The Vedas and their Ancillary Literature

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1 The Vedas and their Ancillary Literature James Santucci Department of Comparative Religion California State University Fullerton, CA I. Veda A. Saµhitå-s Collections or (grammar) texts of uninterrupted speech in accordance with the proper Sandhi rules 1. gveda-saµhitå 2. Såmaveda-saµhitå 3. Yajurveda-saµhitå a. Black Yajurveda 1) Taittirîya-saµhitå 2) Maitråyañî(ya)-saµhitå 3) Kå haka-saµhitå 4) Kapiß hala-ka ha-saµhitå b. White Yajurveda 1. Våjasaneyi-saµhitå 4. Atharvaveda-saµhitå B. Bråhmaña-s Discussions of priests (brahmán) pertaining to the rituals. 1. Those belonging to the gveda-saµhitå a. Aitareya-Bråhmaña b. å khåyana- (Kaußîtaki-) Bråhmaña 2. Those belonging to the Såmaveda-saµhitå 1 (veda_titles.doc)

2 a. Pa caviµ a-bråhmaña b. Ía viµ a-bråhmaña c. Adbhuta-Bråhmaña d. Såmavidhåna-Bråhmaña e. Årßeya-Bråhmaña f. Devatådhyåya-Bråhmaña g. Mantra-Bråhmaña h. Saµhitå-Upanißad-Bråhmaña i. Jaiminîya-Bråhmaña j. [ åtyåyana-bråhmaña] LOST 3. Those belonging to the Yajurveda-saµhitå a. Taittirîya-Bråhmaña b. [Kå haka-bråhmaña] LOST c. atapatha-bråhmaña 4. Those belonging to the Atharvaveda-saµhitå a. Gopatha-Bråhmaña C. Årañyakas (Those teachings) recited in the forest 1. Those belonging to the gveda-saµhitå a. Aitareya-Årañyaka b. å khåyana- (Kaußîtaki-) Årañyaka 2. Those belonging to the Såmaveda-saµhitå a. Jaiminîya- (or Talavakåra-) Upanißad-Årañyaka 3. Those belonging to the Yajurveda a. Taittirîya-Årañyaka D. Upanißads Secret Instructions or Connections 2 (veda_titles.doc)

3 II. Vedå ga Literature 1. Those belonging to the gveda-saµhitå a. Aitareya-Upanißad b. Kaußîtaki-Upanißad 2. Those belonging to the Såmaveda-saµhitå a. Chåndogya-Upanißad b. Kena- (Talavakåra-) Upanißad 3. Those belonging to the Yajurveda a. B had-årañyaka-upanißad b. Taittirîya-Upanißad c. Mahånåråyaña-Upanißad d. Ka ha- (Kå haka-) Upanißad e. ˆ å- (ˆ åvåsya-) Upanißad f. Maitri- (Maitråyañîya-) Upanißad g. vetå vatara-upanißad 4. Those belonging to the Atharvaveda-saµhitå A. ikßå Phonetics a. Muñ aka-upanißad b. Pra na-upanißad c. Måñ ukya-upanißad 1. Pråti åkhya-s Texts connected to the Saµhitå recensions that serve as a guide for their proper recitation. a. gveda-pråti åkhya b. Våjasaneyi-Pråti åkhya (or Kåtyåyanîya-Pråti åkhya) c. Taittirîya-Pråti åkhya d. k-tantra-vyåkaraña (belongs to the Såmavedasaµhitå) 3 (veda_titles.doc)

4 Caturådhyåyikå) e. Atharvaveda-Pråti åkhya (or aunakîyå- 2. Later Works a. Åpi åli- ikßå b. Bhåradvåja- ikßå c. Kauhalîya- ikßå d. Nåradîyå- ikßå e. Påñinîya- ikßå f. ai irîya- ikßå g. Vyåsa- ikßå h. Sarvasaµmata- ikßå i. Måñ üki- ikßå j. Pratij a-sütra k. Chandra-Sütra B. Kalpa-Sütras Ritual Practice Veda 1. rauta-sütra-s Aphorisms describing the rituals in the a. Those belonging to the gveda-saµhitå 1) Å valåyana- rautasütra 2) å khåyana- rautasütra b. Those belonging to the Såmaveda-saµhitå 1) Lå yåyana- rautasütra 2) Dråhyåyana- rautasütra 3) Jaiminîya- rautasütra 4) Ma aka-kalpasütra (= Arßeyakalpa) c. Those belonging to the Yajurveda 1) Taittirîya School 4 (veda_titles.doc)

5 a) Baudhåyana- rautasütra b) Bhåradvåja- rautasütra c) Åpastamba- rautasütra d) Satyåßå ha-hirañyake i- rautasütra e) Vaikhånasa- rautasütra 2) Maitråyanî School a) Månava- rautasütra b) Våråha- rautasütra 3) Kå haka School a) Kå haka- rautasütra (fragment) 4) White Yajus School a) Kåtyåyana- rautasütra d. Those belonging to the Atharvaveda-saµhitå rituals) 1) Vaitåna-Sütra 2) Kau ika-sütra (combines rauta and G hya 2. G hya Sütra-s Aphorisms describing domestic rituals a. Agnive ya-g hyasütra (Taittirîya School) b. Åpastamba-G hyasütra (Taittirîya School) c. Å valåyana-g hyasütra ( gveda åkala) d. Baijavåpa-G hyasütra (White Yajurveda School) e. Baudhåyana-G hyasütra (Taittirîya School) f. Bhåradvåja-G hyasütra (Taittirîya School) g. Dråhyåyana-G hyasütra (Såmaveda School) h. Gobhila-G hyasütra (Såmaveda School: used by both the Kauthuma-s and Råñayañîya-s) i. Hirañyake i-g hyasütra (Taittirîya School) j. Jaiminîya-G hyasütra (Såmaveda School: Jaiminîya) 5 (veda_titles.doc)

6 Kauthuma) k. Kå haka-g hyasütra l. Kau ika-g hyasütra (Atharvaveda School) m. Kauthuma-G hyasütra (Såmaveda School: n. Khådira-G hyasütra (Såmaveda School: Råñayañîya) o. Lå yåyana-g hyasütra (?) p. Laugåkßi-G hyasütra (may be = to the Kå haka- G hyasütra) q. Månava-G hyasütra (White Yajus School: Mådhyaµdina recension) r. Påraskara-G hyasütra (White Yajus School: Mådhyaµdina recension) s. å khåyana-g hyasütra (( gveda Båßkala) t. aunaka-g hyasütra (may be = to Å valåyana) u. Vaikhånasa-G hyasütra (Taittirîya School) v. Våraha-G hyasütra (White Yajus School: Mådhyaµdina recension) 3. Additional works attached to the Kalpa-Sütras a. Attached to the rauta-sütras are sutras that give directions and rules for the measurement and building of the fire altars and sacrificial sites. These are called ulva- [sulva- measuring cord ] or ulba- Sütras. Some of the individual Sütras of this genre are the following: 1) Åpastamba - ulbasütra 2) Kåtyåyana- ulbasütra 3) Baudhåyana- ulbasütra b. Closely related to the G hyasütra are more specialized texts containing instructions for honoring the dead subsequent to the funeral proper ( råddha) and honoring the ancestors (pit medha). Such works are entitled råddha-kalpas (or -sütras) and Pit medha sütras respectively. Examples of such works are as follows: 1) Gautama- råddhakalpa 2) Kåtyåyana- råddhakalpa 3) Månava- råddhakalpa 6 (veda_titles.doc)

7 4) Paippalåda- råddhakalpa 5) Baudhåyana-Pit medhasütra 6) Hirañyake i-pit medhasütra 7) Gautama-Pit medhasütra 4. Dharma-Sütra-s Aphorisms on dharma or duty-lawcustom-usage. In all probability these works arose in close association with the Kalpa Sütras, especially the G hyasütra-s. Examples of these works are: Vißñu-Sm ti) a. Åpastamba-Dharmasütra b. Baudhåyana-Dharmasütra c. Gautama-Dharmasütra d. Hårîta-Dharmasütra e. Pai hînasi-dharmasütra f. a khalikhita-dharmasütra g. Vaikhånasa-Dharmasütra h. Vaißñava-Dharmasütra (Vißñu-Dharmasütra and i. Våsiß ha-dharmasütra 5. The Pari iß a-s Addenda are works attached to the rautasütra-s and G hyasütra-s. They provide additional information on the rites. These as well as the Prayoga-s Manuals, Paddhati-s Outlines, and Kårikå-s Brief versified statements on the ritual are post-vedic. As such, they are not strictly part of the Kalpa-vedå ga. To these works might be added the Indices or Anukramañî-s. C. Vyåkaraña Grammar No early grammatical works of a purely Vedå ga nature exist. By that I mean there is no grammar describing the Vedic language. A fairly late work (fourth or fifth century BCE) does exist that amounts to the culmination of linguistic science up to that time: the Aß ådhyåyî of Påñini. Tradition also assigns several works that are connected to the grammar. Examples are the iva- or Pratyåhåra-sütras, which are phonetic indices and references; the Dhåtu-på ha Lists of Roots ; and the Gaña-på ha List of Word-Groups. The earliest commentary on the Sütras of Påñini is the Kå ikåv tti, dated not earlier than the seventh century BCE. 7 (veda_titles.doc)

8 D. Nirukta Etymology The only surviving nirukta is the one composed by Yåska. His etymological speculations and commentaries are based upon the words contained within the Nighañ u-s Collections of Word-lists (divided in five sections), extracted from the Saµhitå-s, particularly the gveda-saµhitå. E. Chandas Meter 1. Chanda-Sütra of Pi gala (post-vedic) 2. Nidåna-Sütra (Såmaveda School) F. Jyotißa Astronomy 1. Jyoti a-vedå ga (or Vedå ga-jyotißa). 8 (veda_titles.doc)

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