3. Detail Example from Text this is directly is where you provide evidence for your opinion in the topic sentence.

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1 Body Paragraphs Notes W1: Argumentative Writing a. Claim Statement Introduce precise claim Paragraph Structure organization that establishes clear relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. b. Objective Writing Based on Evidence Develop claim and counterclaims fairly and supplying evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both in a manner that anticipates the audience s knowledge level and concerns. `Body Paragraphs usually 5 parts 1. Topic Sentence this is usually the first sentence in the paragraph, has two major parts a. States the main idea (a piece of evidence from your claim) and b. Your opinion (what your ultimately proving) So for example, if your claim is: Both If We Must Die by Claude McKay and in Save Yourself by My Chemical Romance have the theme fighting back is worthwhile even if you die, but while My Chemical Romance uses imagery and repetition acceptably, McKay uses simile and sonnet structure in a more effective manner to deliver the theme. Your first body paragraph s topic sentence should look something like this: Example: One literary device that is used in Save Yourself to support the theme of fighting back is imagery. Imagery (topic) supports the theme of fighting back no matter the consequence (opinion) 2. Supporting Sentence this is usually where you introduce the evidence that you ll be discussing. Example: The first example of imagery that My Chemical Romance uses to support the theme is the one of referencing death. 3. Detail Example from Text this is directly is where you provide evidence for your opinion in the topic sentence. a. Details and Example are usually quotes from the original text or some other facts i. Fact-- a piece of information that can be verified and is inarguable ii. Evidence collection of facts indicating whether a claim is true or valid iii. Proof-- evidence helping to establish a fact or the truth of a statement b. Details and Examples are NOT i. Opinions-- a view or judgment not necessarily based on fact or knowledge ii. Speculation- a theory about a subject without firm evidence iii. Conjecture-- an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information EXAMPLE: Get off the ledge and drop the knife/ Not a victim of a victim's life/ Because this ain't a room full of suicides/ We're believers, I believe tonight [[Notice that this is a quote. This is evidence from the text and a fact. You can verify this quote on the Internet or in the CD jacket. This also connects to my idea of imagery and death.]] ****This is the easy stuff like ketchup on a burger, it just kind of happens*** 1

2 ***This is where you really show your stuff and prove your writing fu*** 4. Explanations this is where you break down your thinking to your reader so they can come to the same conclusions. When you explain you need to handle 3 pieces of business for your reader a. Explanation of Quote to the literary device i. You need to tell the reader how your quote is an example of the literary device you claim it is. A good way to knock this out it by 1. Giving a definition of the literary term 2. Paraphrasing the quote or simplifying it 3. Connecting the two ideas b. Explanation of the Quote s meaning to theme i. Break down what this quote has to do with the theme you assign to the poem or song c. Connection to claim i. Break down what this quote has to do with the claim of the essay Mistakes Most students make when explaining Using in my opinion or I think that o Weakens your argument. We know It s your opinion why would you be writing someone else s opinion? Writing subjectively instead of Objectively o Objective-- judgment not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts o Subjective based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions Example: Harsh judgments like that s stupid or obvious Bias writing instead of Balanced writing o prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair Logic is not logical o Fallacy-- a failure in reasoning that renders an argument invalid; faulty reasoning; misleading or unsound argument You have a fever, you must have a cold Uh no, you could have an infection, the flu, have just come from gym etc. SO here is that FACT/ EVIDENCE we brought Get off the ledge and drop the knife/ Not a victim of a victim's life/ Because this ain't a room full of suicides/ We're believers, I believe tonight EXAMPLE OF Explanation of Quote to the literary device This is an example of imagery because in the mind one can clearly imagine two examples of attempted suicide. There is the first image of standing on the ledge and the second of someone about to cut himself or herself. In the first sentence the writer gives you a definition (image in the mind) and breaks down the evidence in other words (paraphrasing) EXAMPLE OF Explanation of the Quote s meaning to theme: The singer is saying that the people shouldn t self-destruct because they are not victims instead they should believe in themselves. Usually when a person contemplates suicide they are in a situation they wish they could get out of. The speaker encourages them to not lie down and die but fight back. This reinforces the theme that fighting back is worthwhile even if you die because if the person he is speaking to doesn t care about dying anyway at least they can try to change their situation. EXAMPLE OF Connection to Claim: This image of turning violence outward instead of inward is exactly the kind of image that supports the theme that fighting back is always worthwhile, but the message is a little hidden in this song. 5. Conclusion Sentence this is where you want to restate your topic sentence or claim in different words. Some will also drop a hint as to Even with the use of imagery, My Chemical Romance is not as explicit with its statement of the theme if one must die than at least do it fighting back as Claude McKay. 2

3 Transitions and Counter Arguments Notes W1: Argumentative Writing Counter Arguments distinguish the claim from alternate or opposing claims c. Transition words and Phrases Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims. So you have successfully written a introduction paragraph and a body paragraph for your essay. High-five! If you haven t, what are you waiting for? Pay attention to this, but make sure to do that other stuff first. Before you move on from one paragraph to the next use Transition Words and phrases Transition Words and Phrases -- a work or phrase that smoothly connects two topics or sections to each other. consequently clearly, then furthermore additionally and in addition For continuing a common line of reasoning: moreover because besides that in the same way To restate a point within a paragraph in another way or in a more exacting way: in other words point in fact specifically however on the other hand admittedly assuredly certainly granted no doubt nobody denies finally To change the line of reasoning (contrast): but yet nevertheless on the contrary For opening a paragraph initially or for general use: obviously of course to be sure true undoubtedly unquestionably For the final points of a paragraph or essay: generally speaking in general at this level in this situation following this further also pursuing this further in the light of the... it is easy to see that Transitional chains, to use in separating sections of a paragraph which is arranged chronologically: first... second... third... generally... furthermore... finally in the first place... also... lastly in the first place... pursuing this further... finally in conclusion in final consideration indeed point in fact specifically after afterwards as soon as at first lastly To signal conclusion: to be sure... additionally... lastly in the first place... just in the same way... finally basically... similarly... as well therefore this hence in final analysis To restate a point within a paragraph in another way or in a more exacting way: before before long finally at last in other words Sequence or time first... second... third in the first place in the meantime then later meanwhile next soon 3

4 Parts of a Counter Argument 1. Introduce the Opposing Argument The writer summarizes the opposition's viewpoint openly and honestly Ways writers can begin: But is not completely inaccurate. It is often argued that... It is true that... Opposing views claim Acknowledge parts of the opposition that are valid The writer acknowledges that some of the opposition's claims may be valid, but the writer still shows that his own claims are stronger. The strength of the writer's claims are more convincing than the opposing viewpoints. A writer might explain the opposition's weakest points, contrasting them with his argument's strongest points. Ways writers can begin: Admittedly, Certainly, Of course, One cannot deny that... At the same time Counter the Argument Introduce the rebuttal of the concession argument. The writer refutes the opposition's claims showing they are incorrect or inconsequential--not a real problem. This is a good time to bring evidence. Ways writers can begin: Nevertheless, However, On the other hand, But Introduce the Conclusion The conclusion should summarize why the counter argument is not sufficient. Ways writers can begin Thus, Therefore, As a result, Sometimes writers might just want to restate his/her position simply. Now eventually you ll need to address the Counter Argument so you don t sound biased and subjective Counter Claim/Argument -- a claim made to rebut a previous claim Subjective based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions Example: Harsh judgments like that s stupid or obvious Biased--prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair Example of the body paragraph that you will be transitioning from 4

5 One literary device that is used in Save Yourself to support the theme of fighting back is imagery. The first example of imagery that My Chemical Romance uses to support the theme is the one of referencing death. Get off the ledge and drop the knife/ Not a victim of a victim's life/ Because this ain't a room full of suicides/ We're believers, I believe tonight. This is an example of imagery because in the mind one can clearly imagine two examples of attempted suicide. There is the first image of standing on the ledge and the second of someone about to cut himself or herself. The singer is saying that the people shouldn t self-destruct because they are not victims instead they should believe in themselves. Usually when a person contemplates suicide they are in a situation they wish they could get out of. The speaker encourages them to not lie down and die but fight back. This reinforces the theme that fighting back is worthwhile even if you die because if the person he is speaking to doesn t care about dying anyway at least they can try to change their situation. This image of turning violence outward instead of inward is exactly the kind of image that supports the theme that fighting back is always worthwhile, but the message is a little hidden in this song. Even with the use of imagery, My Chemical Romance is not as explicit with its statement of the theme if one must die than at least do it fighting back as Claude McKay. Moving on to more evidence might look like Furthermore, the use of repetition in Save Yourself also supports the theme of fighting back no matter the consequence. Additionally, another reason that Save Yourself is inferior thematically to If We Must Die is its basic use of repetition If you were shifting into a counter argument (this is also your topic sentence for this paragraph): On the other hand, there are some that will argue that the group s use of repetition makes the song equal to McKay s work. Validation (Supporting Sentence): Example: One cannot deny that the use of repetition in Save Yourself does create an easy to remember chorus and drives home the point, Counter Argument with Specific Evidence (Detail or Example and Explanation Sentences) Nevertheless, if you look at the details of the repetition it is far from backing up the theme of if you must die at least die fighting back. The most repeated phrase in the song is So just save yourself and I'll hold them back tonight. Although it could be interpreted that this is part of the same theme, in reality, it is not. This is more of a statement of being willing to sacrifice oneself in order for others to thrive. Introduction of Conclusion (Conclusion Sentences) Sacrifice can be a component of fighting back no matter the consequences, but tt doesn t have the same explicit statement of the theme that McKay uses. 5

6 Argumentative Writing Checklist/ Self evaluation In my body paragraphs I o Establish my in my topic sentence first and foremost o Introduce evidence with my supporting sentence o Provide specifics--quotation, Detail or Key fact-- that provide evidence to the reader about my concept (in the detail or example sentence) o Define the jargon/literary devices in a manner the reader can understand regardless of background o State the quote and provide a rewording to help the readers understanding o Explain the relationship between the quote and the topic sentence o Explain the relationship between the quote and the claim o Restate my topic sentence in my conclusion sentence utilizing different words In my counter argument paragraph I o Introduce the opposing argument o Acknowledge parts of the opposition that are valid o Counter the argument o Introduce the conclusion Throughout my essay I... o Maintain a professional and objective tone o Provide my reader with facts and logical explanations instead of making generalizations o Do not use I think or in my opinion o Do not use I, me, my, you, your, us, we or any other first or second person pronouns that are not directly quoted form the text. 6

7 Outline for Body Paragraph I. Topic Sentence: 1. Supporting Sentence: 2. Detail or Example from Text: a. Explanation of Quote to the literary device: b. Explanation of the Quote s meaning to theme: c. Connection to Claim: 3. Concluding Sentence: Final Draft for Peer Evaluation: Body Paragraph 7

8 Outline for Counter Argument Paragraph I. Topic Sentence (Introduce the Opposing Argument): _ 1. Supporting Sentence(Acknowledge parts of the opposition that are valid): 2. Detail or Example from Text (Counter the Argument): a. Explanation of How evidence invalidates the opposing view (Introduce a conclusion): b. Connection to Claim: 3. Concluding Sentence: Final Draft for Peer Evaluation: Counter Argument Paragraph 8

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