FRANCIS OF ASSISI. the cambridge companion to. in this web service Cambridge University Press

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1 the cambridge companion to FRANCIS OF ASSISI Francis of Assisi (1181/ ) was one of the most vibrant and colourful personalities in the Middle Ages. The life of this remarkable reformer of the medieval Church was celebrated in art, drama, poetry, music, the new vernacular literature and architecture. His ideal was to enter into a restorative and enriching relationship with Jesus Christ, whom he wished to imitate in the most perfect manner, a direct and immediate goal which captured the contemporary imagination. This Companion explores the life of Francis of Assisi and his enduring legacy throughout the centuries. The first part concentrates on his life and works, whilst the second explores the way in which his heritage influenced the apostolic activities of his followers in the century after his death. This book is a must-read for students and scholars of Church history, as well as medieval social and intellectual history. Michael J. P. Robson is Dean of Chapel, Fellow, Praelector and Director of Studies in Divinity at St Edmund s College, Cambridge. He is the author of Saint Francis of Assisi: The Legend and the Life (1997), The Franciscans in the Medieval Custody of York (1997) and The Franciscans in the Middle Ages (2006).

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3 cambridge companions to religion A series of companions to major topics and key figures in theology and religious studies. Each volume contains specially commissioned chapters by international scholars which provide an accessible and stimulating introduction to the subject for new readers and non-specialists. Other titles in the series the cambridge companion to christian doctrine edited by Colin Gunton (1997) isbn hardback isbn x paperback the cambridge companion to biblical interpretation edited by John Barton (1998) isbn hardback isbn paperback the cambridge companion to dietrich bonhoeffer edited by John de Gruchy (1999) isbn x hardback isbn paperback the cambridge companion to karl barth edited by John Webster (2000) isbn hardback isbn paperback the cambridge companion to christian ethics edited by Robin Gill (2001) isbn x hardback isbn paperback the cambridge companion to jesus edited by Markus Bockmuehl (2001) isbn hardback isbn paperback the cambridge companion to feminist theology edited by Susan Frank Parsons (2002) isbn x hardback isbn paperback the cambridge companion to martin luther edited by Donald K. McKim (2003) isbn hardback isbn paperback the cambridge companion to st paul edited by James D. G. Dunn (2003) isbn hardback isbn paperback the cambridge companion to postmodern theology edited by Kevin J. Vanhoozer (2003) isbn x hardback isbn paperback the cambridge companion to john calvin edited by Donald K. McKim (2004) isbn hardback isbn x paperback the cambridge companion to hans urs von balthasar edited by Edward T. Oakes, SJ and David Moss (2004) isbn hardback isbn paperback

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5 the cambridge companion to FRANCIS OF ASSISI St Edmund s College, Cambridge

6 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Information on this title: / # Cambridge University Press 2012 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2012 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Cambridge companion to Francis of Assisi / edited by Michael J.P. Robson. p. cm. (Cambridge companions to religion) isbn (Hardback) isbn (Paperback) 1. Francis, of Assisi, Saint, I. Robson, Michael J. P., 1946 bx4700.f6c dc isbn Hardback isbn Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

7 Contents List of contributors page ix Acknowledgements xii Notes on editions and translations Chronology xiv List of abbreviations xvi xiii Introduction 1 michael j. p. robson Part I Francis of Assisi 1 Francis and the Franciscan movement (1181/2 1226) 17 michael f. cusato 2 The writings of Francis 34 michael j. p. robson 3 The Rule and life of the Friars Minor 50 william j. short 4 Francis and his hagiographical tradition 68 michael w. blastic 5 Voluntary simplicity: the attitude of Francis towards learning in the early biographies 84 neslihan şenocak 6 Francis and the historiographical tradition in the order 101 annette kehnel 7 Francis and Clare and the emergence of the Second Order 115 jean françois godet-calogeras vii

8 viii Contents 8 Francis and the encounter with the sultan (1219) 127 steven j. mcmichael 9 Francis and creation 143 timothy j. johnson Part II The heritage of Francis of Assisi 10 Francis and the pursuit of learning 161 bert roest 11 The early Franciscans and the towns and cities 178 jens röhrkasten 12 The Third Order of Francis 193 ingrid peterson 13 Franciscan ideals and the royal family of France ( ) 208 sean l. field 14 Franciscans as papal and royal envoys to the Tartars ( ) 224 peter jackson 15 Franciscan missions 240 e. randolph daniel 16 Pope John XXII, the Franciscan order and its Rule 258 patrick nold 17 The ecumenical appeal of Francis 273 petà dunstan A guide to further reading 288 Index 298

9 Contributors Michael W. Blastic, OFM is an associate professor and the Chair of Franciscan Theology and Spirituality Studies at the Washington Theological Union, Washington DC. He is co-editor of a series of volumes of studies on the early Franciscan sources to be published by the Franciscan Institute, St Bonaventure University, New York. Michael F. Cusato, OFM is Director of the Franciscan Institute, St Bonaventure University, New York, co-editor of That Others May Know and Love: Essays in Honor of Zachary Hayes, OFM (1997) and Defenders and Critics of Franciscan Life: Essays in Honor of John V.Fleming, The Medieval Franciscans 6 (2009), and the author of The Early Franciscan Movement ( ): History, Sources and Hermeneutics (2009). E. Randolph Daniel is Professor Emeritus of Medieval History of the University of Kentucky, Lexington. He is the author of The Franciscan Concept of Mission in the High Middle Ages (1975) and produced a critical edition of the first four books of Joachim of Fiore s Liber de Concordia (1983). David Burr and he translated Angelo Clareno, A Chronicle or History of the Seven Tribulations of the Order of Brothers Minor (2005). Petà Dunstan is a Fellow of St Edmund s College and librarian of the Faculty of Divinity, University of Cambridge. She is the author of This Poor Sort: A History of the European Province of the Society of St Francis (1997) and The Labour of Obedience: A History of the Benedictines of Pershore, Nashdom, Elmore (2009). Sean L. Field is an associate professor of history at the University of Vermont and the author of The Writings of Agnes of Harcourt: The Life of Isabelle of France and the Letter on Louis IX (2003) and Isabelle of France: Capetian Sanctity and Franciscan Identity in the Thirteenth Century (2006). Jean François Godet-Calogeras is Professor of Franciscan Studies at St Bonaventure University, New York, and the editor of Franciscan Studies. He is internationally well known for his publications on the early Franciscan documents, in particular the writings of Francis and Clare of Assisi, for his lectures and workshops on early Franciscan history, and for his participation in the elaboration of the new Rule of the Third Order Regular of St Francis. ix

10 x List of contributors Peter Jackson is Professor of Medieval History at Keele University. His research interests cover the Crusades and the Latin East, the Mongol empire and its relations with Europe, and the eastern Islamic world in the Middle Ages. His publications include The Mongols and the West, (2005) and The Seventh Crusade, : Sources and Documents (2007). Timothy J. Johnson is Professor of Religion and Chairperson of the Humanities Department at Flagler College in St Augustine, Florida. A German American Fulbright Scholar, he holds a Doctorate in Sacred Theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University. Dr Johnson has taught in North America, Europe and Africa, authored or edited several books, and published in numerous North American and European journals. He is senior theology co-editor for Franciscan Studies and a member of the Bonaventure Texts in Translation Editorial Board of the Franciscan Institute. Annette Kehnel is Professor of Medieval History at Mannheim University. She is the author of Clonmacnois: The Church and Lands of St Ciarán (1997), and co-editor of Generations in the Cloister (2008) and Institution und Charisma (together with F. Felten and S. Weinfurter, 2009). Steven J. McMichael, OFM Conv. is Associate Professor in the Theology Department at the University of Saint Thomas (Saint Paul, Minnesota). He has published in the area of medieval Jewish Christian relations, particularly on the writings of Alonso de Espina (d. 1464). He is currently researching and writing on the topic of the resurrection of Jesus (in medieval theology, preaching and interreligious polemical literature) and theological issues between Christians and Muslims in the fifteenth century. Patrick Nold is Associate Professor in the Social Sciences in the Department of History at The University at Albany (SUNY). He is the author of Pope John XXII and His Franciscan Cardinal: Bertrand de la Tour and the Apostolic Poverty Controversy (2003) and Marriage Advice for a Pope: John XXII and the Power to Dissolve (2009). Ingrid Peterson, OSF was awarded by the Franciscan Institute the Franciscan Medal in 2001 for outstanding scholarship in Franciscan studies. She is the author of Clare of Assisi: A Biographical Study (1993) and the co-author of Praying with Clare of Assisi (with Ramona Miller, 1996) and The Franciscan Tradition: Spirituality in History (with Regis J. Armstrong and others, 2010). Michael J. P. Robson, OFM Conv. is Director of Studies in Divinity at St Edmund s College, Cambridge, and the author of Saint Francis of Assisi: The Legend and the Life (1997), The Franciscans in the Medieval Custody of York (1997) and The Franciscans in the Middle Ages (2006). With Jens Röhrkasten he co-edited the first volume of Canterbury Studies in Franciscan History (2008) and Franciscan Organisation in the Mendicant Context: Formal and Informal Structures of the Friars Lives and Ministry in the Middle Ages (2010).

11 List of contributors xi Bert Roest is Professor of History at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He is the author of A History of Franciscan Education (c ) (2000) and Franciscan Literature of Religious Instruction before the Council of Trent (2004). With Stephen Gers he co-edited Medieval and Renaissance Humanism (2003). Jens Röhrkasten, formerly the editor of Midland History, is a lecturer in Medieval History at the University of Birmingham, author of Die englischen Kronzeugen, (1990) and The Mendicant Houses of Medieval London (2004), and editor of The Worcester Eyre of 1275, Worcestershire Historical Society, new series, 22, With Michael J. P. Robson he co-edited the first volume of Canterbury Studies in Franciscan History (2008)andFranciscan Organisation in the Mendicant Context: Formal and Informal Structures of the Friars Lives and Ministry in the Middle Ages (2010). Neslihan Şenocak is Assistant Professor of Medieval History, Columbia University, Department of History. She has published articles in Frate Francesco, Archivum Franciscanum Historicum, Scriptorium and The Journal of Religious History, and is completing her monograph entitled The Rise of Learning in the Franciscan Order William J. Short, OFM is Professor of Christian Spirituality at the Franciscan School of Theology, Berkeley. He was one of the three editors of Francis of Assisi: Early Documents ( ), and the author of The Franciscans and Poverty and Joy: The Franciscan Tradition (1999). He is also editor of the Academy of American Franciscan History series, United States Documents in the Propaganda Fide Archives: A Calendar.

12 Acknowledgements Dr Kate Brett, Cambridge University Press s commissioning editor in theology, first broached the prospect of my editing this volume. With her customary professionalism and perseverance she presided over the early stages of the project. Ms Laura Morris succeeded her half-way through the completion of the book, and I am indebted to her sound advice, encouragement, flexibility and patience in bringing the book to completion. Mr Christopher Jackson was a highly efficient copy-editor, whose professionalism and vigilance have enhanced this volume. xii

13 Notes on editions and translations The writings of Francis of Assisi have been edited in four major editions since First, the Sancti Patris Francisci Assisiensis sec. Codices mss. emendata et denuo edita a PP. Collegii S. Bonaventurae, Bibliotheca Franciscana Ascetica Medii Aevi, 1 (Quaracchi, 1904, 1941, 1949). Secondly, K. Esser (ed.), Opuscula Sancti Patris Francisci Assisiensis denuo edidit iuxta codices mss., Bibliotheca Franciscana Ascetica Medii Aevi, 12 (Grottaferrata, 1978). Thirdly, Esser and E. Grau (eds.), Die Opuscula des hl. Franziskus von Assisi, Neue textkritische Edition, Spicilegium Bonaventurianum 13 (Grottaferrata, 1989). Fourthly, C. Paolazzi (ed.), Francesco d Assisi Scritti, Spicilegium Bonaventurianum, 36 (Grottaferrata, 2009). The Latin texts of these writings and the early biographies of Francis are published in Fontes Francescani, E. Menestò, S. Brufani et al. (eds.), Medioevo Francescano, collana diretta da Enrico Menestò, Testi, 2 (Assisi, 1995). For an English translation of the writings of Francis see R. J. Armstrong and I. C. Brady (eds.), Francis and Clare: The Complete Works, translated by The Classics of Western Spirituality (Ramsey, N.J., 1982). The saint s writings and the early biographies are translated in M. Habig (ed.), St Francis of Assisi, Writings and Early Biographies (Chicago, 1973). More recent scholarship is represented by R. J. Armstrong, J. A. W. Hellmann and W. J. Short (eds.), Francis of Assisi: Early Documents, 4 vols. (New York, ), where a historical introduction and commentary precede each text. xiii

14 Chronology 1181/2: birth of Francis, son of Pietro and Pica Bernardone, in Assisi. 1193/4: birth of Clare, daughter of Favarone di Offreduccio and Ortulana : civil war in Assisi. 1202, November: battle of Collestrada, between Assisi and Perugia : Francis is held as a prisoner of war in Perugia. 1206: Francis s conversion through a series of events outside Assisi. 1208, April: the conversion of Bernard of Quintavalle. He and Francis consult the text of the Gospel in the church of San Nicolò. 1209: initial approval of Francis s form of life and his fraternity by Innocent III. c.1212: Clare makes her penitential profession at the Porziuncula, below Assisi. 1215, November: the fourth Lateran Council is held in Rome. 1216, 16 July: Francis is present at the death-bed of Innocent III : Francis reaches the Holy Land during the fifth Crusade, when he preaches to the sultan, al- Malik-al-Kâmil. 1220, January: the martyrdom of five friars in Morocco. c.1220: Hugolino dei Conti di Segni, cardinal bishop of Ostia, who had already intervened in the life of the fledgeling order, becomes its protector, representing its interests at the papal court. 1221: the Earlier Rule (Regula non bullata). 1222, 15 August: Francis s sermon in the piazza of Bologna. 1223, 29 November: formal approval of Francis s Rule by Honorius III. 1223, 24 5 December: xiv Francis celebrates Christmas at Greccio and reenacts the crib.

15 Chronology xv : Francis commissions Anthony of Padua to teach the friars theology, provided that this does not extinguish the spirit of prayer. 1224, September: on his retreat at La Verna Francis receives the stigmata, the five wounds which marked the body of the Crucified Christ. 1225: Francis is nursed at San Damiano and composes praises and exhortations in the vernacular. 1226, 3 October: the death of Francis at the Porziuncula. 1226, 4 October: Francis s body is carried to Assisi for burial in the church of San Giorgio, where he had attended school. 1227, 19 March: Cardinal Hugolino is elected pope as Gregory IX. 1228, 16 July: Francis is canonised by Gregory IX in the piazza di San Giorgio : Thomas of Celano compiles his first biography of Francis at the command of Gregory IX. 1230, 30 May: the solemn translation of Francis s body to the basilica di San Francesco. 1230, 28 September: Quo elongati, the first papal exposition of the Rule of Francis.

16 Abbreviations AFH ¼ Archivum Franciscanum Historicum. AP ¼ The Beginning or Founding of the Order and the Deeds of Those Lesser Brothers Who Were the First Companions of Blessed Francis in Religion (The Anonymous of Perugia) by John of Perugia (1240 1), in FAED, vol. ii, pp CA ¼ The Assisi Compilation, infaed, vol. ii, pp FAED ¼ R. J. Armstrong, J. A. W. Hellmann and W. J. Short (eds.), Francis of Assisi: Early Documents, 4 vols. (New York, ). FS ¼ Franciscan Studies, new series. Jordan of ¼ The Chronicle of Brother Jordan of Giano, inxiiith Giano Century Chronicles: Jordan of Giano, Thomas of Eccleston and Salimbene degli Adami, pp (See below.) LM ¼ The Major Life (Legenda Maior) of Saint Francis ( ) by Bonaventure, in FAED, vol. ii, pp LSCA ¼ The Legend of St Clare, in R. J. Armstrong (ed. and trans.), Clare of Asssi: Early Documents Revised and Expanded (New York, 1993), pp MP ¼ A Mirror of the Perfection, Rule, Profession, Life, and True Calling (The Lemmens edition, 1901) and A Mirror of the Perfection of the Status of a Lesser Brother (1318) (The Sabatier edition, 1928), in FAED, vol. iii, pp OMT ¼ Oxford Medieval Texts. RB ¼ the Rule of Francis which was formally approved by Honorius III on 29 November 1223, infaed, vol. i, pp xvi

17 List of abbreviations xvii RNB ¼ Francis s Rule of 1221, which was not formally approved by the pope, in FAED, vol. i, pp Salimbene ¼ The Chronicle of Salimbene de Adam, eds. and trans. J. L. Baird, G. Baglivi and J. R. Kane, Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 40 (Binghamton, NY, 1986). SC ¼ The Sacred Exchange between Saint Francis and Lady Poverty, infaed, vol. I, pp Thomas of Eccleston ¼ The Chronicle of Thomas of Eccleston,inXIIIth Century Chronicles: Jordan of Giano, Thomas of Eccleston and Salimbene degli Adami, pp (See below.) 1 Cel. ¼ The Life of Saint Francis by Thomas of Celano (1228 9), in FAED, vol. i, pp Cel. ¼ The Remembrance of the Desire of a Soul (The Second Life of Saint Francis by Thomas of Celano (1245 7), in FAED, vol. ii, pp Cel. ¼ The Treatise on the Miracles of Saint Francis by Thomas of Celano (1250 2), in FAED, vol. ii, pp Soc. ¼ The Legend of the Three Companions (1241 7), in FAED, vol. ii, pp XIIIth Century Chronicles: Jordan of Giano, Thomas of Eccleston and Salimbene degli Adami, trans. from the Latin by P. Hermann, with intro. and notes by M.-T. Laureilhe (Chicago, 1961), pp

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