Text. Text. linguistics. Missing the typographical boat. Missing the typographical boat

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1 Text Text linguistics the spoken or written evocation of an event or series of events (p.193) Missing the typographical boat In written communication, the text is almost all there is. (p.180) Missing the typographical boat In written communication, the text is almost all there is. (p.180) 1

2 Missing the communication-design (RPW/RCD) boat Textual function = Weaving function Typeface Weight Space Proximity Shape Size Colour Medium. Randy Alle n H arri s Department of English U niversity of Waterloo 200University Avenue Waterloo ON Canada N2L 3G , x November, 2001 James Peltz, Editor-in-Chief State University of New York Press 90 State St., Suite 700 Albany, NY Dear Mr. Peltz: I am editing acollection of essays which bring the rhetoric of science to bear on one of the most profound, and certainly one of the most widely engaged, issues in science studies, incommensurability; SU NY Pressis the ideal house for it. The collection brings the rhetoric of science to bear on one of the most profound, and certainly one of the most widely engaged, issues in contemporaryscience studies, incommensurability. The topic has preoccupied not just philosophy of science over the last three decades, but alsohistory and sociologyof science all three of wh ich have, roughly over the same duration, been strongly influenced by rhetoric as wellas entering many strains of post-modern critical thought. And incommensurability, since it implicates argumentation soheavi ly, is an issue that rhetoric is exceptionally well placedto address. Indeed, rhetoric in both the general scholarly senseand the specific disciplinary sense entered contemporarystudiesof science largely because of the ramifications Kuhn and Feyerabend pursued upon their coincident introductions of incommensurability. The State University of New York Press, I hope you ll agree, is the perfect house for this project, because of itsmajor rhetoric lists, its important presence in philosophy, its significant science and technology studies offerings, and its growing attention to the scholarship of argumentation. The elements and dimensions of language that serve to weave a discourse together. The book The book Rhetoric and incommensurability pending abetter idea gathers essays by the leading figures in rhetoric of science addressing the implications of incommensurability. It is a provocative and marketable meeting of scholars and subject. For most presses, I would now have to launch into subroutine describing rhetoric of science, but since you ve Text Perceived whole The two weaving mechanisms Text Perceived whole The two weaving mechanisms Weave Texture Material Pattern Cohesion Coherence 2

3 Text Perceived whole The two weaving mechanisms Cohesion (elements) achieved by formal devices, usually lexicosyntactic semasiological Coherence (dimensions) achieved by conceptual devices ( ideas ) onomasiological Text Perceived whole The two weaving mechanisms Cohesion (elements) achieved by formal devices, usually lexicosyntactic semasiological Coherence (dimensions) achieved by conceptual devices ( ideas ) onomasiological Text Perceived whole The two weaving mechanisms Cohesion (elements) achieved by formal devices, usually lexicosyntactic semasiological Coherence (dimensions) achieved by conceptual devices ( ideas ) onomasiological A text It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed. 3

4 Iteration Cohesion It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed. Referential Cohesion It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed. Balance (symmetry, parallelism, isocolon) Cohesion It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed. Functional linking Cohesion It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed. 4

5 Iteration Cohesion It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed. Iteration-Polyptoton Cohesion It is true (Ladies) your tongues are held your defensive armour, but you never detract more from your honour than when you give too much liberty to that slippery glib member. That Ivory guard or garrison, which impales your tongue, doth caution and instruct you, to put restraint upon your Speech. In much talk you must of necessity commit much error, as it leaves some tincture of vain-glory, which proclaims the proud heart from whence it proceeded, or some taste of scurrility, which displays the wanton heart from whence it streamed. Cohesion / Coherence Cohesion (& coherence) Don t trust McBean, because he s a shyster. Coherence (low cohesion) Don t trust McBean. He s a shyster. 5

6 Cohesion without coherence (?) Cohesion / Coherence A week has seven days. Every day I feed my cat. Cats have four legs. The cat is on the mat. Mat has three letters. Subordination Don t trust McBean, because he s a shyster. Evidence Don t trust McBean. He s a shyster. Subordination Cohesion / Coherence Don t trust McBean, because he s a shyster. Evidence Don t trust McBean. He s a shyster. Subordinator A word that puts one clause into a specific syntactic relationship with another clause (i.e., a subordinate relationship); functional linking. Subordination Cohesion / Coherence Don t trust McBean, because he s a shyster. Evidence Don t trust McBean. He s a shyster. Shysters have low credibility. Trust requires credibility. 6

7 Subordination Cohesion / Coherence Don t trust McBean, because he s a shyster. Evidence Don t trust McBean. He s a shyster. Cohesion Knowing the words and/or structure Semasiological Coherence Knowing the ideas, the reasoning, the meaning Onomasiological Text Linguistics Cohesion / Coherence Cohesion--formal, semasiological Structural Iteration (phrasal, lexical, morphological, phonetic), balance (iteration of structure), functional linking (coordination and subordination) Coherence conceptual, onomasiological Referential Topical; definite, indefinite Relational Paratactic (among nuclei) Hypotactic (between nucleus and satellite[s]) Proformal Anaphoric, cataphoric, elliptical Referential coherence--topical Referential coherence--topical When the Star-Belly Sneetches had frankfurter roasts When the had frankfurter roasts Or picnics or parties or marshmallow toasts, They never invited the Plain-Belly Sneetches. They left them out cold, in the dark of the beaches They kept them away. Never let them come near. And that s how they treated them year after year. Or picnics or parties or marshmallow toasts, They never invited. They left them out cold, in the dark of the beaches They kept them away. Never let them come near. And that s how they treated them year after year. 7

8 Referential coherence--topical When the had frankfurter roasts Or picnics or parties or marshmallow toasts, They never invited. They left them out cold, in the dark of the beaches They kept them away. Never let them come near. And that s how they treated them year after year. Referential coherence Proformal (not content words) When the Star-Belly Sneetches i had j frankfurter roasts Or Ø i Ø j picnics or Ø i Ø j parties or Ø i Ø j marshmallow toasts, They i never invited the Plain-Belly Sneetches k. They i left them k out cold, in the dark of the beaches They i kept them k away. Ø i Never let them k come near. And that s how they i treated them k year after year. i k Referential coherence--topical Prominence Star-Bellies focus SB s actions topic and/or Plain-Bellies focus PB s treatment topic SB s/pb s perspectives (actions vs. feelings) Phrasal Identical Partial Proformal Anaphoric (Cataphoric) Elliptical Referential coherence 8

9 Referential coherence / Iterative cohesion Phrasal (content words, not proforms) Identical (full iteration) Star-Belly Sneetches blah blah blah Star-Belly Sneetches Plain-Belly Sneetches blah blah blah Plain-Belly Sneetches Sylvester McMonkey McBean blah blah blah Sylvester McMonkey McBean Referential coherence / Iterative cohesion Phrasal (content words, not proforms) Partial (reduction) Star-Belly Sneetches blah blah blah Star-Bellies Sylvester McMonkey McBean blah blah blah McBean Partial (paraphrase) Star-Belly Sneetches blah blah blah Sneetches with stars Plain-Belly Sneetches blah blah blah Sneetches without [stars on their bellies] Referential coherence Proformal (not content words) Star-Belly Sneetches i Anaphoric They i never invited Elliptical Ø i never let them Referential coherence Proformal (not content words) Cataphoric They i Star-Belly Sneetches i 9

10 Referential coherence Proformal (not content words) Cataphoric Referential coherence Proformal (not content words) Cataphoric And he laughed as he drove In his car up the beach They i never will learn. No. You can t teach a sneetch i! Then I was deep within the woods When, suddenly, I spied them i. I saw a pair of pale green pants i With nobody inside them i! Relational coherence So they clambered inside. Then the big machine roared. And it klonked. And it bonked. And it jerked. And it berked. And it bopped them about. But the thing really worked! When the Plain-Belly Sneetches popped out, they had stars! They actually did. They had stars upon thars. Relational coherence Restatement So they clambered inside. Then the big machine roared. And it klonked. And it bonked. And it jerked. And it berked. And it bopped them about. But the thing really worked! When the Plain-Belly Sneetches popped out, they had stars! They actually did. They had stars upon thars. Local conceptual relations--between two, or a few, proximal clauses. Nucleus Restatements A satellite which reformulates (paraphrases) the information given in the nucleus. 10

11 Relational coherence Concession So they clambered inside. Then the big machine roared. And it klonked. And it bonked. And it jerked. And it berked. And it bopped them about. But the thing really worked! When the Plain-Belly Sneetches popped out, they had stars! They actually did. They had stars upon thars. Concessions Nucleus A satellite which concedes potential incompatibilities with the information presented in the nucleus. Relational coherence Paratactic Among elements of equal importance to the text; between nuclei Hypotactic Among elements in which one (the nucleus) is more important to the text, and the other (the satellite) extends it in some way. Relational coherence Paratactic relations Nuclei Relational coherence Paratactic relations Now, the Star-Belly Sneetches Had bellies with stars. The Plain-Belly Sneetches Had none upon thars. Nuclei Contrast theme, character Off again! On again! In again! Out again! Nuclei Sequence Narrative elements Contrast Plot development (equality of characters!) 11

12 Nucleus Relational coherence Hypotactic relations Utterance that contributes to the core of the text (the story, the argument, the instruction, ). Satellite Utterance that is peripheral to text, and which depends on a nucleus (that it extends, explains, frames, ) Hypotactic relations Nucleus and satellite Then ONE day, it seems, while the Plain-Belly Sneetches Were moping and doping alone on the beaches, Just sitting there wishing their bellies had stars A stranger zipped up in the strangest of cars. Hypotactic relations Nucleus and satellite Then ONE day, it seems, while the Plain-Belly Sneetches Were moping and doping alone on the beaches, Just sitting there wishing their bellies had stars A stranger zipped up in the strangest of cars. Hypotactic relations Nucleus and satellite Then ONE day, it seems, while the Plain-Belly Sneetches Were moping and doping alone on the beaches, Just sitting there wishing their bellies had stars A stranger zipped up in the strangest of cars. Nucleus Satellites 12

13 Nucleus and satellite Circumstance Then ONE day, it seems, while the Plain-Belly Sneetches Were moping and doping alone on the beaches, Just sitting there wishing their bellies had stars A stranger zipped up in the strangest of cars. Nucleus and satellite Circumstance Then ONE day, it seems, while the Plain-Belly Sneetches Were moping and doping alone on the beaches, Just sitting there wishing their bellies had stars A stranger zipped up in the strangest of cars. Nucleus Satellites Nucleus Satellites Circumstance Circumstance A satellite which gives the framework in which the reader is intended to interpret the situation described in the nucleus. Multiple relations Contrast Nuclei 13

14 Solutionhood Justification Nucleus Problem(s) Nucleus Justifications The nucleus is a solution to the problem described in the satelite. A satellite which increases the reader s readiness to accept the writer s right to present the information in the nucleus. From the perspective of the Plain-Belly Sneetches Motivation Nucleus Motivations A satellite which motivates the hearer to perform the action described in the nucleus (in this case, evoked by the nucleus). Motivation?! Hey, that s persuasion, isn t it? Rhetorical interlude Reasons: premises feeding the argument pay me (so you can jump into my star-off machine). 14

15 Motivation?! Hey, that s persuasion, isn t it? Rhetorical interlude Motivation?! Hey, that s persuasion, isn t it? Rhetorical interlude: ethos Ethos, pathos, logos, figuration, topoi, invention, arrangement, style, delivery, stasis, Phronesis (Good sense) Arete (Virtue) Eunoia (Goodwill) Character?! Hey, that s literary, isn t it? Literary interlude Opportunistic interloper, illustrating selfish personal values, in contrast to the (selfishly skewed) community values of the Sneetches. Advances plot while advancing personal wealth; thematically exposes superficiality of appearance and fashion; character revealed through dialogue. Text linguistics vs. other analyses Text linguistics only cares what satellites and nuclei are doing. Rhetoric cares (from a suasive viewpoint) about where, how and why (and what). Literary analysis cares (from an aesthetic viewpoint) about where, how and why (and what). 15

16 Text linguistics Cohesion--formal, semasiological Structural Iteration (phrasal, lexical, morphological, phonetic), balance (iteration of structure), functional linking (coordination and subordination) Coherence conceptual, onomasiological Referential Topical; definite, indefinite Relational Paratactic (among nuclei) Hypotactic (between nucleus and satellite[s]) Proformal Anaphoric, cataphoric, elliptical 16