SYLLABUS DEPARTMENT OF SANSKRIT AND LEXICOGRAPHY DECCAN COLLEGE POST-GRADUATE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Pune (India)

Transcription

1 SYLLABUS DEPARTMENT OF SANSKRIT AND LEXICOGRAPHY DECCAN COLLEGE POST-GRADUATE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE Pune (India) (Declared as Deemed to be University under Section 3 of U.G.C. Act 1956)

2 SYLLABUS Of MASTER OF ARTS (M.A.) IN SANSKRIT AND LEXICOGRAPHY AND CERTIFICATE COURSE IN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (For Ph.D. students) Department of Sanskrit and Lexicography Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute Pune (India) (Declared as Deemed to be University under Section 3 of U.G.C. Act 1956)

3 CONTENTS M.A. DEGREE COURSE Semester I SL 101 SL 102 SL 103 GRAMMAR, LEXICOGRAPHY INDIAN PHILOSOPHY EPICS, PURĀṆAS SL 104 POETICS Semester II SL 201 SL 202 SL 203 SL 204 LEXICOGRAPHY, TRANSLATION STUDIES VEDIC STUDIES STUDIES IN THE DHARMAŚĀSTRA HISTORY OF CLASSICAL SANSKRIT LITERATURE Semester III COMPULSORY PAPERS SL 301 SL 302 SANSKRIT LEXICONS STUDIES IN ANCIENT ŚᾹSTRAS OPTIONAL PAPERS (VEDA-1,2 OR VEDᾹNTA-1,2 OR SᾹHITYA-1,2 OR VYĀKARAṆA -1,2 ) SL 303 SL 304 VEDA-1 -NIRUKTA, ṚKPRᾹTIŚᾹKHYA, VEDIC GRAMMAR. VEDA-2- ŚATAPATHA BRᾹHMAṆA 3

4 SL305 SL306 SL307 SL308 SL309 VEDᾹNTA -1-BRAHMASŪTRABHᾹṢYA VEDᾹNTA -2-SᾹṀKHYAKᾹRIKᾹ SᾹHITYA-1- KᾹVYᾹLAṀKᾹRA, MṚCCHAKAṬIKA SᾹHITYA-2-DAŚAKUMᾹRACARITA,HAṀSADŪTA VYĀKARAṆA -1- MAHᾹBHᾹṢYA (ᾹHNIKA-1), HISTORY OF GRAMMAR AND ŚIKṢᾹ SL310 VYĀKARAṆA -2- SIDDHᾹNTAKAUMUDῙ, VᾹKYAPADῙYA Semester IV COMPULSORY PAPERS SL 401 INDO-EUROPEAN LINGUISTICS, EPIGRAPHY SL 402 DRAMATURGY OPTIONAL PAPERS (VEDA-3,4 OR VEDᾹNTA -3,4 OR SᾹHITYA-3,4 OR VYĀKARAṆA -3,4 ) SL 403 VEDA-3- ᾹPASTAMBA ŚRAUTASŪTRA, GOBHILA GṚHYASŪTRA SL 404 VEDA-4-KᾹTYᾹYANA ŚULBASŪTRA, ATHARVAVEDA, SᾹYAṆABHᾹṢYABHŪMIKᾹ SL 405 SL 406 SL 407 SL 408 VEDᾹNTA- 3 -NYᾹYASŪTRA,ŚLOKAVᾹRTIKA VEDᾹNTA SARVADARŚANASAṀGRAHA SᾹHITYA- 3 -MADHURᾹVIJAYA, PRAHASANA, BHᾹṆA SᾹHITYA - 4 -KᾹVYAPRAKᾹŚA, KATHᾹSARITSᾹGARA 4

5 SL 409 SL 410 SL 411 VYᾹKARAṆA-3 -AṢṬᾹDHYᾹYῙ, PARIBHᾹṢENDUŚEKHARA VYᾹKARAṆA- 4 - PARAMALAGHUMAÑJŪṢᾹ DISSERTATION CERTIFICATE COURSE IN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (For Ph.D. students) 5

6 Department of Sanskrit and Lexicography DECCAN COLLEGE POST-GRADUATE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE Deemed University, Pune SYLLABUS M. A. COURSE Semester I SL 101 GRAMMAR AND LEXICOGRAPHY A. Siddhāntakaumudī Samāsa Sūtras: M (18 hrs.) Siddhāntakaumudī is a prakaraṇa-grantha. Including all sub-sections, it has 75 prakaraṇas, i.e. sections. Samāsa-prakaraṇa (compound section) is one of them. The authorship of the book goes to Bhattoji Dikshit (16 th A.D.). The main types of compounds treated in this section are as follows:- Sūtra nos. in Siddhāntakaumudī 1. Avyayībhāva Tatpuruṣa Bahuvrīhi Dvandva Ekaśeṣa

7 This study encourages the students to get knowledge regarding the compounds together with their treatment by Pāṇini and commentators of later period. Joshi, Bhargavashastri, 1942, Siddhāntakaumudī with Tattvabodhinī and Subodhinī vyākhyā, Nirnayasagar Press, Mumbai. Joshi, S. D.,1968, Analysis of the Topics discussed in the Samarthāhnika Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali Samarthāhnika, Centre of Advance Studies in Sanskrit, Pune University, Pune. Cardona, J.,1975, Pāṇini : Survey of Research, Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi. Roodbergen, J.A.F., 2012, Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini : A Brief Exposition, Vaidika Samshodhan Mandal, Pune. B. Siddhāntakaumudī Kāraka 30M (18 hrs.) The Kāraka-prakaraṇa of the Siddhāntakaumudī deals with both syntax and semantics, as the term Kāraka refers the means of accomplishing the action denoted by the verb. It deals with semantics, as the term, kāraka, without the affix - vibhakti, means the case relation. The Sanskrit language has six kārakas as kartṛ agent, karman object, karaṇa instrument, sampradāna recipient, apādāna ablation and adhikaraṇa locus, seven cases viz. prathamā the nominative, dvitīyā 7

8 accusative, tṛtīyā instrumental, caturthī dative, pañcamī ablative, ṣaṣṭhī genitive and saptamī locative. This section in the siddhāntakaumudi gives all the norms together, regarding each kāraka and case. This helps the learner to study a perspective into the ancient tradition of Semantics. Abhyankar, K.V.,1961, A Dictionary of Sanskrit Grammar Vols. I-III, Oriental Institute, Baroda. Katre, S.M.,1968, Dictionary of Pāṇini, Silver Jubilee Series, 53, Deccan College, Pune. Otto Bӧhtling, K.,1964, (reprint), Pāṇini s Grammatik, Georg Olms, Verlagsbuchhandlung, Hildesheim. Kielhorn, F. (Ed.),1885, The Vyākaraṇamahābhāṣya, Governmental Central Book Depot., Bombay. Vasu S.C. (Ed.), 1962, The Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini, (Text with Translation) Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi. Vasu S.C. (Ed. And translator),1962, The Siddhāntakaumudī of Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita, (Text with Translation) Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi. Jayāditya, Vāmana, 1978, Kāśikāvṛtti,Arsha Kanya Gurukula Narela, Delhi. C. Basics of Lexicography 20M (12 hrs.) Dictionary making is a complex process which requires lots of patience and staff having knowledge of different aspects of language. The Department is involved in 8

9 a renowned project of Dictionary-making since The objective behind incorporation of this paper in the syllabus is training new hands to join the work of dictionary-making. Some basic principles of Dictionary-making are taught in this paper which includes - Purpose and use of Dictionary, Definition of Dictionary, Lexicology and Lexicography, Lexicology and Linguistics, Practical and Theoretical Dictionaries, History of An encyclopaedic Dictionary of Sanskrit on Historical principles at DCPRI in brief, Basic notions of corpus, reference works, chronology and Key-elements of Dictionary. Thus this study makes all the ground-work, necessary for a researcher to know about the encyclopaedias and dictionaries along with the practicals. In the practicles, the students get the handson experience of Dictionary making. Zgusta, Ladislav, 1971, Manual of Lexicography, Academia Publishing House, Mouton, Paris. Singh, Ram Adhar,1982, An Introduction to Lexicography, Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore. Katre, S.M.1965,Lexicography, Annamalai University, Madras. Ghatage, A.M. 1976, Vol.1, An encyclopaedic Dictionary of Sanskrit based on Historical principles, Deccan College Publication, Pune. 9

10 SL 102 INIDAN PHILOSOPHY A. Selected passages from Upaniṣads 30M (18 hrs.) Upaniṣads, the last part of the Vedic literature form an integral part of Indian philosophy. They represent theoretical explanation of metaphysical concepts. Spiritual knowledge expressed by the Upaniṣads led to the exposition of the Absolute Reality. It is noticed that thoughts recorded in the Upaniṣads are of diverse nature; they are true experiences, realizations of philosophical conceptions. Six passages of Upaniṣads dealing with such varied speculations and topics are incorporated in the syllabus. 1. Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad expresses identity between three letters of Om,viz. a, u and m and three stages of the Ātman, viz. waking, dream and deep sleep. 2. Bṛhadāraṇyakopaniṣad Yājñavalkya-Maitreyī dialogue establishes that aspect of detachment which is very much necessary for attainment of the knowledge of Brahman. It further states the discourse of Ᾱtmajñāna given to Maitreyī by Yājñavalkya. 3. Kaṭhopaniṣad vallis 1-3 narrate the story of Yama and Naciketas. This portion mentions that Yama gave three boons and also the knowledge of Ᾱtman to Naciketas. 4. Chāndogyopaniṣad mainly mentions Pañcāgnividyā, knowledge of the path of a dead person and the preaching of Aśvapati Kaikeya. 5. Śvetāśvataropaniṣad expounds the Reality in terms of theism. 10

11 6. Taittirīyopaniṣad describes Pañcakośas -5 Sheaths are one after another in order to point out the innermost self. Thus, these selected passages present fundamental idealogy of ancient Indian philosophical texts. Belvalkar, S.K. & Ranade, R.D. 2012, History of Indian Philosophy, New Bhartiya book corporation, Delhi. Dasgupta, S.N.1963, History of Indian Philosophy Vol.I, Motilal Banarsadass, Delhi. Limaye, V. P. & Vadekar R.D., 1958, Aṣṭādaśa-Upaniṣad, Vaidika Samshodhan Mandal, Pune. Hume, Robert Ernest., 1934, Upaniṣad - Transalation from the Sanskrit, Oxford University Press, London. Radhakrishanan, S., 1953, Principal Upaniṣad, George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London. B. Jaiminīyanyāyamālāvistara M (12 hrs.) There are six principal Darśanas or disciplines of Indian Philosphy, viz. Pūrvamīmāṁsā, Uttaramīmāṁsā, Sāṁkhya, Yoga, Nyāya and Vaiśeṣika, propounded respectively by Jaimini, Vyāsa, Kapila, Patañjali, Gautama and Kaṇāda. The term Mīmāṁsā means profound thought, reflection, consideration, 11

12 inquiry, investigation leading to legitimate decision.the Pūrvamīmāṁsā or Karmamīmāṁsā chiefly concerns with the correct interpretation of Vedic statements and with the settlement of doubtful points in the Vedic texts. The origin of Mīmāṁsā can be traced in early treatises like Taittirīya Saṁhitā and Brāhmaṇa, Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa etc. Then Jaimini composed the Nyāya, i.e.mīmāṁsāsūtras and systematically designed the discipline of Mīmāṁsā based on pure logic. In order to explain the meaning of these Sūtras, Mādhavācārya, a renowned minister of Bukkarāya composed the Kārikās, known as Jaiminīyanyāyamālā. Further he himself wrote an exhaustive commentary named Vistara on his Kārikās for the sake of proper understanding of the Sūtras and Kārikās. He has explained every topic of discussion as per the views of Kumārila Bhaṭṭa and Prabhākara Guru, the main preceptors of Mīmāṁsā. Thus this text provides the advanced theory of Mīmāṁsakas in the science of the sentence-meaning and regarding the understanding of Vedic Sentences. Apte, Hari Narayana (Ed.), 1916, Jaiminīya-Nyāyamālā-Vistara, Anandashrama Mudranalaya, Pune. Shastri, T. Shubha (Ed.), 1929, Mīmāṁsāsūtra With Śābarbhāṣya, Anandashrama Sanskrit Granthavali, Pune. Thadani, 1952, Mīmāṁsā, N.V. Bharati Research Institute, Delhi. Jha, Ganganatha, 1933, Śābarabhāṣya Vol. I-III, Oriental Institute, Baroda. Kevalananda Saraswati, 1952, Mimāmsākośa Vol.vii, Pradnya Pathashala Mandal, Satara. 12

13 C. Siddhāntamuktāvalī - Pratyakṣakhaṇḍa 30M (18 hrs.) This text highlights different concepts related to seven categories of the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika system, which have been discussed under the four sections: Perception (pratyakṣa), Inference (anumāna), Analogy (upamāna) and Verbal testimony (śabda). The present teaching programme concentrates only on the first section Pratyakṣakhaṇḍa which includes some of the topics like Mangalavāda, establishment of God, concepts of universal, inherence, negation, cause, types of perception and their process and so on. This tudy gives the idea about fundamental principles of the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika system. Acarya, Narayan Ram, 1952, Siddhāntamuktāvalī of Viśvanātha Nyāyapañcānana Pratyakṣakhaṇḍa, Nirnayasagar press, Bombay. Swami Madhavananda, 1954, (Tr.) Bhāṣāpariccheda with Siddhāntamuktāvalī of Viśvanātha Nyāyapañcānana, Advaita Ashrama, Calcutta. Nyāyasiddhāntamuktāvalī with the Prabhā commentary of Nrisiṁhadeva Meherchand Lakshmandass, 1929, Lahore. Chatterjee, S.C., 1939, The Nyāya Theory of Knowledge, University of Calcutta, Culcutta. Guha, Dinesh Chandra, 1979, Navya-Nyāya System of Logic, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi. Ingalls, Daniel H. H., 1951, Materials for the Study of Navya-Nyāya Logic, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 13

14 Motilal, Bimal K., 1968, The Navya-Nyāya Doctrine of Negation, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Vidyabhushana, Satisha Chandra, 1970, Reprint 1978, A History of Indian Logic, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. SL 103 EPICS AND PURĀṆAS A. Rāmāyaṇa 25M (15 hrs.) The Rāmāyaṇa and the Mahābhārata are the two famous epics which stand foremost among the many valuable relics of the world literature of India.The epic Rāmāyaṇa, woven out of the old time sagas of the ancient Ᾱryans of India, has permanent interest for the people of India. The Hindus look upon the Ᾱryan heroes of Indian epics as ancestors of their race; and fondly pride themselves in their mighty deeds. The Rāmāyaṇa composed by Vālmīki, has a great value independent of either history or allegory which they enshrine. Its appeal to the prediction for the marvelous and the beautiful is enormous. The Rāmāyaṇa is divided into seven books (kāṇḍas). Viz. The first book, the Bālakāṇḍa, the Ayodhyākāṇḍa, the Araṇyakāṇḍa, the Kiṣkiṇḍhākāṇḍa, the Sundarakāṇḍa, the Yuddha kāṇḍa and the Uttara kāṇḍa. The first portion (Sargas 30-40) is taken from the third book of Araṇyakāṇḍa. The Sargas describe the story of Mārīca, assuming the form of a wonderful dear, who captivates Sītā s fancy, and lures Rāma off in to the woods. At Sītā s urging, 14

15 Laksmaṇa leaves Sītā and follows Rāma. Rāvaṇa, in the meantime, carries off Sīta by force. Rāmā s friend Jaṭāyu, attempts to save Sītā but falls mortally wounded. The second portion (Sargas 8-24) is taken from the fourth book of Kiṣkindhākāṇda. The Sargas describe the story of Rāma meeting Hanūmān and Sugrīva. Sugrīva tells his rivalry with the monkey king Vālin and seeks Rāmā s help for killing Vālin and taking his throne. Accordingly Rāma shoots Vālin from ambush while the latter is engaged in combat with Sugrīva. The third portion (Sargas 30-38) is taken from the fifth book of Sundarakāṇḍa. The Sargas describe the story of Hanūmāns heroic leap across the ocean and the monkey hero s exploration of the city of Laṅkā. After much effort, Hanūmān finds the despondent princess and reassures her by giving her Rāma s signet ring as a sign of good faith. By this study, the students get to know about the first great epic of classical Sanskrit composed by Ᾱdikavi Vālmiki. Winternitz, Maurice, 1972, History of Indian Literature, University of Calcatta, Calcatta. Dutt, M.N., 2004, Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki, Parimal Publications, Delhi. Satavalekar, Shreepad, 1941, Vālmīkirāmāyaṇa, Svadhyaya Mandal - Bharat Mudranalaya, Aundh. Joshi, P.N., 1986, Sārtha-Śrīvālmīkirāmāyaṇa, Vidarbha Marathawada Book Co., Pune. 15

16 B. Mahābhārata 25M (15 hrs.) The Mahābhārata, composed by Vyāsa, is a great epic of Indian literature known as Itihāsa. It is the longest literary work in the world. From historical point of view it is a narration of Kuru clan. Mainly it gives detailed story of the Kauravas and the Pāṇḍavas, particularly their conflict for succession and its consequence, the Mahābhārata war. The Mahābhārata is an encyclopaedia of Indian culture. It depicts the picture of contemporary society which highlights political wisdom, culture, morality, code of conduct, religion, philosophical doctrines in the course of narration. The first passage is from Ᾱdiparvan which narrates the story of Duṣyanta and Śakuntalā. The passage from Virāṭapravan tells the story of Pāṇḍavas staying in disguise in the kingdom of Virāṭa. It covers famous episode of the killing of Kīcaka. The passage from Udyogaparvan 33-37& 40 deals with Vidūranīti. Thoughts of the great politician Vidūra tries to pacify king Dhṛtarāṣṭra s agitation with the words full of wisdom. At the same time he speaks about the king s wrong attitude towards Pāṇḍavas. The chapters 61-66, from Anuśāsanaparvan contain praise of donations like that of earth, food, water, cow, lamp etc. This study gives out the glimpses of Ancient Indian History related to the greatest clan which ruled over India. 16

17 Sukathankar, Vishnu. S. (Ed.), 1997, Mahābhārata, (Critical Edition ) Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune. Walimbe, R.S., 2008, Mahābhārata, Vidarbha Marathawada Book Co., Pune. Dutta, M.N., 2003, Mahābhārata, Parimal Publication, Delhi. Buitenen, J.A.B.Van., 1973, Mahābhārata, University of Chicago, Chicago. Roy, Pratap Chandra., 1955, Mahābhārata, Oriental Publishing Co., Calcutta. C. Purāṇas 30M (18 hrs.) Purāṇas are the second important Sanskrit texts of ancient India maintaining their antiquity and sanctity only next to the Vedas. The purpose of their composition, it is believed, is to spread the Vedic knowledge in a simple way among the masses who do not qualify to study the Vedas. Scholars have divided all important Purāṇa texts into two groups namely major or great Purāṇas (Mahāpurāṇa) and minor Purāṇas (Upapurāṇa) each consisting of 18 individual Purāṇas. These texts deal with quite a large number of topics like creation, destruction and recreation, genealogy of the ancient seers, periods of the original rulers of the human race, history of important royal dynasties, exploits of gods and demons, eulogies of some divine beings incarnations of Lord Viṣṇu, narrations of various legends, instructions on same important religious ceremonies and observances etc., philosophical discourses, abstract ideas such as devotion, enlightenment, final emancipation, religious merits, sins heaven and hell, rebirth and so on. 17

18 In the present course of study are included three important Puranic episodes chosen from three major Purāṇas, viz., Dhruva from the Viṣṇu Purāṇa, glory of the Goddess Mahāmāyā from the Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa and Rāsa-dance from the Bhāgavata Purāṇa. These episodes contain the following themes - a young boy s undeterred devotion to Lord Viṣṇu and his meditation on the Lord yielding him the unique position of the brightest star in the sky, mother goddess triumph the demoniac forces of nature and the intense love of the guileless ladies of Vṛndāvana towards Lord Kṛiṣṇa leading them to their final beatitude. All these episodes briefly inform about the nature and philosophy of the Purāṇas and about their importance in the Indian ideaology regarding History and notions of Bhakti. Gupta, Munilal (Ed.), 1990, Viṣṇupurāṇa, Gita Press, Gorakhapur. Wilson, H.H., 1961, Viṣṇupurāṇa, Punthi Pustak, Calcutta. Pathak, Sarvananda, 1967, Viṣṇupurāṇa kā Bhārata, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series., Varanasi. Shukla, Shraddha, 1998, Śrīviṣṇumahāpurāṇa part 1, Naag Prakashana, Delhi. Prasad, S. S., 1984, Bhāgavatapurāṇa - A literary Study, Capital Publishing House, Delhi. Pandey, Girish, 1999, Bhāgavatam, Amar Grantha Publications, Delhi. Poddar, Hanuman Prasad (Ed.), 1952, Śrimad Bāgavatam, Gita Press, Gorakhpur. Joshi, K. L. (Ed.), 2012, Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa, Parimal Publications, Delhi, 18

19 Pergiter, F. E., 1969, Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa - Vol. I, Sanskrit College, Varanasi. Hazra, R.C., 1958, Studies in the Upapurāṇa, Sanskrit College, Calcutta. Rocher, Ludo, (Ed.) Jan Gonda, 1986, History of Sanskrit Literature: Purāṇas, Wiesbaden. SL 104 POETICS A. Outlines of Sanskrit Poetics 50M (30 hrs.) Poetics is that science which deals with the reasons and nature of joy or pleasure one gets after relishing the poetry. Poetry is the combination of words and their meanings, so this science also includes the theories regarding nature of words, their meanings and also the discussion on processes of how the meanings are conveyed. Thus the scope or subject-matter of this science covers various theories regarding the nature, purposes of poetry along with the pre-requisites of it as well as various factors that make it attractive. It makes the students conversant with the theories regarding these factors which are mainly six giving the thinking on aesthetics, the nature of poetry. This study also includes introduction to important authors who gave theories of Poetics. De, S. K., 1963, Sanskrit Poetics as Study of Asthetic, Oxford University Press, Bombay. De & Dasgupta, 1947, History of Sanskrit Literature, University of Calcutta, Calcutta. 19

20 Kane, P.V., 1957, History of Sanskrit Poetics, Nirnayasagar Press, Bombay. Deshpande, G.T.,First Edn.1958, IVth Edn. 2013, Bharatīya Sāhityaśāstra, Popular Prakashana, Mumbai. Ketkar, Godavari, 1963, Bharatāce Nāṭyaśāstra 2 nd Ed., Popular Prakashana, Mumbai. Jog, R.S., 2004, Abhinava Kāvyaprakāśa, Venus Prakashana, 11 th Ed., Pune. Arjunwadkar, Mangrulkar, Hatwalne, 1962, Kāvyaprakāśa, Ullāsa 1, 2,3 and 10, Deshmukh Prakashana, Pune. Ingalls, Daniel H.H., 1990, Dhvanyāloka of Anandavardhana with Locana of Abhinavgupta, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Patwardhan, M.V. and Virakar P.N., 1983, Dhvanyāloka with Commentary Locana, Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Sanskriti Mahamandal, Mumbai. Athawale, R.B., 1953, (Text and Tr.)Rasagaṅgādhara of Jagannātha, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapitha, Pune. Kangale, R.P., 1974, Daśarūpakavidhāna, Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Sanskriti Mandal, Mumbai. Kangale, R.P, 1973, Rasabhāvavicāra, Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Sanskriti Mandala, Mumbai. Dalal, C.D. & Sastry R.A. (Ed.), 1934, Kāvyamīmāṁsā by Rājaśekhara, Oriental Institute, Baroda. Nagendra, B.R., 1987, A Dictionary of Sanskrit Poetics, Publishing Corporation, Delhi. Gajendragadkar, A.B., 1939, (Tr.) Kāvyaprakāśa of Mammaṭa, Aryabhushana Press, Pune. 20

21 B. Meghadūta 30M (18 hrs.) This is a master piece of poetry by Ka lida sa. The world-famous poet describing the a story of a Yaksạ from Alaka, sent on exile by his master for a period of one year due to some unknown mistake on his part. Yakṣa, separated from his beloved, and somehow leading his life with great difficulty in the hermitages at Ra magiri, sees a monsoon cloud. Possessed by an innovative idea of making this cloud a messanger for his beloved, Yakṣa tells the cloud the way to reach his home -town, Alakā and gives his message to his beloved. The poem divided into two parts - Pūrvamegha and Uttaramegha - contains about 120 stanzas in Manda kra nta metre. Along with feast of fanciful imagination of the great poet, study of this poem offers a geographical sketch of the northan India at the time of Kālidāsa and the beautiful sketch of the landscape in different seasons. De, S.K., 1957, The Meghadu ta of Ka lida sa, Sahitya Academy, New Delhi. Kale, M.R., 1969, The Meghadu ta of Ka lida sa, Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi. Shastri, S.R., 1963, Meghasandeśa, Balmanorama Press, Madras. 21

22 Semester II SL 201 LEXICOGRAPHY AND TRANSLATION STUDIES A. Outlines of Modern Lexicography 40M (24 hrs.) An encyclopaedic Dictionary of Sanskrit based on Historical principles at DCPRI is designed as per the norms of modern lexicography. In continuation with the syllabus of Lexicography in Semester I, some more details of lexicography and the modern practices will be taught in this semester. The detailed syllabus consists of the following things. Typology of Dictionaries- Criteria for classification, classification of referenceworks based on lexical and non-lexical information, classification of referenceworks based on concept, terms and vocabulary. Dictionary making phase I Planning, Blue print, Collection of material, Collection of material for different types of Dictionaries, selection of entries. Dictionary making phase II- Editing, Proper setting of entries, Dictionary entry, Contents of the entry, Head word, Spelling and pronunciation, Grammatical information, Meaning description and definition. Dictionary making phase III - Preparation of press-copy, Arrangement of entries, Types of arrangement, Alphabetical, Semantic or ideological arrangement, Other arrangements, Nesting, Subentries, Run on words, Setting of lemmata, Grammatical status, Meaning analysis. Thus the students get the knowledge of modern and basic principles of Dictionary-making with proper illustrations. 22

23 Zgusta, Ladislav, 1971, Manual of Lexicography, Academia Publishing House, Mouton, Paris. Singh, Ram Adhar, 1982, An Introduction to Lexicography, CIIL, Mysore. Katre, S.M., 1965, Lexicography, Annamalai University, Madras. Ghatage, A.M., 1976, Introduction of Vol.1 An encyclopaedic Dictionary of Sanskrit based on Historical principles, Deccan College Publication, Pune. B. Translation Studies 40M (24 hrs.) Translation involves conversion of the text from one language to another. It is a task where the meaning of expression from one language (SL- Source language) is turned into another language (TL-Target language) whether the medium is written, spoken or signed. It is an art as well as a science. It deals with some technical and some scientific aspects at the same time. The artistic and aesthetic aspects are also assumed in this process. This paper of Translation Studies includes history of translation, different types of translations, different theories regarding translation, untranslatability etc. It also includes practising and analysing the process of translation from one language (SL) to another language (TL) so as to observe the transmission of knowledge, trends, developments and thoughts. Thus this study furnishes stable ground of principles and ideology regarding the understanding of any language and also provides them with additional knowledge necessary for understanding the science of Lexicography. 23

24 Asher, R.E. (Ed.), 1994, The encyclopaedia of language and Linguistics, Pergaman Press, Oxford. Bassnett-McGuire, 1980, Translation Studies, Methuen, London, NewYork. Nida, E.A. and Taber C.R., 1969, The Theory and Practice of Translation, E.J.Brill, Leiden. Newmark, Peter, 1998, Text book of translation, Prentice Hall Elt., London. SL 202 VEDIC STUDIES A. Ṛgveda 25M (15 hrs.) The inclusion of the selected hymns from the R gveda is to introduce the students to the earliest literature of the world. The introductory topics such as the arrangement of R gveda, its date, variety of its subject-matter, the deities, accents etc. will be dealt in detail. The syllabus comprises of the following hymns: 1. ṚV. 1.1 Agni hymn 2. ṚV Viṣṇu hymn 3. ṚV Pūṣan hymn 4. ṚV Prasvāpinī Upaniṣad 5. ṚV Apālā hymn 6. ṚV Puruṣa hymn 7. ṚV Saramā-Paṇi hymn 8. ṚV Nāsadīya hymn 24

25 This study will, on a smaller scale, give the students an idea about the language, style, mythology and other peculiarities of the Vedic literature and will introduce them to the vast literature broadly. Citrav, Siddheshwara Shastri, 1928, Sampūrṇa Ṛgvedāce Marāṭhī Bhāṣāntara, Lokasamgraha Chhapakhana, Pune. Griffith, R.T.H., (Tr.) 1973, The Hymns of R gveda, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi. Macdonell, A.A., 1917, Vedic Reader for Students, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Sontakke, N.S. and Kshikar C.G. (Ed.), , Ṛgvedasaṃahitā Sāyaṇabhāṣyasametā, Vaidik Samshodhan Mandal, Pune. Velankar, H.D., Paradkar M.D. and Joshi G.V. (Ed.), 1965, Ṛksūktavaijayantī, Vaidika Samshodhana Mandal, Pune. B. Atharvaveda 25M (15 hrs.) Atharvaveda, generally known as the Veda of the masses, bears every distinct nature and characteristic features. Its main focus the man, with all his emotions, feelings so its hymns describe the throbbing of this individual, going through various turmoils of life and expressing his natural intuitions. Therefore, the hymns of this Veda are not, primarily, prayers and glorifications to the deities, but are the spontaneous outcome of his desire for security, good health, long life and fear for the unknown and efforts to win over this fear, along with its causes. Hymns chosen 25

26 for the study from the huge collection represent mostly all the feelings of man and also speak out the means also he has undertaken to achieve his aim. 10 Sūktas (1.5,6,14 ; 2.36 ; 4.13,33 ; 5.20 ; ; 7.8(9); 10.1) These hymns will inform the students about the changing notions about deities, mythology and ritual and also about the feelings of common man in general Viśva Bandhu, (Ed.), 1990(Ed.II), Atharvavedasaṁhitā with Sāyaṇa s Commentry, Vishveshwarananda Vedic Research Institute, Hoshiarpur, Punjab. Whitney, W.D. (Tr.), 1971, The Atharvaveda, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. Bloomfield, M. (Tr.), 1964, The Atharvaveda, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. Griffth, RTH (Tr.), 1968, The Atharvaveda, Motilal Banarasidass, Varanasi, Chitrav, Siddheshwara Sastri (Tr.), 1972, Atharvavedᾱche Mar ᾱṭhi Bhᾱṣᾱntara, Srī Amṛteśwara Devasthᾱna, Pune. Bloomfild, M. (Ed.), 1899, Atharvaveda & GopathaBrahmana, Asian Publication Services, Strassburg. Bloomfild, M. (Ed.), 1872, The Kauśikasūtra of Atharva Veda, (With extracts from the commentaries of Dārila and Keśava) (Reprint), Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. Mehra, B.S., 1994, Śrauta Sacrifices in the Atharvaveda, Sunjay Prakashan, Delhi. 26

27 Purohit, Motilal, 1998, Atharvāṅgirasaparamparāme Saṁskṛtikamūlya, Pratibha Prakashan, Delhi. Shende, N.J., 1952, Religion & Philosophy of the Atharvaveda, Bhandarkar Oriental Series No.8, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune. C. Yajurveda 30M (18 hrs.) Rudrādhyāya Taittirīyasaṁhitā ( ) The Veda is the earliest literature of mankind. The Veda, literary the sacred divine knowledge, consists of the Ṛgveda, Yajurveda, Sāmaveda, and Atharvaveda. There were 101 recensions of the Yajureveda. However, at present only the Taittirīya, Maitrāyaṇi, Kāṭhaka and Kapiṣṭhala of Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda and Vājasaneyi Mādhyandina and Vājasaneyi Kāṇva of Śukla Yajurveda are available. The Rudrādhyāya in the Taittirīyasaṁhitā ( ) consists of 11 Anuvākas named as Śatarudrīya or Namaka and further 11 Anuvākas are named as Vasordhārā or Camaka. It occurs in all the 101 recessions of the Yajurveda and it praises Rudra with hundred epithets, hence it is named as Śatarudrīyasaṁhitā. The Rudrādhyāya is considered as the essence or nectar of the whole of Vedic lore. It is employed in certain ritual of Agnicayana as well as in the meditation for salvation. Hence, tradition recognizes it as the exposition of knowledge through action. This study of the Rudrādhyāya will make the students aware of the evolutionary mythology of the Vedas in general and development of it in the ritualistic Saṁhitās, with the rituals in particular. 27

28 Sontakke, N.S. & Dharmadhikari T.N (Ed.), 1990, Taittirīyasaṁhitā (Kāṇḍa-4), Vaidika Samshodhana Mandal, Pune. Bhide, V.V. & Thite G.U., 1987, Taittirīyasaṁhitā Part.1 (Tr.), University of Poona, Pune. Bapat, (Dikshit) D.G. (Ed.), 1916, Taittirīyasaṁhitā part.1 (Marathi translation), Kanpur. Kashikar, C. G., 1977, Srautadharmᾱcī Svarūpaciktitsᾱ, Pune University Publication, Pune. Dandekar, R.N., 1953, Rudra in Veda, Pune University Publication, Pune. Khadilakar, K.P., 1940, Khadilakarᾱnchᾱ Rudra, Khadilakar K.P., Pune. Macdonell, A.A., 1897, Vedic Mythology, Verlag Von Karl. J. Trubner, Strassburg. SL 203 STUDIES IN THE DHARMAŚĀSTRA A. Gautamadharmasūtra (Praśna 1) 20M (12 hrs.) The Dharmasūtras form a part of Kalpasūtras. They prescribe rules of conduct of a man as a member of Aryan community. The principle sources of Dharma were conceived to be the Vedas, Smṛtis and customs. Gautama Dharmasūtra was specially studied by the followers of the Sāmaveda. The first Praśna consists of nine chapters dealing with various topics like Purification, studentship, times of distress, duties of Snātaka etc. 28

29 This study gives the idea of the importance of the sacred perfections or Saṁskāras and about the social and individual ethics laid down by the authorities. Gautamadhramasūtra, 1876, Calcutta edn., Calcutta. Pandeya Umesh Chanrda (Ed.), 1986, Gautamadharmasūtra, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi. Gautamadharmasūtra with commentary by Haradatta, 1966, AnandashramaSanskrit Series, Pune. Bühler Georg (Tr.), 1965, Gautama Dharmasūtra, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi. Bi. Manusmṛti 20M (12 hrs.) The Dāyavibhāga (Partition of Inheritance) of the Mānava-dharmaśātra of Manu (Code of law of Manu or Manusmṛti) The Mānava Dharmaśāstra of Manu, popularly known as Manusmṛti (Manu's code of Law), is probably the most authoritative work on Indian code of Law. However, the term Dharma (code) occurs as early as in the Ṛgveda itself. Two Indian exponents of Law, namely, Manu and Yājñavalkya, systematized the Indian code of law and wrote Mānava Dharmaśāstra (Manusmṛti) and Yājñavalkyasmṛti. Now as regards the subject matters of Manu's code of Law, it generally deals with i) Creation of world ii) Sources of Dharma; iii) the Dharma of the four social classes iv) Law of Karma. Now as regards the specific topics dealt in 29

30 Inheritance - it deals with the topics such as - duty of the eldest son, share of the eldest son, share of the youngest son, concept of female son, share of unmarried daughter, concept of putra, concept of adopted son, sons by wives of different castes, concept of son born to a prostitute, concept of natural son, law of all brothers becoming putrin, three pitṛs who are to be offered water, six types of marriages and six types of woman's property and those children who are not qualified for share. Thus this study of the earlier texts of the important Smṛtis and the portain related to inheritance, will give the information about the origin of the rules and notions regarding social norms forming legislative rules in the History. Bühler, G., 1964, The Laws of Manu, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi. Kane, P.V., 1930, History of Dharmaśāstra, BORI publication, Pune. Shastri, T. Ganapati (Ed.), 1924, Kauṭilīya Arthaśātra, Trivandrum Sanskri Series, Trivendrum. Olivelle, P., 2005, Manu s Cod of Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Kangle, R.P., 1963, The Kautilīya Arthaśāstra, The University of Bombay publications, Bombay. Shastri, T. Gaṇapati (Ed.), 1912, Kāmandaka Nītisārā, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series, Trivandrum. Gurjar, J.M. (Ed.), 1877, Manusmṛti prᾱkrita bhᾱṣᾱntarasahita, Nirnaysagar Press, Bombay. 30

31 Bii. Yājñavalkyasmṛti 20M (12 hrs.) Smṛti texts are the codes of law, handed down by tradition. They are the lawbooks, authoritative for human conduct. In Indian tradition their authority is considered next to the Śrutis. Yājñavalkya who composed Yājñavalkyasmṛti flourished in 5 th A.D. This text is divided in three parts - Ᾱcārādhyāya, Vyavahārādhyāya and Prāyaścittādhyāya. This study aims to understand those verses of the Prāyaścittādhyāya that deal with expiations for various types of sins or bad conducts, the nature of and classification as five Mahāpātakas, heinous sins and Upapātakas, minor sins and their expiations.selection of Yājñavalkyasmṛti gives the normative views of an important authority about the activities and behavior of man in the society. Acarya, Narayana Ram (Ed.), 1985, The Yājñavalkyasmṛti, Nag publishers, Delhi. Gharpure, J.R., 1939, The Yājñavalkyasmṛti (Tr.), V.J Gharpure, Mumbai. C. Smṛticandrikā 20M (12 hrs.) Smṛticandrikā belongs to the discipline of Dharmaśāstra. This text is significant in the sense that it has brought together the views of many Dharmasūtrakāras on different issues. This paper proposes to study the Adhyāyas 17 to 27 in the III book 31

32 of Smṛticandrikā, discussing Vyavahāra, related to the topic of witnesses. While dealing with the notion of witness it discusses the characteristics of (eligible) witness, and of non-witness i.e. non-eligible witness, their features and some devices of examining witness, and consequences of one being false witness and so on. It also shows its modern relevance to the present judiciary system. This study presents the importance of witness in legal process. Shrinivasacharya, L. (Ed.), 1988, Smṛticandrikā of Yājn ikadevaṇabhaṭṭopādhyāya, Vol-III, Nag Publishers, Delhi. Kane, P.V., 1941, History of Dharmaśāstra, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune. Gharpure, J.R., 1946, The Smṛtichandrikᾱ (Tr.), V.J Gharpure, Mumbai. SL 204 HISTORY OF SANSKRIT LITERATURE A. History of Classical Sanskrit Literature 50M (30 hrs.) This topic aims to introduce the students to the style and salient features of differents poets in Sanskrit Literature which begins with the advent of Christian era, and flows through years meandering in various forms. This Literature is called classical as it contains a different type of Sanskrit from that found in the Vedas and two great poems, Rāmāyaṇa, called as the Ᾱdikāvya, and Mahābhārata, known as Itihāsa. This study includes the study of various poets, and numerous types of compositions in Sanskrit. They are Mahākāvyas, dramas, stories and narratives, parables, stotras and śatakas, historical poems and prose romances. 32

33 Thus the study will present a graph of the expression of poetic ideas, through various types of compositions and the students will get some idea about most of the doyens of Sanskrit literature in all its aspects. Dasgupta, S.N. & De S.K., 1947, A History of Sanskrit Literature, University of Calcutta, Calcutta. Krishnammachariar, 1970 (Reprint), A History of classical Sanskrit Literature, Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi. Keith, A.B., 1932, Classical Sanskrit Literature, Oxford University Press, London. Macdonell, A.A., 1962, A History of classical Sanskrit Literature, MLBD, Delhi. Mahulikar, Gauri, Vaidya Uma & Gokhale Manjusha, 2004, Abhijāta Saṁskṛta Vāṅmayācā Itihāsa, Rutayan Samstha, Mumbai. B. Mahākāvyas - Naiṣadīyacarita- Sarga-1 30M (18 hrs.) The poem is based on the famous story of Nala and Damayanti. Nala s episode, first dealt with in the great epic of Maha bha rata, consists of only two hundred verses. While S ri harsạ has created a long poem of twenty-two cantos spread over about two thousand eight hundred verses. 33

34 The Naisạdha being one of the famous five Maha ka vyas, its first canto is included in the syllabus to introduce the students the flavor of later ornate poetry. Its study will give the idea about the classical Sanskrit as well as the ornate poetry of Mahākāvyas. The first canto deals with the following topics: Description of Nala (verses 1-30) Damayantī s falling in love with Nala (verses 31-43) Nala s hearing about Damayanti and his longing for her (44-55) Nala s visit to pleasure garden to seek peace (56-116) Description of swan and Nala s catching hold of him ( ) Swan s pleading to Nala and its release by Nala ( ) Acarya, Narayana Ram (Ed.), 1952, Śrīharṣaviracitaṁ Naiṣadhīyacaritam, Nirnayasagar Press, Bombay. Handiqui, Krishnakanta (Tr.), 1956, Naiṣadhīyacarita of Śrīharṣa, Deccan College Publication, Pune. Athawale, B.R., 1994, Naiṣadhīyacarita Sarga 1, Anandashrama Prakashana, Pune. 34

35 Semester III (Compulsory papers) SL 301 SANSKRIT LEXICONS A. Sanskrit Lexicons 50M (30 hrs.) Traditional Sanskrit lexicographers employed numerous methods for preparing Sanskrit lexicons. Those lexicons have the lexemes either of synonymic, or homonymic or polysemous type. Like modern lexicons Sanskrit lexicons often adopt the technique of arranging words alphabetically. Most of the lexicographers have a practice of presenting the methods of compiling lexicons in the introductory part. Each lexicographer has his own method of preparing his lexicon, and hence methods are often not uniform. However, this Department is preparing An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Sanskrit on Historical Principles, so, it is felt to train M.A. students about the ancient techniques utilized in Sanskrit lexicons. Therefore, the study of few such lexicons like Nighanṭu, Amarakośa, Medinīkośa, Dhanvantarīyakośa etc. is included in the M.A. curriculum. Acarya, Narayana Rama (Ed.), 1950, Amarakośa, Nirnayasagar Mudranalay, Mumbai. Sarup, Laxman (Ed.), (Reprint) 2009, The Nighanṭụ and the Nirukta of Yāskācārya, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. Theodor, Zachariae (Ed.), 1853, Anekārthasaṁgraha of Hemacandra, Education Society Press, Bombay. Kulkarni, E.D. (Ed.), 1968, Dharaṇikośa of Dharaṇidāsa, Deccan College Publication, Pune. 35

36 Sharma, Narayan (Ed.), 1925, Dhanvantarīyanighanṭụ and Rājanighanṭụ, Anadashrama Samskrit Granthavali, Pune. Shastri, Hariprasad (Ed.), 1956, Śabdaratnapradīpa, Rajasthan Puratana Granthamala, Rajsthan Oriental Research Institute, Jaipur. Medinikara, 1916,Medinikosha,KSS-41. Puroshottamadeva,1916,Trikānḍạśesạ, Khemaraja Shrikrishnadasa, Mumbai. Patkar, Madhukar Mangesh (Ed.), 1947,Anekārthatilaka by Mahīpa, Deccan College, Pune. Kulkarni, E.D. and Dixit M.C. (Ed.), 1971,Paryāyaśabdaratna by Dhananjaya Bhatta, Deccan College, Pune. Chowdhury, Tarapada (Ed.), 1946, Paryāyaratnamālā by Mādhava, Reprinted from Patana University Journal, Vol-2, Patna. Shastri,T.Ganapati (Ed.), 1918, Nānārthārnạvasaṁkṣepa by Keśavasvāmin,TSS-23, 29,31, Trivandrum. Kulkarni, E. D. (Ed.), 1968, Dharaṇīkośa of Dhara ṇīdᾱsa, Part-I, Deccan College, Poona. Cintamani, T. R. (Ed.),1937, Nānārthasaṁgraha of Ajayapāla, University of Madras, Madras. B. Amarakośa (Svarādikānḍạ) 30M (18 hrs.) The Amarakośa, attributed to Amarasiṁha (6 th A.D.), is a pioneer work in the classical lexicography of Sanskrit. It is a systematic enumeration of synonyms and homonyms of the language arranged subject-wise. The Amarakośa has introduced the peculiar techniques of giving synonyms, word meanings and 36

37 marking their genders, and has paved a path for a number of other lexicons to follow. The Amarakośa was profusely used by the poets and commentators. The work, compiled in metrical form is divided into three Kānḍạs with internal parts. The study of Amarakośa will make the students familiar with the nature and basic principles of the classical Sanskrit lexicography; and also with the principles of ancient Lexicography. Acarya, Narayana Rama (Ed.), 1950, Amarakośa, Nirnayasagara Mudranalaya, Mumbai. SL 302 STUDIES IN ANCIENT ŚĀSTRAS A. Suśrutasaṁhitā Sūtrasthāna Ṛtucaryā 6 th chapter 20M (12 hrs.) Out of the 186 chapters of the treatise composed by Suśruta, divided in five sections, the 6 th chapter of its first section deals with Ṛutucaryā.This chapter discusses about with the concept of time, its division, divisions of the seasons in the year, peculiarities of different seasons, accumulation, aggravation and pacification of disorders of three humors of the body, causes of diseases and description of different seasons. Students will get introduced to the theories about the maintenance of health in different seasons and its planning during changing time. Bhishagratna, Kaviraj Kunjalal (Ed.), 2002, Suśrutasaṁhitā, 2 nd Ed., Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi. 37

38 Shastri, Kaviraj Ambikadutta (Ed.), 2002, Suśrutasaṁhitā, 2 nd Ed., Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi. B. Bṛhatsaṁhitā chapters 1 & 2 20M (12 hrs.) Bṛhatsaṁhitā is one of the important treatises related with Astronomy and Astrology. It covers wide ranging subjects of human interests such as planetary movements, eclipses, architecture, gems, and pearls and so on. It is composed by Varāhamihira who is considered as one of the nine jewels in the court of Yaśodharman (Vikramāditya). It is divided into 106 chapters. First two chapters are included in the syllabus. First chapter is introductory while the second deals with the qualities of an Astrologer. This study will introduce the students to the principles of Astrology. Bhat, M. Ramkrishna, 1981, Bṛhatsaṁhitā, Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi. Jha, Suryakant, 2008, Bṛhatsaṁhitā, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi. Mishra, Mukundavallabha, 1967, Phalita Mārtaṇḍa, Motilal Banarasidas, Varanasi. Thakur, B.L., 1972, Jyotiṣa Śikṣā (Sacitra), Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi. 38

39 C. Kāmandakīya Nītisāra - Rājanīti 20M (12 hrs.) The Nītisāra of Kāmandaka is an epitome or summary of the Arthaśāstra. The Arthaśāstra is the most authoritative work on the political science ever written in India. The Daṇḍamāhātmya (The Importance of Punishment) The Svāmyanujīvivṛtta (The Duties of master and servant) and The Kaṇṭakaśodhana (The Extirpation of Enemies) The Section dealing with Daṇḍamāhātmya, The importance of punishment, extols the proper punishment and discards both soft and harsh punishments as counterproductive. It also explains that proper punishment helps to nurture dharma, artha and kāma.the section dealing with Svāmyanujīvivṛtta, gives elaborate discussion on the duties of master and servant and treatment for them, their care, as well as about their behaviour The section Kaṇṭakaśodhana, The extirpation of enemies, discusses how the king should maintain his body and how he should punish corrupt or wicked. It also defines dharma and adharma and corrupt or wicked people. This study makes the students aware of the ancient ideas about adharma and punishment for the same. Bühler, G., 1964, The Laws of Manu, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi. Kane, P.V., 1930, History of Dharmaśāstra, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune. 39

40 Shastri, T. Ganapati (Ed.), 1924, Arthaśāstra, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series (Govt. of Travancore), Trivandrum. Olivelle, P., 2005, Manu s Code of Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Kangle, R.P., 1963, The Kauṭilīya s Arthaśāstra, Text and Translation,The University of Bombay, Bombay. Shastri, T. Ganapati (Ed.), 1912, Nītisāra, Travancore Govt. Press, Trivandrum. Gurjar, J.M. (Ed.), 1877, Manusmṛti prᾱkrita bhᾱṣᾱntarasahita, Nirnaysagar Press, Bombay. Acarya, Narayana Ram (Ed.), 1985, The Yājñavalkya Smṛti, Nag publishers, Delhi. D. Mayamata chapters 2&3 20M (12 hrs.) Mayamatam is a treatise of the Ancient Architecture. In order to introduce few concepts of Ancient Architecture second and third chapters of this text have been included in the M. A. curriculum. The curriculum carries a brief introduction on Indian Architecture, and then the portion of the prescribed text which deals with the concept of Vastu and Vāstu, their distinction, types of Vāstu, different methods of examining Bhū, types of suiting site suitable to every type of person. This study will give the students idea about the fundamental notions of Indian Architecture. Shastri, T. Ganapati (Ed.), 1919, Mayamatam, Government Press, Trivandrum. 40

41 Acharya, Prasanna Kumar, 1993, An Encyclopeadia of Hindu Architecture, (Mānasāra Series: Volume I and VII), Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Dagens, Bruno, 1994, Mayamatam - Treatise of Housing, Architecture and Iconography, Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts and Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi. Juganu, Shrikrishna, 2008, Mayamatam, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi. (Optional papers) (VEDA-1,2 OR VEDᾹNTA-1,2 OR SᾹHITYA-1,2 OR VYĀKARAṆA -1,2 ) SL 303 VEDA 1, NIRUKTA, ṚKPRĀTIŚĀKHYA, VEDIC GRAMMAR A. Nirukta chapters 1 & 2 25M (15 hrs.) Nirukta is the first ancient text on the science of etymology, dealing with the principles of phonetics and phonology. It contains the information regarding the interpretation of Nighaṇṭu, the first Lexicon of Vedic words, formulated following certain principles of Lexicography. In the History of Linguistics, Nighaṇṭu and its explanatory text Nirukta are very important, as they mark the beginning of the interpretation of the Vedic words. Tradition also counts Nirukta as one of the Vedāṅgas, an ancillary of the Vedas for easy understanding of the words in the Vedas, this text marks the beginning of the science of Language study and the interpretation of ancient texts of the Ṛgveda and therefore, is important for the learners of the Vedas. 41

42 Sarup, L. (Ed.), Reprint 2009, Nirukta by Yāska, Motilal Banarasidas, Delhi. Rajwade, V.K., 1940, Niruktam of Yāskācārya, Govt. Oriental Series, Class A-No.7, BORI Pune. Rajwade, V.K, 1935, Niruktāce Marāṭhī Bhāṣāntara, Ichalakaranji Granthamala No. 9, Pune. Mehendale, M.A., 1965, Nirukta Notes Part I and II, Deccan College PGRI, Pune. B. Ṛkprātiśākhya Paṭala 1 & 2 25M (15 hrs.) The Prātiśākhya texts belong to the Śikṣā Vedāṅga of the Veda. This vedāṅga consists of two types of texts namely Śikṣās and Prātiśākhyas. Basic purpose of these texts is to preserve and protect the original speech sounds of the Vedic pronunciation systems from deterioration and extinction. Thus, dealing with the Vedic phonetics. Both the types of texts though do not differ much from each other so far as their subject matters are concerned they differ in their style and practical utility. The Prātiśākhyas, as the term suggests, are supposed to belong to their respective branches of the Veda and do not deal with the phonetics of the Veda as a whole. This is unlike the Śikṣā texts as some of these texts instruct on various aspects of phonetics of the entire Veda irrespective of its various schools and some are meant for their respective branches only. The Prātiśākhya texts contain through discussions on the related topics. This particular Prātiśākhya of the Ṛgvedic tradition is composed by Śaunaka. It has three chapters and 18 Paṭalas or sub-sections. It is composed mostly in versified Sūtra topics included in it are the technical terms, euphonic combinations, accents, rules for cerebralization, mātrās or moras, types of words, rules for kramapāṭha style of recitation, discussions on faulty pronunciations as well as Ṛgvedic Meters. 42

43 This text bears vital importance for the students of the Ṛgveda, as it facilitates the understanding of the text more easily. Shastri, M.D. (Ed.), 1931, Ṛgveda-Prātiśākhya (with Uvaṭa s Commentary), Varanasi. Shastri, M.D. (Ed.), 1937, The Ṛgvedaprᾱtiśᾱkhya (Tr.), MLBD,Lahore. Maxmüller, (Ed.), 1856, Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya, (With extracts from Uvaṭas commentary anf german translation) F.A. Brokhous, Leipzis. Choubey, B.B., 1997, Ṛgvedaprātiśākhya, Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan, Hoshiyarpur. C. Vedic Grammar 30M (18 hrs.) Vedic Language has many peculiarities that make it different from the classical language. To note these peculiarities and to understand the composition of this language, its study covers the topics like phonetics, accents, nominal and verbal declination, derivatives etc. All these peculiarities make the students aware of the importance of Vedic Language and its place in Indo-European Linguistics and variety of Vocabulary and its richness. Macdonell, A.A., , A Vedic Grammar for Students, Motilal Banarasidass, New Delhi. Ram Gopal, 1965, Vedic Vyākaraṇa, National Publishing House, Delhi. 43

44 Arnold, E. V., 1897, Historical Vedic Grammar, Reprint from JAOS, American Oriental Society, New Haven, USA. Whitney, W.D., 1962, Sanskrit Grammar, Motilal Banarasidass, Delhi. SL 304 VEDA 2 ŚATAPATHABRĀHMAṆA Śatapathabrāhmaṇa (Agniṣṭoma) Kāṇda 3 & 4 (44 hrs.) 80M The endeavor to diffuse the highest sacred knowledge of the Vedas was initiated by the Brāhmaṇa-granthas - the first commentators.the Śatapathabrāhmaṇa belongs to the Śukla-Yajurveda-Vājasaneyi-Saṁhitā. It explains the meanings of Vājasaneyimantras serially and justifies their ritualistic employment. It consists of 100 chapters which are subdivided into 14 Kāṇḍas. As compared with treatises of its type, it is the most famous and extensive work. It mainly deals with the Śrautadharma which constitutes of several types of sacrifices. Agniṣṭoma the foremost Soma sacrifice is thoroughly discussed in its Kāṇḍa 3 & 4. Agniṣṭoma is the Prakṛti or model of all the Somayāgas. Its main performance lasts for one day. So it is named as Ekāha Somayāga. The main performance-day or Soma-pressing-day is named as Savana or Sutyā day. On this day the priests prepare Soma-juice and offer it thrice in the morning, in the afternoon and in the evening to different deities. However, its preliminary rites go on minimum for 4 days earlier to Savana day. Study of these details of the Somasacrifice will give the students of Vedas a wide view of the Śrauta tradition of rituals and of understanding the Vedaas. 44