Index. in this web service Cambridge University Press

Transcription

1 Adam Marsh, friar and theologian, 294 Agnellus of Pisa, friar, 103, 185 Agnes, niece of Salimbene, in the convent of St Clare in Parma, 106 Agnes of Favarone (formerly Catherine), sister of St Clare, 116, 118, 125 Agnes of Harcourt, biographer of Isabelle of France and abbess of Longchamp, 214, 216, 219, 222, 293 Agnes of Prague, correspondent of St Clare, 123 Albert of Pisa, minister provincial and minister general, 75, 112, 161, 174 Alexander IV, pope, 122, 124, 213, 214. See Rainaldo dei Segni, cardinal protector Alexander of Hales, friar and theologian, 67, 209 al-malik-al-kâmil, sultan of Egypt, xiv, 27, 30, 31, 46, 70, 72, 80, 110, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 210, 242, 243, 255, 290, 291, 292 André de Longjumeau, Dominican, 228 Angela of Foligno, member of the Third Order or tertiary, 11, 143, 156, 157, 158, 199, 206, 293 Angelo Clareno, friar and chronicler, 97, 252, 259, 260, 261, 289, 293, 296 Angelo of Rieti, companion of St Francis, 43, 48, 74, 76, 85, 91, 255 Anglican. See Church of England Anselm, theologian and archbishop of Canterbury, 10, 34, 43, 48, 49, 166 Anthony of Lisbon or Padua, friar and popular preacher, xv, 14, 64, 73, 94, 98, 135, 165, 168, 171, 172, 175 Antony of Egypt, 71 Aquinas, Thomas, Dominican theologian, 150, 157 Armstrong, Regis, J., friar and historian, x, xiii, 82 Ascelin, Dominican, 227, 229, 233 Assisi churches and religious institutions: the cathedral of San Rufino and its canons, 9, 42, 53, 117 San Benedetto on Monte Subasio, 53, 57 San Damiano, xv, 2, 9, 20, 44, 46, 53, 56, 77, 80, 81, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126 San Francesco, the basilica, xv, 2, 39, 51, 63, 74, 77, 156, 185, 198 San Giorgio and its piazza, xv, 7, 38, 42, 69, 70, 122, 166 San Gregorio, 13 San Nicolò, xiv, 38, 70 San Rufino dell Arce and its hospice, 53 Santa Maria degli Angeli, xiv, xv, 2, 7, 20, 31, 37, 38, 57, 58, 62, 69, 72, 79, 80, 117, 121, 127, 149, 178, 180, 184,

2 299 Sant Angelo in Panzo, 118 Santo Stefano, 136 Guido I, bishop of Assisi, 2, 40, 42, 53, 77, 129, 147 Guido II, bishop of Assisi, 46, 116, 117, 119 Podestà, Oportulo di Bernardo, 46 Rivo Torto, 38, 41, 178 Rocca maggiore, 18 Athanasius, Life of Antony, 71 Augustine of Hippo, bishop and doctor of the Church, 8, 57, 58 Augustinian Canons, 243 Austin Friars, 181, 182 Avignon, papal court and friary, 78, 254, 259, 260, 262, 265, 267, 270, 271, 297 Bacon, Roger, 142, 143, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 229, 233, 238 Bartholomew of Cremona, friar, 228, 232, 247 Bastia, San Paolo delle Abbadesse, 58, 117, 118 Batu, Mongol khan, 245, 248, 249 Beatrice of Favarone, sister of St Clare, 116 Benedict, friar and companion of John of Piano Carpini, 229, 233, 245 Benedict of Nursia, monk, 8, 57, 58, 71, 166, 243 Benedictines, 58, 117, 120, 187, 263, 270 Bernard of Clairvaux, abbot of Clairvaux, 34, 39, 48, 49, 57, 58, 166 Bernard of Quintavalle, friar, xiv, 9, 20, 38, 54, 75, 97, 107, 111, 180, 240 Bertrand de la Tour, friar and cardinal bishop of Frascati, 264, 269, 271, 297 Blanche of Castile, queen of France, 209, 217 Bologna, city and university, 38, 97, 120, 165, 180, 181, 254 Bonagrazia of Bergamo, friar and canonist, 259, 260, 262, 264, 265, 268, 269 Bonaventure Berlinghieri, artist, 9 Bonaventure of Bagnoregio (1217x21 74), biographer, theologian and cardinal bishop of Albano, xvi, 10, 68, 78, 81, 85, 86, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 124, 143, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, 158, 161, 162, 164, 166, 178, 181, 190, 191, 192, 211, 212, 214, 215, 218, 222, 292, 293, 294, 296 Boniface VIII, pope, 189, 259, 263 Bougerol, Jacques, friar and historian, 222 Brooke, Rosalind B., historian, 13, 34, 48, 87, 91, 99, 191, 289, 292 Caesar of Speyer, friar and missionary in Germany, 105, 182, 242 Cambridge, friary and university, 184, 186, 274, 277, 282, 295, 296 Canterbury, Franciscan friary, 104, 182 Capetian sanctity. See Chapter 13 Carmelites, 181, 182 Cathars/Albigensians, 130, 135, 144, 167, 196. See heresy Celestine V, pope, 259, 263 Cenci, Cesare, friar and historian, 83, 98, 99 Charles of Anjou, count of Provence and king of Sicily, 219, 220 Chesterton, G. K., 37, 291 China, Franciscan missions. See Chapter 15 Chinggis Khan, 224, 229 Chronicle of the 24 Generals, 135, 141, 192, 255, 256 Church of England/Anglican Church, 13, 273, 274, 276, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 297 Cistercians, 4, 58, 59, 120 Cities and the friars ministry. See Chapter 11 Clare di Favarone di Offreduccio, abbess of San Damiano, xiv, xvi, 9, 24, 38, 42, 44, 56, 58, 75, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 173, 207, 214, 215, 289, 292. See Chapter 7

3 300 Clement IV, pope, 153, 187, 193, 194 Clement V, pope, Exivi de paradiso, 258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 271 Collestrada, xiv, 1, 19, 20, 129 Crescentius da Jesi, minister general, 76, 79, 103 Dalarun, Jaques, historian, 78, 81, 82, 83, 174, 175 Damietta (Egypt), 12, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 134, 137, 211 Dante Alighieri, poet, 39, 49, 294 Dominic de Caleruega, founder of the Dominicans, 59 Dominicans, 43, 58, 86, 170, 172, 181, 182, 199, 210, 213, 216, 218, 225, 226, 228, 232, 233, 264 Douceline of Digne, 198, 220, 292 Edmund of Abingdon, theologian and then archbishop of Canterbury, 289 Edward I, king of England, 186, 253 Edward II, king of England, 219 Elias of Cortona, minister provincial in the Holy Land and minister general, 11, 26, 29, 69, 71, 73, 74, 75, 105, 107, 109, 110, 120, 123, 161, 174, 177, 242, 259 Elizabeth of Hungary, member of the Third Order or tertiary, 11, 14, 198, 283, 293, 294 England, 9, 161, 182, 185, 187, 219 Esser, Kajetan, friar and historian, xiii, 51, 67, 170, 171, 175, 176, 197, 205, 206, 288 Eudes of Rosny, friar and theologian, 211, 213, 214, 215 Eudes Rigaud, friar, master of theology and then archbishop of Rouen, 67, 209, 210, 211, 221, 294 Eustache (Eustace) of Arras, friar, 211, 212, 215 Feliciano, martyred bishop of Foligno, 2 fifth Crusade. See references to al-malik-al-kâmil, especially Chapter 8 Flood, David, friar and historian, 18, 27, 32, 51, 67, 176, 191, 197, 206, 290, 294 Florence, friary and city, 26, 120, 180, 188, 199 Foligno, city and churches, 2. See Angela of Foligno Fortini, Arnaldo, historian, 125, 141, 288 France, 25, 26, 27, 161, 182, 183, 184, 190, 196, 205, 208, 211, 221, 222, 263, 274, 275, 292 Francis of Assisi, Admonitions, 40, 42, 43, 46, 130, 131, 132, 139, 157, 165, 167, 169, 171, 290, 291 attitudes to learning. See Chapter 10 birth and early years, xiv, 18, 38 burial, 69, 74, 121, 122 canonisation, xv, 69, 72, 74, 122, 163 Canticle of the Creatures, 13, 31, 46, 47, 120, 138, 145, 146, 157 civil war, xiv, 1, 46 conversion, xiv, 43, 52, 70, 77, 147 death, xv, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 80, 121, 125 education, 69, 166 eucharistic piety, 45, 132, 139, 144, 145 Exhortation to the Praise of God, 145, 157 Lady Poverty, xvii, 39, 65, 66, 91, 129 Letter to Anthony of Padua, 165, 175 Letter to the Entire Order, 132, 138, 157 Letter to the Faithful, two versions, 3, 29, 36, 37, 39, 40, 45, 290 Letter to the Rulers of the Peoples, 46

4 301 life as a hermit, 53 military aspirations, 1 Office of the Passion, 167 Praises to be Said at All the Hours, 145, 157 preaching, 24, 28, 44, 45, 73, 97, 128, 130, 131, 147, 163, 198, 241. See Bologna prisoner of war held in Perugia, xiv, 19 respect for the Scriptures, 2, 86, 93 Rule or form of life approved by Innocent III, 21, 23, 24, 29, 42, 50, 51, 115, 168, 179, 290 Rule of 1221, xiv, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 41, 50, 53, 59, 66, 70, 76, 125, 130, 131, 137, 138, 140, 141, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, 176, 181, 242, 243, 244, 290 Rule of 1223, xiv, 5, 6, 8, 12, 32, 34, 36, 39, 41, 43, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 73, 77, 78, 79, 80, 84, 89, 91, 95, 98, 111, 123, 124, 133, 141, 163, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, 174, 176, 204, 244, 254, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 271, 272, 280 Rule for Hermitages, 41 Salutation of the Virtues, 169 stigmata of St Francis. See La Verna Testament, 8, 21, 35, 41, 42, 43, 45, 47, 52, 54, 56, 59, 62, 63, 66, 67, 70, 84, 129, 133, 157, 165, 170, 171, 172, 174, 193, 241 translation of his body to San Francesco, 73, 74, 77 Frederick II, emperor, 11, 30, 72, 107, 108, 187, 199, 245 Gautier (Walter) de Brienne, crusader, 1, 19, 129 general chapters of the Franciscan order: Assisi in 1217, 25 in 1219, 29, 109, 244 in 1220, 32, 110 in 1221, 29, 57, 62, 105 in 1222, 112 in 1227, 73 in 1230, 12, 32 Genoa in 1244, 76, 80, 103, 112 Lyons in 1247, 78 Narbonne in 1260, 161, 186 Paris in 1266, 81; in 1329, 271 Pisa in 1263, 93 Rome in 1239, 11, 75 Geoffrey of Brie, minister provincial of France, 210, 214 Gerard of Borgo San Donnino, friar, lector and controversialist, 213 Germany, 9, 25, 29, 70, 73, 104, 105, 110, 111, 181, 182, 183, 187, 205, 225, 229, 245, 274, 275, 292 Gilbert of Tournai, friar and theologian, 211, 212, 218, 222 Giles of Assisi, companion of St Francis, 20, 27, 38, 75, 164, 175, 240, 241, 243, 254, 255 Glassberger, Nicholas, friar and historian, 110 Gratien de Paris, historian, 165, 175, 288 Greccio, xiv, 24, 30, 70, 71, 76, 78, 128, 138, 139, 150 Gregory IX, xv, 7, 8, 11, 60, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72, 75, 77, 82, 105, 113, 121, 122, 123, 185, 199, 200, 224, 225, 245. SeeHugolino Gregory of Naples, minister provincial in France, 27 Gregory the Great, pope, 8, 71 Guido I, bishop of Assisi. See Assisi Guido II, bishop of Assisi. See Assisi Güyüg, Kaghan, 227, 228, 229, 230 Haymo of Faversham, minister provincial of England and minister general, 64, 93, 111, 174, 185 Henri d Avranches, poet and biographer, 82

5 302 Henry III, king of England, 107 heresy, 10, 59, 167, 168, 171, 195, 223, 262, 296. See Cathars/ Albigensians Holy Land, xiv, 24, 25, 26, 27, 30, 33, 106, 109, 116, 136, 137, 138, 139, 155, 228, 240 Honorius III, xiv, 11, 28, 30, 34, 58, 59, 60, 70, 73, 79, 110, 120, 123, 199, 244, 258 Hugh of Digne, minister provincial of Provence and celebrated preacher, 51, 198, 211 Hugolino dei Conti di Segni, cardinal protector and bishop of Ostia, xiv, xv, 7, 25, 26, 28, 29, 42, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 71, 120, 121, 123, 163, 199. See Gregory IX Humiliati (Umiliati), 167, 194, 195, 199, 289 Hungary, Hungarians, 27, 29, 182, 183, 235, 245 Illuminato, companion of St Francis, 46 Innocent III, pope, xiv, 5, 11, 21, 24, 43, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 58, 65, 70, 117, 119, 126, 130, 167, 195, 196, 243 Innocent IV, pope, 11, 12, 76, 107, 123, 124, 213, 224, 225, 226, 227, 230, 231, 232, 245, 247, 251, 256, 266. See Ordinem vestrum and Lyons, first council in 1245 Ireland, 102 Isabella of France, daughter of Philip IV and wife of Edward II of England, 219, 222, 295 Isabelle of France, the younger sister of Louis IX, 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 220, 222, 294 Jacopa (or Jacoba) dei Settesoli, lady, 24, 198 Jacopone da Todi, friar and poet, 164, 175, 293 Jacques de Vitry, bishop of Acre and then cardinal bishop of Frascati, 39, 119, 126, 127, 179, 191, 194, 198, 206 Jean de la Rochelle, second regent master in the friars school at Paris, 67, 209 Jeanne of Navarre, queen of France, 216 Jerusalem, 4, 24, 38, 138, 139, 155, 268 Jesus Christ, 3, 6, 22, 23, 25, 30, 31, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 51, 66, 69, 70, 71, 74, 80, 95, 112, 113, 116, 121, 122, 125, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 148, 153, 155, 156, 164, 168, 194, 196, 203, 233, 241, 243, 248, 249, 255, 258, 262, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 278 Joachim of Fiore, 9, 176, 290 John XXII, pope, 12, 201, 297. See Chapter 16 Ad conditorem, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271 Cum inter nonnullos, 268, 269, 270, 271 Quia nonnunquam, 266, 267 Quorundam exigit, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 270, 271 John Duns Scotus, friar known as the subtle doctor, 143, 153, 155, 157, 158, 294, 296 John of Montecorvino, friar and archbishop of Bejing, 253, 254, 257 John of Parma, minister general, 80, 83, 93, 112, 210, 220, 228 John of Piano Carpini (Plano or Pian di Carpine), friar and papal emissary, 11, 107, 225, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 245, 246, 247, 248, 254 John of St Paul, cardinal deacon of Santa Sabina, 42

6 303 John Parenti, minister general, 122, 174 John Paul II, pope, 46, 127, 140, 205 John the Simple, friar, 87, 97 Joinville, biographer of St Louis, 228, 237 Jordan of Giano, friar and chronicler, xvi, xvii, 9, 28, 29, 33, 73, 82, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 185, 192, 244, 255, 256, 293 Julian of Speyer, friar and biographer, 72, 73, 74, 77, 82, 93, 166, 209, 219, 221 Knowles, David, M., historian, 14, 42, 49, 288 La Verna and the stigmata of St Francis, xv, 24, 30, 31, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 79, 81, 112, 113, 128, 138, 139, 149, 277, 290 Lateran Council, fourth, held at Rome in November 1215, xiv, 24, 25, 42, 55, 56, 58, 119 Laurence of Portugal, friar, 245 Lawrence, C. H., historian, 5, 13, 221, 288, 289 Le Goff, Jacques, historian, 190, 192, 208, 289 Leo X, pope, 202, 204 Leo XIII, pope, 202, 203 Leo, companion of St Francis, 31, 34, 43, 48, 68, 74, 76, 78, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 99, 101, 102, 112, 173, 240, 241, 255, 289 Leo or Perego, friar and later archbishop of Milan, 64 Lepers and leper hospitals, 10, 20, 22, 27, 35, 36, 37, 47, 74, 130, 134, 141, 184 Little, Andrew George, Franciscan historian, 13, 293 London, city and friary, 112, 113, 182, 184, 185, 188, 190, 192, 219, 295 Louis IX, king of France, 11, 34, 107, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 235, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 257, 293, 294 Louis of Toulouse, bishop of Toulouse and canonised friar, 258 Ludwig of Bavaria, emperor, 269, 270 Lyons, city and the first council in 1245, 224, 226, 227. See Innocent IV second council of 1274, 252 Manselli, Raoul, historian, 164, 173, 175, 289 Mansueto of Castiglione Fiorentino, papal penitentiary and chaplain, 213 Margaret of Cortona, member of the Third Order or tertiary, 11, 294 Marguerite of Provence, wife of Loius IX, 216, 217 Martin of Tours, monk and bishop, 8, 71 Matthew Paris, historian, 297 Michael of Cesena, minister general, 260, 262, 265, 270 Mongols, 293, 297. See Chapters 13 and 14, especially Moorman, J. R. H., historian and bishop of Ripon, 13, 14, 36, 48, 164, 175, 255, 257, 283, 286, 289, 291, 295 Morocco, xiv, 12, 24, 27, 130, 136, 242, 244 Muslims, Muhammad and the Qur an, 24, 27, 55, 61, 128, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 168, 227, 229, 241, 242, 243, 244, 250, 252, 253, 254, 285, 290 Niccolò da Calvi, friar, confessor and biographer of Innocent IV, 226 Nicholas III, pope, Exiit qui seminat, 12, 259, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271 Nicholas IV, friar and pope, 199, 200, 201, 204, 253

7 304 Nicholas the Minorite, chronicler, 259, 265, 270 Nimmo, Duncan, historian, 66, 289 Odorico da Pordenone, friar and chronicler, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256 Oliphant, Margaret, biographer, 275, 276 Orderic Vitalis, monk and chronicler, 48 Ordinem vestrum. See Innocent IV Ortulana, mother of St Clare and subsequently a sister at San Damiano, xiv, 116 Oxford, friary and university, 6, 104, 155, 182, 185, 186, 254, 282, 283, 295, 296, 297 Pacifico, former poet who became a friar and ministered in France, 122 Padua, the shrine of St Anthony, 10 Paolazzi, Carlo, friar and historian, xiii, 51, 67, 140, 170, 176, 290 Parenti, John, minister general, 122 Paris, friary, city and university, 26, 44, 72, 73, 74, 75, 85, 88, 112, 120, 150, 153, 155, 164, 174, 175, 178, 186, 190, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 219, 221, 233, 294 Paul VI, pope, and the second Vatican Council, 64, 202, 203, 205 Perugia, xiv, 18, 70, 129, 179 Peter Bernardone, father of St Francis, xiv, 18, 19, 37, 38 Peter Catania (Catanii), friar and minister general, 20, 28, 54, 109, 242 Peter Lombard, author of the Sentences, 150 Peter of Celle, abbot of Saint-Remi, 44, 49 Peter Olivi, friar, theologian and reformer, 259, 264, 270, 294, 296 Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, 34, 48 Peter Waldo. See Waldensians Pica, the mother of St Francis, xiv, 18,37 Poland, princes of, 102, 245 Porziuncula. See Assisi, churches Santa Maria degli Angeli Quo elongati, the first papal interpretation of the friars Rule, xv, 12, 60, 63, 64, 65, 67, 90, 266. See Gregory IX Rainaldo dei Segni, cardinal protector, 122, 124. See Alexander IV Rainiero Capocci, cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, 44, 68, 72 Ramon Llull (Lull), member of the Third Order, 201, 254, 292 Robert de la Bassée, friar, 67 Robert Grosseteste, theologian and bishop of Lincoln, 6, 294, 295, 296 Rome, the papal curia, the bishop of Rome and the Lateran basilica, xiv, 11, 24, 42, 43, 51, 58, 71, 72, 75, 77, 80, 105, 110, 115, 116, 119, 227, 253, 254, 273, 277, 278, 286. See Lateran Council, the fourth, and Paul VI, pope and the second Vatican Council Rose of Viterbo, member of the Third Order or tertiary, 11, 199 Rufino, cousin of St Clare and early friar, 43, 48, 74, 76, 85, 91, 112, 116, 255, 289 Rufino, martyred bishop of Assisi, 43, 117, 136 Sabatier, Paul, historian, xvi, 12, 68, 100, 162, 164, 165, 173, 175, 278 Salimbene de Adam, friar and chronicler, xvi, xvii, 9, 82, 103, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 113, 174, 177, 210, 221, 223, 233, 237, 238, 247, 256

8 305 Sartaq (Sartak), Mongol prince, 228, 229, 231, 232, 247, 248, 250 Scripture, 4, 35, 47, 247 Simone da Collazione, friar, 10, 14 Society of St Francis, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286, 287 Spain, 24, 25, 27, 102, 130, 161, 181, 182, 184, 242 Spoleto, 1, 19, 21, 30, 104, 129, 179 stigmata. See St Francis Sweden, 102, 260 Sylvester, priest of Assisi who became a friar, 38 Tartars or Mongols. See Chapters 14 and 15 Temüjin, 245. See Chinggis Khan Third Order/secular Franciscans, 11, 29, 44, 133, 220, 260, 263, 283, 284, 285, 286, 294. See Chapter 12. See also Angela of Foligno, Elizabeth of Hungary, Margaret of Cortona, Ramon Llull,Rose of Viterbo Thomas of Capua, cardinal bishop of Santa Sabina, 72, 94, 95 Thomas of Celano, friar and biographer, xv, xvii, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 19, 24, 28, 29, 34, 38, 46, 51, 52, 53, 56, 62, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 99, 102, 103, 129, 139, 141, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 157, 163, 164, 165, 166, 173, 174, 178, 179, 180, 198, 209, 240, 242, 255 Thomas of Eccleston, friar and chronicler, xvi, xvii, 9, 82, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 110, 111, 113, 114, 186, 192, 293 Thomas of Split, chronicler who attended St Francis sermon at Bologna in 1222, xiv, 34, 48 Ubertino da Casale, friar and polemicist, 78, 96, 99, 100, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 270 Urban IV, pope, 124, 214 Vauchez, André, historian, 195, 201, 206, 289, 291, 293, 294, 297 Vienne, council of , 78, 96, 254, 258, 259, 264 Wadding, Luke, friar and historian, 51 Waldensians, 167, 194. William of Melitona (Meliton), friar and theologian, 211, 214 William of Ockham, friar and scholar, 270, 271, 297 William of Rubruck, friar and envoy of Louis IX, 11, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 254, 257, 293 William of Saint-Amour, theologian at the University of Paris, 213, 258, 270, 297 William of Saint-Pathus, friar and biographer of Louis IX, 216, 218, 221 York, friary and custody, 186, 295