Katedra za istraživanja u biomedicini i zdravstvu Dan 2, Predavanje 2

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1 Katedra za istraživanja u biomedicini i zdravstvu Dan 2, Predavanje 2

2 ZNANSTVENI ČLANAK Posebna vrsta publikacije kojom se prenosi znanstvena informacija Obavijest o novom znanstvenom otkriću

3 OBLICI ZNANSTVENIH ČLANAKA Izvorni znanstveni Pregledni Prikaz bolesnika Pismo uredniku ostalo (book review, preliminary report...)

4 HIJERARHIJSKA VRIJEDNOST ZNANSTVENIH ČLANAKA 1. Sustavni pregled i meta-analiza 2. Randomizirani kontrolirani klinički pokus 3. Kohortno istraživanje 4. Studija parova (case-control study) 5. Presječno istraživanje 6. Prikaz slučaja (case series & case report)

5 Povijest znanstvene komunikacije Papirus sa zapisom 2400.PK 105. Pravljenje papira u Kini 868. Tisak drvenim blokovima u Kini Fotografija (Niepce) Tiskanje u boji (Knight) Prvi digitalni kompjutor Stroj za fotokopiranje Osobno računalo IBM Razvijena mreža World Wide Web

6 Povijest znanstvenih časopisa 1665 Journal des Scavans Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

7 Povijest znanstvenih časopisa

8 Some Anatomical Observations of Milk Found in Veins, Instead of Blood; And of Grass, Found in the Wind-Pipes of Some Animals Of an Observation, not Long Since Made in England, of Saturn Some Observations of the Effects of Touch and Friction The Method Observed in Transfusing the Bloud out of One Animal into Another An Account of Some Observations, Lately Made in Spain, by His Excellency the Earl of Sandwich An Account of Some Books Errata Correction Advertisment Note

9 Od opažanja do IMRADa Introduction Method Results And Discussion Što sam radio? Kako sam to radio? Što sam otkrio? Što bi to moglo značiti?

10 A naturalist s life would be a happy one if he had only to observe and never to write. Sir Charles Darwin

11 The man of science appears to be the only man who has something to say just now, and the only man who does not know how to say it. Sir James Barrie

12 Obilježja komunikacije u znanosti jasnoća jednostavnost točnost razumljivost Beauty of style and harmony and grace and good rhythm depend on simplicity. Plato

13 it is only in attempts to explain his work to somebody who has not done it that he can acquire the discipline of clear and reasoned communication which too is part of scientific method. Karl R. Popper

14 Pisanje utemeljeno na dokazima Gunning Fog Index: mjera čitljivosti pisanog materijala Robert Gunning. The Techniques of Clear Writing. New York: McGraw-Hill, Tumačenje: Raspon lagodnog čitanja: razine 6-10 Prosječna osoba čita na razini 9. Sve iznad 17. razine je teško za sveučilišne studente. Dječje knjige/novele 6-10 Novine Medicinski časopisi Pravni časopisi Police osiguranja 18-20

15 Pisanje utemeljeno na dokazima Mother speaking to a child Newspaper article Nature research article Nature 2003;423: Lexical difficulty index: Donald Hayes ranked words by their frequency of use in textbooks, novels, magazines, and encyclopedias. 1st: the ; 10,000th: whooping ; neuron 23,595th

16 Pisanje utemeljno na dokazima Nature Lex ocjene: LEX score Nature 2003;423: Science Nature +35 New Scientist +7 Time +2 US/UK novine 0 Ranger Rick -18 TV (prime show) -36 Pastir i stado -56

17 Temelji građe članka Introduction Method Results And Discussion What did I want to do? How did I do it? What did I find? What might it mean?

18 Research paper: Structure is everything Introduction Method Results And Discussion

19 Građa znanstvenog članka

20 Vrlo kondenzirana inačica sažetka članka Neskrativi skup pojmova koji točno opisuju sadržaj članka

21 NASLOV Presječno ispitivanje povezanosti pranja zubi i nastanka srčanih bolesti Pranje zubi sprječava srčane bolesti: randomizirani pokus

22 NASLOV Vrsti: - indikativan Povezanost pranje zubi i nastanka srčanih bolesti - informativan Pranje zubi sprječava srčane bolesti: randomizirani pokus

23 Skraćenice se u principu ne rabe u naslovima! Iznimke: dobro poznate skraćenice: DNA, AIDS znanstveni simboli: ph, C specifični akronimi: PTSD

24 Organizacija za građu: Odgovarajući naslov kao poveznica Čitatelji imaju prethodna iskustva i znanje Odgovarajući naslov pomaže stvaranju prikladnih asocijacija Pranje rublja Postupak je zapravo jako jednostavan. Prvo rasporedite stvari u različite skupine, ovisno o njihovim svojstvima. I jedna skupina može biti dovoljna ako

25 NASLOV Why whip egg whites in copper bowls? Nature 1984;308

26

27

28

29 Autori članka Tko treba biti na popisu?

30 Autorstvo se zasniva samo na značajnom prilogu: Promišljanju i ustroju istraživanja ILI analizi i interpretaciji podataka I Pisanju prve inačice članka ILI kritičkim izmjenama intelektualnog sadržaja članka I Konačnom odobrenju članka za publikaciju.

31 2001: 743 authors 743 autora

32 743 autora

33 743 autora

34 743 autora

35 743 autora

36 743 autora

37 2010: 2080 autora

38 authors vs. contributors

39 authors contributors

40 SAŽETAK Klasični Strukturirani Aim Method Results Conclusions Objective Setting Participants Design Intervention Main outcome measure Results Conclusions

41 Opet: građa!! Introduction Method Results And Discussion

42 UVOD Pišite Uvod krećući od općeg, širokog konteksta vašeg rada, recite čitatelju što je već poznato pa onda ono što se još ne zna, koji su problemi, te što ste vi odlučili raditi

43 TVORIVA I POSTUPCI daju informacije koje omogućuju znanstvenicima/čitateljima: ponavljanje pokusa procjenu vrijednosti pokusa

44 TVORIVA I POSTUPCI Recept ispitanici/tvoriva postupci Što/tko, koliko, kada, gdje... Kako i čime...

45 TVORIVA I POSTUPCI Pediat Res 1972;6:26 Krv za analizu uzeta je od 48 osoba koje smo upoznali s pokusom i koje su pristale na istraživanje (informed and consenting subjects); dob ispitanika bila je od 6 mjeseci do 22 godine.

46 REZULTATI tekst tablice slike

47 Prikaz rezultata Tekst Slike Tablice

48 REZULTATI Tablice donose dokaze kategorijske varijable, frekvencije, etc. Slike ilustriraju najvažnije nalaze prikaz vremenskog obrasca promjena histološki preparati, fotografije, RTG, grafikoni, etc. Prilozi moraju biti popraćeni legendama!

49 REZULTATI

50 REZULTATI

51 REZULTATI

52 REZULTATI

53 Prezentacija rezultata 99, , , , , ,

54 RASPRAVA Nakon sažimanja rezultata, identificirajte ograničenja i otklone,usporedite ih s drugim nalazima i raspravite teorijske i praktične posljedice vašeg istraživanja; oprezno izvedite zaključke iz opisanih istraživanja i predložite buduća istraživanja, pokažite što je novo i kako se Vaši rezultati uklapaju u šire područje koje ste opisali na početku Uvoda.

55 Obilježja komunikacije u znanosti jasnoća jednostavnost točnost razumljivost

56 Kirurzi u 30% slučajeva ne razumiju nalaze biopsije tumora (Powsner et al. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000;124:1040) U registrima za rak u Engleskoj, patolozi rabe 13 različitih naziva pozitvnog nalaza za rak (J Clin Pathol 2001;54:246)

57 From the time immemorial, it has been known that the ingestion of an apple (i.e., the pomme fruit of any tree of the genus Malus, said fruit being usually round in shape and red, yellow, or greenish in color) on a diurnal basis will with absolute certainty keep a primary member of the health care establishment absent from one s local environment.

58

59 The Six Honest Serving Men R. Kipling A survey of the writer s personal methodology in general inquiry has been carried out, and the results analyzed to determine components of the interrogatory technique. Six distinct forms of question were isolated, as tabulated below. It is claimed that responses evoked by these were responsible for the total quantity of knowledge acquired by the author (3). I keep six honest serving men (They taught me all I know): Their names are What and Why and When And How and Where and Who.

60 Karl Popper Objective Knowledge, 1972 Aiming at simplicity and lucidity is a moral duty of all intelectuals.

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