October St. Alban s Church Newsletter Copenhagen

Transcription

1 October 2009 St. Alban s Church Newsletter Copenhagen

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3 4th HARVEST FESTIVAL Holy Communion 9.00 Joel Sung Eucharist Timothy Matthew th EIGHTEENTH AFTER TRINITY Holy Communion 9.00 Amos 5 6, 7, Sung Eucharist Hebrews Mark th NINETEENTH AFTER TRINITY Holy Communion 9.00 Isaiah Sung Eucharist Hebrews Mark th 25th Summer Time ends Clocks go back at 2.00 a.m. 25th LAST SUNDAY AFTER TRINITY Jeremiah Sung Eucharist Hebrews Mark NOV. ALL SAINTS DAY Isaiah Sung Eucharist Revelation John NOTES: WEDNESDAY SERVICE Holy Communion SUNDAY SCHOOL meets every Sunday at COFFEE and refreshments are served after the Sunday Service. CHOIR PRACTICE takes place every Sunday morning before the Sung Eucharist. New choir members are always welcome. Contact Peter Rohling:

4 Jonathan writes... It was a wonderful moment when clergy and congregation prayed The Lord's Prayer in our various mother tongues at the Institution Service on 12 September. For a moment before the service (as I met a vestry full of Swedes, Finns, Danes, Norwegians, Icelandic and British in a variety of clerical vestments) I stopped to reflect and pray. How wonderful it is that the years of war between us are over, and here we are in 2009 praying and celebrating together, and working for God's future. The great hymn "Lord for the Years" that started the service still rings in my ears "past put behind us, for the future take us; Lord of our lives, to live for Christ alone." It was a special honour to have with us the new Bishop of Copenhagen, Peter Skov Jakobsen. Peter is a good friend of England and St Alban's Church, and worked in Hull for ten years. I represented you at his consecration at Copenhagen Cathedral on 30 August, a wonderful service attended by the Royal Family and televised live. The links between the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark and the Church of England are strong, and I thank God for all we can share and learn from each other. My first two months here have been exciting and very enjoyable. I thank you all for the warmth of your welcome. St Alban's Church is a special place and I feel honoured to have been called by God to be your Chaplain. As we enter autumn and winter, there is much to do to prepare ourselves for a very different Advent this year. It will be an Advent we share with tens of thousands of visitors coming to COP15. It is estimated that 2/3 of the people coming to COP15 will be people of religious faith, and that half of those 2/3 will be Christians. As we open our doors

5 for our COP15 friends of all faiths and none, I pray that St Alban's will be a sanctuary of stillness and prayer, a place of welcome and hospitality, a place of encounter and sharing. I am delighted that we will be joined by a team of Franciscans on duty at the church every day supporting me to provide a chaplaincy team - Brother Colin Wilfred SSF from Canterbury, Brother Hugh SSF from Hilfield Friary in Dorset, Sister Joyce CSF from London, Brother Clark Berge SSF from San Francisco, and the Revd Tony Rutherford from Kent, England. Some people have asked me "Does it feel like you have hit the ground running?" No, I am trying to hit the ground praying. Please pray for all those involved in COP15. COP15 has the opportunity to change the world. Please pray that this opportunity will be grasped. Thank you again for your welcome, and for all you do for God here at St Alban's Church and in your lives and work. God bless, Jonathan Dates for your diaries To help with forward planning, we have some dates for your diaries: Saturday 3 October Sunday 4 October Friday 9 October Sunday 8 November Saturday 28 November Sunday 20 December Monday 21 December Harvest Lunch Harvest Festival Kulturnat Remembrance Sunday Sung Eucharist Remembrance Service Mini-retreat Godly Desiring (see article this newsletter) Carol Service Carol service Newsletter news Articles in this newsletter do not necessarily represent the views or policy of the Chaplaincy Council or Chaplain of St Alban's Church, and are written in a personal capacity. Comments from readers are welcome. The next Newsletter will be the November 2009 issue. The deadline for material to reach me is 15 October. You are most welcome to submit material by to newsletter@st-albans.dk or write to: Charles Robson, Bøgevej 3, 2900 Hellerup. Tel.:

6 Bible study group The Bible Study Group will restart soon. Please keep an eye on the weekly news sheet at church for details of dates. Kulturnat This year s Kulturnat is on Friday 9 October. St Alban s will be open for visitors with kulturnat passes from Our theme this year is The Earth is the Lord s (Psalm 24 verse 1). We have an exciting programme and you will be able to see exhibits, displays and artistic performances that relate to the theme. The bells will be rung before the hour announcing the performances at Skovserballetten ballet school Danish Hildegard Ensemble Quartet of Harps Organ recital by Susanne Thesbjerg Compline We hope that you will be able to join us on the evening and look forward to welcoming you. More detailed information is on the noticeboard or on our website Change of address: Sally Budde-Lund has moved to: Ordrup Vænge 122D 2920 Charlottenlund Her phone number has stayed the same. If you want to drop by, please call first.

7 Announcing a mini-retreat GODLY DESIRING What do you want? This question asked by Jesus in the Gospels receives various answers, for example "Show us where you live", "To receive my sight". And if we were to give these answers, would we really want what the words ask for? Would we really want to live where Jesus lives, in the constant presence of his Father, or are we just tourists asking for a quick peep before moving on? Would we really want to see clearly with the eye of the Spirit, or is it more comfortable to stay with the familiar blur of our conflicting desires so nothing much need change? Perhaps we don't know what we want really, truly, deeply. Normality for many of us consists in meeting the wants of others or trying to live up to some image of our "better self" and often feeling defeated by our failure to do either. All this is natural and human and there's a lot of it about! and it can include much goodness, selfdenial and generosity. But perhaps it is what the poet has called "living and partly living". What might "life abundant" look like if freed from the escapist fantasies most of us entertain when our "partly living" becomes too wearisome? Prayer can be a way of exploring our desires, it can be a safe place to do this when the going gets rough, it can open out on to perspectives we had never dreamt of. "Prayer enlarges our desire until it receives God's desire for us. In prayer we grow big enough to house God's desire for us, which is the Holy Spirit." (Ann & Barry Ulanov, "Primary Speech: a psychology of prayer", p.20.) What do we want? What do we treasure? "Where your treasure is, there will your heart be also." This day will be an opportunity for noticing what absorbs our heart-energy; for gently exploring what we really want, long for, desire, for yielding to the promptings of God's desire. Brief reflections will be offered as a way into silence in which personal prayer can find its own language, and the mini-retreat will close with a short act of worship together. Welcome. Date: 28 November 2009, Place: In church Price: 120 kr. (Anyone wanting to take part who finds this difficult should have a word with the Chaplain) Further information: A folder with an enrolment slip can be found in the entrance to the church. Advent is the time when we look forward to the coming of the One who is called "the Desire of all nations". What might Christmas be like if that were our desire, too?! John Nicholson

8 God at work in Zambia It s a long story. My sister was HIV positive so I was taking her to the clinic and I was meeting different people who are HIV positive. After she dies, I feel like God is telling me to continue encouraging those people because some of them are alone, rejected by their families. So I visit these people, cook and clean for them, help them to know Jesus and show them that there is someone who loves them. This summer I spent a month in Zambia with one of Tearfund s partners, the Jubilee Centre, doing research for my dissertation about their homebased care activities for people living with HIV/AIDS. And that s when I go to my pastor and say, when my sister was sick I was meeting these people and so now I visit them and care for them. After that, the Jubilee Centre comes in and we get together with the churches in our community and I share about my vision. They decide to adopt it because they feel called to it too. It s not easy because sometimes when I visit someone, I feel like I am broken, so I feel like I want to stop doing this. Sometimes we can t understand when we find someone who is very sick with no one to look after them. But I feel like I must continue and every time I pray to God for strength. So I feel good, and I thank God because now we are thirteen churches and I m coordinating those churches, all from that vision. Grace, home- based care coordinator The Jubilee Centre, a Zambian Christian NGO, works with the poorest communities around the copperbelt city of Ndola where unemployment can be as high as 95% and where the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is officially around 20% but could easily be several times higher. With this in mind, I arrived not being quite sure what to expect, but the thing that struck me most during my time there was the tremendous dignity of the people I met, and their unswerving hope in God despite all the difficult circumstances they face everyday. I was really inspired by the faith of the Jubilee Centre staff and their infectious enthusiasm. Every morning we would spend half an hour together with songs, a lively Bible study and prayers for each other and for the Jubilee Centre s activities. I was really challenged by how they persistently and expectantly, but with great humility, seek God s guidance for their activities and commit everything they do to Him. It was a privilege to spend a month with such a passionate and friendly group of people, from different churches and denominations, who are working together so effectively and lovingly to serve these poor communities.

9 During my time in Ndola I accompanied some home-based care volunteers visiting people living with HIV/AIDS in Mapalo and Chifubu. Many of the people who we visited were very ill, but it was so encouraging to see how pleased they were to be visited regularly by the volunteers. On the other hand, it was really frustrating to find that although anti-retroviral drugs are now being provided universally and free of charge, many of the people we visited were unable to adhere to their treatment simply due to a lack of food. Because anti-retroviral drugs must be taken with food, a major challenge is nutritional support and it was heartbreaking to see these people suffering despite finally having access to potentially life-saving treatment. While the Jubilee Centre is doing a great job distributing food on a monthly basis, they have limited resources, so people invariably still go hungry. During my time with the Jubilee Centre I also had the opportunity to sit down with many of the home-based care volunteers and hear about their experiences. It was really special to meet these volunteers, most of them women, Sometimes we have nothing but we just go and encourage them. We re still trusting God and we have faith that God will change things. As we continue to visit them, they also increase their faith. Prisca, home- based care volunteer who are giving so much of their time, energy and the very little they have to care for the sick in their communities. The volunteers themselves face challenges as they struggle to feed their families while continuing to visit people, so the Jubilee Centre is supporting them with microloans for businesses. It was so exciting to hear how some of the people who had been visited by the volunteers when they were sick are doing much better now due to the anti-retroviral drugs and have even become volunteers themselves! Others who are being visited are growing in their faith or starting to go to church for the first time. In these and many other ways, the volunteers are seeing God at work in their communities as hearts change, stigma starts to break down and more people come to church, having been cared for and loved by the volunteers. Do you know what I want? I want justice - oceans of it. I want fairness - rivers of it. That s what I want. That s all I want. Amos 5:24 (The Message) As I reflect on all that I experienced during my time in Zambia, I m left with a sense of excitement about how God is working through the Jubilee Centre with the volunteers in their communities. I m also inspired, challenged and encouraged to consider how I can continue to be part of all this. Please join with me in praying for the Jubilee Centre, the volunteers and the people living with HIV/AIDS in Mapalo and Chifubu. For more info about the Jubilee Centre or Tearfund you can go to or Tearfund have lots of great resources including booklets, short films and prayer diaries concerning social justice issues including HIV/AIDS. There are so many ways you can get involved, from praying and giving to getting out there and serving! Laura Robson

10 BJØRN S INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL Bjørn s International School is a small and friendly school in Copenhagen, offering a quality education for children from 6 to 16 years of age. Students from throughout the world attend Bjørn s International School and follow either an English or Danish curriculum. Bjørn s International School is partially subsidized by the state and adheres to the national standards and qualifications for schools in Denmark. Those students who plan to live in Denmark for at least four years and enroll in the Danishspeaking Department will receive an education that follows the Danish School Curriculum. Upon graduating from Bjørn s International School, students in the English-speaking Department will have followed the curriculum requirements of the IGSE (International General Certificate of Secondary Education). The students will have had the opportunity of taking the IGCSE examinations in up to six subjects (English, Maths, Science, Geography, History, and Art and Design). The Danish and English departments are frequently combined so there is constant interaction between the students in both departments. Please feel free to contact the school and arrange a time for a visit. We would be happy to answer your questions and show you the school. Address: Bjørn s International School Gartnerivej Copenhagen Ø Phone: (country code 45) Fax: (country code 45) School Leader: Pia Drabowicz

11 Youth Voice addresses the UN ahead of COP15 At the inaugural session at the UN Climate Change Summit in New York in September, a 13 year-old schoolgirl addressed world leaders, representing the children and youth of the world. Her speech came amid promises of increased commitment to change from world leaders including Chinese President Hu Jintau, US President Obama and the new Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama. Yugratna Srivastava appealed to the world s leaders to do more to combat the effects of climate change by asking, Is this what we are going to give our future generations? An extract from the speech: I am 13 years young Yugratna from the organisation Tarumitra, meaning Friends of Trees, which is an NGO of 1600 high schools and involved in promoting environmental awareness. I feel privileged to represent children and youth, 3 billion of the world s population, in this Summit on Climate Change. I am so much concerned about climate change because I don t want our future generations to question us just as I am questioning the need of more concrete action on climate change today. We received a clean and healthy planet from our ancestors and we are giving a damaged one to our successors? Is there any justice in this? We need to call for an action now. We have to protect the earth not just for us but for our future generations. If not here then where, if not now then when and if not us then who? I just want to ask all the world leaders two questions: 1. Do environmental problems recognize any geographical or political boundaries and age groups? My answer is certainly no. This is why we have the UN to talk each other about these issues. I request you to please include the voices of children and youth in all your decisions. 2. If national security and peace, and economic growth are priorities, then why not climate change? I know that you all are great leaders but overall we all are humans. We all have a kind heart. I am sure that UN negotiations at Copenhagen this year will end with recommendations for good of humanity and they have to. Whatever has happened in the past is over. We just have present and future in our hands. Let s act in the present to secure our future. We have one mother earth: care it and share it. Mahatma Gandhi said Earth has enough to satisfy everyone s need but no one s greed. A bird can fly in air, a fish can swim in water, a leopard can run far faster, but we the humans have been supernaturally gifted with mind a capability to think, change and reform so come on, let us all use these abilities to save our birthplace our home... our mother earth! Thank you! New York - 22 September 2009

12 The Rainbow People of God Copenhagen Cathedral during World Outgames photographed by Ann-Mari Berg Copenhagen has recently hosted the second World Outgames, an Olympics-style sporting event aimed primarily at the gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender community, which also included a large cultural and political programme. Over 5000 sports people from all over the world, as well as hundreds of onlookers, came to Copenhagen for this important week-long event. Naturally there was also a religious element planned to World Outgames, and Copenhagen Cathedral generously opened its doors throughout the week and held services every day during the event. One of these services was a Mass Blessing Service which Karen and Nigel attended. Why did we wish to go to this service? We wanted to physically manifest our Christian belief that God s love is not limited, as ours is, and that his grace embraces all humanity equally when we open ourselves to him. Where two people love each other in a balanced loving relationship God is present. We also wanted to show our support for change within the church, the political system and society as a whole towards a full acceptance of people who are by nature different from the majority. Discrimination is not of God and undermines each person it affects, as well as humanity itself. Desmond Tutu, Archbishop and human rights activist, has devoted much of his life to fighting discrimination and has lent his name to the fight against homophobia in Africa and around the world. He stated at the launch of the book Sex, love and homophobia that homophobia is a crime against humanity and every bit as unjust as apartheid. He added that We struggled against apartheid in South Africa, supported by people the world over, because black people were being blamed and made to suffer for something we could do nothing about; our very skins... It is the same with sexual orientation. It is a given. As we approached the cathedral, we were greeted by the sound of Amazing Grace being played on bagpipes, a loud proclamation of welcome God s amazing grace for everyone. We walked up the steps to the Cathedral and the three very large Roman-style columns on either side of the big wooden double entrance doors were covered from top to bottom in the six colours of the gay and lesbian pride flag (or rainbow/freedom flag).

13 The congregation was made up of people from all over the globe and therefore the service was held mainly in English. It was kept very simple in style, and the blessings (in English, Danish, German or French) that were the heart of the service were naturally offered to couples or individuals irrespective of sexual orientation. The blessings were very personal and everyone was mentioned by name, moving almost all those being blessed to tears and which in turn deeply touched most of those sitting in the congregation. Rev. Signe Malene Berg, a priest based at the Cathedral who took part in the service, said afterwards of the experience Here was a sense that the Gospel message reached in equal measure into the mind, heart and body the Gospel became real, useful and relevant and answered a craving to both hear and receive it. As a believer I was left with the feeling that faith works that faith is a resource that can redeem and make life bearable again. This is all very well, but doesn t the Bible say that being gay or lesbian is wrong and indeed sinful? Some think they can read this from several Old and New Testament texts but many others, including biblical scholars, dispute this assertion and say that the texts cannot, and must not, be read literally using our own time and culture as a reference point, but that they have to be understood in the context and time frame in which they were written. There is however also a positive gay depiction in the Bible. The icon to the left portrays a famous couple from the bible, David and Jonathan. Many consider it likely they had a loving relationship which was thwarted from the start by Jonathan s father Saul, the first king of Israel. The story in the Bible shows some of the pain the couple endured - just as many gay couples unfortunately still endure today. Just as Christ reinterpreted Old Testament passages and warned against fundamentalism, so we and the world must not let a few often misunderstood and incorrectly interpreted texts from the Bible corrupt Christianity and its essential message of love and of God s saving grace. Finally, some further reflections from one of Desmond Tutu s many writings, God has a dream. At home in South Africa, I have sometimes said in big meetings where you have different races together, Raise your hands! Then I ve said, Move your hands! and Look at your hands different colours representing different people. You are the rainbow people of God. The rainbow in the Bible is the sign of peace. The rainbow is the sign of prosperity. In our world we want peace, prosperity and justice, and we can have it when all the people of God, the rainbow people of God, work together. Whether a man loves a woman or another man, or a woman loves a man or another woman, to God it is all love, and God smiles whenever we recognize our need for one another. Karen de Roepstorff and Nigel Rowley

14 Auction of promises 2010 Promises are beginning to come in now, but there is still room for more. Here you can see which promises we have already received. Lot no. Promise Donor 1 5 hours driving (not necessarily all in one Rosemary Bohr go) 2 Dinner for 2/4 with music from New Year Edith Elwert concert 3 Homemade jewelry Britta Nielsen 4 B&B + tour of Bere Regis church Peter Wharf 5 1 days gardening Chris Osborne 6 1 days gardening John Shennan 7 1 week at Virginia summer house Susan Thomas 8 Bed & Breakfast for 2 people (1 night) Kenneth & Marion Clarke 9 Holmegaard glass vase Claire Clausen 10 Electric juicer (new) John Harris 11 Bottle of Irish Whisky Anne-Marie Sweeney 12 1 hour Pilates session Rachel Harris If you wish to donate something, then please send an to auction@st-albans.dk with the following information: Your promise (including any explanatory details) Your name and contact details ( and/or telephone number) Approximate value of the promise (if possible) If you can attach a photo, we would appreciate it. You can also fill in these details on a form on the notice board in the narthex (where you will also find a more up-to-date list of the current promises) or you can contact Pauleen Bang or Claire Clausen in church. If you haven't already noted this in your diary, Please note the date: Friday 5 February 2010 (in the evening). The venue will be St. Ansgar s Parish Hall on Bredgade (5 minutes from St Albans). The event will be open to members of the congregation, their family and friends. Chris and Nini Leigh have volunteered to be the "bar staff" for the auction, but we need more helpers. If you are willing to take on one of the following roles, please contact one of us: photographer(s), food preparer(s), shopper(s). Please help us to make this event at least as successful as it was last time. We look forward to hearing from you. Pauleen Bang and Claire Clausen

15 Registrar s report Baptisms 16 August 2009 TERRELL QUENTIN MWEMDANDO GEORGE MHINA Son of Mercy George Mhina and Mads Emil Peick 30 August 2009 SOPHIE FREDERIKKE STANTON ESTHER ISABELLA STANTON Twin daughters of Regina Schou Stanton and Alexander Michael Stanton Weddings 5 September 2009 EMMA VICTORIA SIVELL and STUART JOHN STEVENS LUISE TATMAN-MADSEN and PAUL DAVID TATMAN-MADSEN 12 September 2009 LUCIE ELIZABETH MAY EVENDEN and BRIAN HOLST LYKKE PAULSEN

16 Godly Play Training Day On Saturday 19 September, 14 of us met in the upstairs Godly Play room for a training session. We were very pleased to welcome back Peter Privett who first came out in summer 2006 to lead the day. Peter started by asking us why we were there and what we hoped to learn from the day. Those of us who have been storytellers/doorpersons in the last three years identified areas that we needed strengthening on and those who had not been involved before, including Jonathan and Julian, were keen to learn and see this part of the ministry. Peter led us through two very different stories, each one followed by "wondering" in which the children explore the different layers of the story. Wondering is of special importance in Godly Play and allows the children to identify with the spiritual themes presented by the storyteller. Godly Play is not about imparting knowledge but rather about helping the children to find their own answers. Being a storyteller is a very rewarding experience but it also challenges even the most experienced of us. Leading the wondering teaches us there is no right or wrong response and in the wondering it is often the children who end up teaching us. The Sunday School storytellers and doorpersons would like to thank the Council and congregation for supporting us with this training session and we were very glad that Peter Privett was able to share his enthusiasm and experience for Godly Play with the whole congregation when he preached on Sunday. Thank you from the Sunday School team Cannonballs 125 g oatmeal (havregryn) 100 g butter 100 g sugar (refined) 25 g cocoa Drops of rum or whisky, plus a cup of strong coffee Mix the lot with your hands until it becomes a compact mass, then roll the mass into a long sausage and cut it into 3-5 cm slices, then roll the slices into balls. Bon appétit. Peter Sonne

17 Autumn and reading Autumn and reading are like brother and sister. Autumn is just around the corner and so are the dark hours, the time for reading books. I have just finished reading a good book, which I would like to recommend to those who are interested in spiritual life in the Middle Ages. The title is The book of Margery Kempe (Penguin Classics). It is the story of the eventful life of Margery Kempe (1373 c. 1440), mother, businesswoman, pilgrim and visionary, who gave birth to fourteen children. Peter Sonne Ode to the humble potato, a uniquely Potato holiday? As we mark the beginning of October by celebrating our harvest festival, the old Danish kartoffelferie approaches, when school children and many adults used to get a holiday to help with the potato harvest. Nutritious, delicious and endlessly versatile, the potato is one of the most important vegetables in Europe, as shown in Belarus where the average person consumes 338kg potatoes per year! To highlight its role in ensuring food security and eradicating poverty, the UN designated 2008 as the International Year of the Potato. The versatility of the potato is shown by its impact on European cuisine, so many countries have traditional potato dishes, for example, biksemad, patatas bravas, rösti, tatty scones, gratin dauphinois, chips, fried potato skins and many more. After selecting the right potato for the job, a little attention to detail during preparation can transform the humble spud into a gastronomic experience that is hard to beat. Boiled, mashed, creamed, baked, roasted, fried or sautéed, the potato can be presented in many ways, be it as the main part of a dish or as an accompaniment. As winter and the kartoffelferie approaches, if you would like to share a favourite potato dish, please get in touch with editor. A traditional Scottish family favourite of ours is Tatty scones 250 g floury potatoes, peeled 1 teaspoon salt 25g butter 50g flour Cook potatoes in boiling salted water for about 20 mins, drain and mash. Add salt and butter and work in flour to give stiff mixture. Turn onto a floured board, knead and roll out to 0.5cm thick. Cut into triangles or cut into rounds. Cook on a hot greased griddle or in a flat pan for 4 5 minutes each side, until golden brown. Serve hot spread with butter. Cold cooked potatoes can also be used in this recipe.

18 The three kinds of giving Grudge giving, Duty giving and Thanksgiving. Grudge giving says I hate to, Duty giving says I ought to, and Thanksgiving says I want to. The first comes from constraint, The second from a sense of obligation, The third from a full heart. Peter Sonne All Hallows Eve, October 31 Modern Hallowe en celebrations have their roots with the Celtic peoples of pre- Christian times. In those long-ago days, on the last night of October the Celts celebrated the Festival of Samhain or Summer s End. The priests, or Druids, performed ceremonies to thank and honour the sun. However, there was a very dark side to all this, because Samhain also signalled the onset of winter, a time when it was feared that unfriendly ghosts, nature-spirits and witches roamed the earth, creating mischief. So the Druid priests lit great bonfires and performed magic rites to ward off or appease these dark supernatural powers. Then the Romans arrived, and brought their Harvest Festival which honoured the Goddess Pomona with gifts of apples and nuts. The two festivals slowly merged. When Christianity arrived still later, it began to replace the Roman and Druid religions. 1 November All Saints Day was dedicated to all Christian martyrs and saints who had died. It was called All Hallows Day. The evening before became an evening of prayer and preparation and was called All Hallows Eve, The Holy Evening, later shortened to Hallowe en. For many centuries, however, fear of the supernatural remained strong. During the Middle Ages, animal costumes and frightening masks were worn to ward off the evil spirits of darkness on Hallowe en. Magic words and charms were used to keep away bad luck, and it was widely believed that witches rode about on broomsticks. Fortune-telling was popular, and predicting the future by the use of nuts and apples was so popular that Hallowe en is still sometimes known as Nutcrack Night or Snap- Apple Night.

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