 illustrations are considered the highest point of Iranian art

25 THE COURT OF GAYUMARS Surrounded by his son and grandson, the king addresses the court below him. The details and scale suggest the use of fine brushes, which at times were made of squirrel hairs. It took Soltan Mohammad three years to paint this masterpiece for his royal patron, Shah Tahmasp I. The courtiers are all distinguishable by gesture and face

26 The Ardabil Carpet Maqsud of Kashan C.E Silk and wool Iranian

27 THE ARDABIL CARPET One of the world's oldest Islamic carpets, as well as one of the largest Carpets are among the most fundamental of Islamic arts. Made of silk and wools were traded and sold to Europe and China. Carpets decorated mosques, shrines and homes, could also be hung on walls of houses to preserve warmth in the winter.

28 THE ARDABIL CARPET The carpet takes its name from the town of Ardabil in north-west Iran. Ardabil was the home to the shrine of the Sufi saint. This carpet was one of a matching pair that was made for the shrine of Safi al-din Ardabili when it was enlarged in the late 1530s.

29 THE ARDABIL CARPET Carpet is made of wool (holds dye better) More knots per cm squared = more detail Has 340 knots per square inch

30 THE ARDABIL CARPET Except for thy threshold, there is no refuge for me in all the world. Except for this door there is no resting-place for my head. The work of the slave of the portal, Maqsud Kashani.

31 WORKS CITED "The Court of Keyomars." Aga Khan Museum. N.p., 08 July Web. 01 Jan "From the Harvard Art Museums' Collections Bahram Gur Fights the Horned Wolf (painting, Verso; Text, Recto), Illustrated Folio from a Manuscript of the Great Ilkhanid Shahnama (Book of Kings). N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec "Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History." The Art of the Book in the Ilkhanid Period</i. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec "Khan Academy." Khan Academy. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Jan

Qu'ran fragment, in Arabic, before 911, vellum, MS M. 712, fols 19v-20r, 23 x 32 cm, possibly Iraq (The Morgan Library and Museum, New York)

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