The Classification of Buddhism Bukkyo Kyohan

Transcription

1 Bruno Petzold The Classification of Buddhism Bukkyo Kyohan Comprising The Classification of Buddhist Doctrines in India, China and Japan In collaboration with Shinsho Hanayama edited by Shohei Ichimura 1995 Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden

2 Table of Contents PREFACE ' xiii EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION xix PARTI GENERAL INTRODUCTION : 3 CHAPTER ONE Classification in General As Found in the Natural and Moral World 5 1. Definition of the Concept of "Classification" 5 2. Popular Classifications: Spontaneous and Conscious 6 3. Scientific Classifications, Artificial and Natural 8 4. Erroneous and Fallacious Classifications Appreciation of the Classifications The Classification of Religions 29 CHAPTER TWO Buddhist Classifications and Classifying Thought Origin and Intent of the Buddhist Classifications The Classificatory Concept in Buddhism Compared with that of Christianity 42 CHAPTER THREE Hon-gaku-Mon and Shi-kaku-Mon Buddhist Endeavours at Classification, Past and Modern Hon-gaku-mon: the Fountainhead of Buddhist Religiosity ; Hon-gaku-mon and Shi-kaku-mon Compared with Western Religious and Philosophical Conceptions 70 PART II INDIAN BUDDHISM AND CLASSIFICATION 87 CHAPTER FOUR The Original Source of Classifications in the Works of Indian Buddhist Masters A Contrast between Indian and Chinese Mentality as to the Principles of Classification Rudimentary Classifications in Ancient Indian Buddhism Classifications Introduced or Influenced by Non-Chinese Scholar-Monks 95 PART III CHINESE BUDDHISM: PRIMITIVE CHINESE CLASSIFICATIONS 101

3 vi Table of Contents CHAPTER FIVE Introduction to the Five Groups of Classification in the Namboku-cho Era Buddhism in the Southern and Northern Dynasties The Classifications as Recorded in Buddhist Literature 116 CHAPTER SLX Absolute General Classification The Itton-gyo or One Voice Teaching of Kumarajiva The Itton-gyo or One Voice Teaching of Bodhiruci Bodhiruci's Theory of One Period Teaching The Classification According to Doctrinal Differences 140 CHAPTER SEVEN Relative, Theoretical, Essential, General Classifications Two Teachings of the World and the World Beyond The Two Teachings of the Great and the Small Vehicle The Division of Existence and Emptiness (U and Ku), Phenomenal Form and No-Form (U-so and Mu-so) 157 CHAPTER EIGHT Relative, Theoretical, Formative, Methodical Classifications The Four Classifying Ideas Three Teachings of Gradual, Sudden, Perfect, or Undetermined (San-Shu- Kyo) 167,, CHAPTER NINE Relative, Theoretical, Formative, Periodical Classifications Introduction to the Seven Classifications Developed on Three Textual Bases The Nehan Line Classification The Hokke Line Classification The Gejin-mitsu Line Classification 190 CHAPTER TEN Relative, Theoretical, Essential, Special Classifications The Nature of Classification Based on Doctrinal Principles Three Dharma Wheels (Sam-bo-rin) and Four Teachings (Shi-Kyo) Five School and Six School Classifications Shi-jo-kyo or the Teaching of the Four Vehicles by Houn Go-kyo or the Five Teachings by Prabhakaramitra 209 Overall Conclusion for Part Three 210 PARTIV CHINESE TENDAI SYSTEM 211 CHAPTER ELEVEN. Five Period Classifications Introduction to the Five Periods and Eight Teachings (Go-ji HakkyS) as Relative Classifications The Five Period Teachings (Go-ji-Kyo) The Five Periods and Their Durations The Meaning of the Hokke-kyo in Hon-Jaku-Ni-Mon 225

4 Table of Contents vii 5. The Meaning of Go-mi Theory in Tendai Go-ji Classification 227 CHAPTER TWELVE Four Methodical Teachings of Conversion The Meaning of the Four Methodical Teachings The Textual Foundation of Ke-gi Shi-kyo Historical Development of the Four Methodical Teachings Critique of the Four Methodical Teachings Western Scholars' Evaluation of Buddhist Methods of Teaching 252 CHAPTER THIRTEEN The Four Theoretical Teachings of Conversion The Four Doctrinal Principles The Textual Foundation of Ke-ho Shi-kyo The Four Theoretical Teachings Summarized Ke-ho Shi-kyo within the System of Tendai Kyohan 273 CHAPTER FOURTEEN Historical Consideration and Critiques of Tendai Classification The Foundations for Tendai Daishi's Classification as Found in the Namboku-cho Era Classifications Major Historical Figures and Tendai Classification Critiques of the Tendai Kyohan or Go-ji Hakkyo 291 PARTV THE SANRON SYSTEM 297 CHAPTER FIFTEEN The Sanron Classification Introduction The Sanron School and Its Teaching The Sanron Classifications in General The Relative Classification.'. 313 PART VI THE HOSSO SYSTEM, 323 CHAPTER SLXTEEN General Survey of Hosso Philosophy The Origination of the Universe by Mind-only Alaya-vijnana and the Theory of Seeds (Bija) The Separateness of Nature and Form The Doctrine of Predestination The Hosso View on the Absolute and the Attainment of Buddha-hood 341 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN HossS Philosophy and Other Buddhist Systems and Textual Sources Yogacara (Hosso), Madhyamika (Sanron), and Sarvastivada (Kusha) Schools of Philosophy Sutras and Sastras Regarded as Authoritative in the Hosso School The Idealism of the J6-yui-shiki-ron as Distinct from that of the Kishin-ron 356

5 viii Table of Contents CHAPTER EIGHTEEN The Hosso Classification The Hosso School and Its Classifications San-sho, San-mu-sho, and Middle Path Critical Points in the Three Period Classification The Eight School Classification 386 PART VII THE KEGON SYSTEM 393 CHAPTER NINETEEN The Kegon Five Teaching Classification Introduction to The Kegon Classifications The Common Gate Classifications According to Other Thinkers The Special Gate Classifications According to Genju Daishi's Own Mind 406 CHAPTER TWENTY The Kegon Classification of Ten Schools The Outline of the Ten School Classification The Ten Schools Classified from the Doctrinal Point of View 425 CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE The Kegon Philosophy and Its Absolute Classification Kegon Philosophy Compared with That of the Tendai Kegon Philosophy and That of Hosso School Kegon Philosophy and That of Kishin-ron Kegon Philosophy and That of Kusha School Zettai Kyohan: Absolute Classification 454 PART VIII RITSU SYSTEM CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO The Classification of The Vinaya School Introduction to the Buddhist Concepts of Sila and Vinaya Chinese Buddhist Reorganization of Hinayana Sila and Vinaya Texts Chinese Buddhist Systematization of Mahayana Sila and Vinaya Historical Development of Mahayana Sila and Its Meaning Dosen's Ritsu Kyohan 482 PARTLX THE SHINGON SYSTEM 491 CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE The Twofold Classification of the Shingon School Introduction to the Twofold Shingon Classification The Classification of the Ten Stages of the Mind The Orthodox Explanations of the Vertical Classification The Classification of the Open and the Secret Doctrines A Poem by Saint Kakuban on the Differences Between the Open and the Secret Doctrines 529

6 Table of.contents ix CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR Some Fundamental Shingon Doctrines in the Vertical and Horizontal Classifications ^\$T The Two Parts of the Diamond and Womb Worlds The Six Greatnesses (Roku-dai) The Five Wisdoms or Go-Chi The Four Circles and the Four Seals Further Ingredients of the Mikkyo System 545 CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE Historical and Critical Remarks on the Shingon Classifications The Vertical Classification The Horizontal Classification Kobo Daishi's Classification Compared with Hegel's Classification 562 PARTX ESOTERIC TENDAI SYSTEM (TAI-MITSU) 569 CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX The Japanese Esoteric Tendai Classification Introduction The Absolute Classifications The Relative Classifications or Sotai-Mon no Kyohan The Third Relative Classification 595 PART XI THE NICHIREN SYSTEM 607 CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN Nichiren's Absolute Classification Introduction The Classification of Teaching (Kyo-ko) The Classification of the Audience's Capacity (Ki-Ko).; The Classification of Times or Periods (Ji-Ko) \ The Classification of Countries (Koku-Ko) Jo-K6 or the Classification of Order 624 CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT Nichiren's Relative Classifications The Fivefold Contrast Classification (Go-Ju-So-Tai) Fivefold Three Steps Classification (Go-Ju-San-Dan) The Fourfold Rising and Falling Classification Three Forms of Teaching (San-Shu-Kyo-S6) Go-Ji-Hakkyo Classification 652 CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE Nichiren's Position and the Japanese Tendai of the Middle Ages Characteristic Nature of Japanese Tendai Classification Hachi-Jii-no-Ku-Den or the Eight-fold Oral Transmission Attributed to JikakuDaishi The Absolute Nature of the Butchi (Butsu-i)-no-Go-Ji-Hakkyo Classification 675

7 Table of Contents 4. Nichiren's Classification of Hokke Myo-Ho as Superior and Tendai's Shikwan as Inferior?h... L... v Critical Statements Regarding Nichiren's Classifications 687 PART XII ^ ^ THE JODO SYSTEM 691 CHAPTER THIRTY Jodo Classifications in India and China Introduction The Textual Basis of the Amida Cult and Its Introduction to China Jodo Classification by Indian Masters Jodo Patriarchs in China and Japan...: Evaluation of All Jodo Classifications Introduced Above 709 CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE Jodo-Shu. Classifications in Japan Development of Jodo Teaching and Classifications in Japan Honen Shonin (Genku) and His Classification The Two Groups of Honen's Disciples Additional Discussion on the Jodo-shu Classification 737 CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO Jodo-Shin-Shu. Classifications in Japan Shinran's Classification General Survey of Shin-Shu's Classification The Sho-J6-S6-Tai (or Ni-S6-Shi-Ju) Classification Shin-Ke So-Tai Classification Shinran's Absolute Classification 800 CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE Classifications of Jodo Teachers Belonging to Other Schools (Kegon, Tendai, etc.) Introduction The Classifications of Chinese Scholars of Jodo Belief Toward the End of Ming Dynasty Classification of Ji-Shu in Japan The Classification of Yii-zu-nenbutsu Shu 824 PART XIII ZEN (CHAN) SYSTEM 831 CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR The Classification of Zen Buddhism Zen-shu (Ch'an-tsung) or Zen Schools in China and Japan Views on Zen as Held by Chinese Kegon Scholars Zen Classifications by Tendai Scholars 854 PARTXTV GENERAL CONCLUSION 863 CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE Classifying the Classifications and Enumeration of all Classifications 865

8 Table of Contents Classifying the Classifications 865 Enumeration of all Classifications 873 EPILOGUE 907 APPENDICES 909 Addenda to the Classification of Buddhist Doctrines 911 I. Scriptures and Texts 911 II. Integrated Glossary (Doctrines, Classifications, and Persons) 945