Contents. Part ONE. Religion and the Meaning of Life

Transcription

1 Contents Introduction I 1 ONE Religion and the Meaning of Life 1 How Do I Know That God Exists? 6 Saint Anselm, The Ontological Argument I 9 Saint Thomas Aquinas, Whether God Exists I 11 William Paley, The Teleological Argument I 13 David Hume, Why Does God Let People Suffer? I 15 Fyodor Dostoevsky, Rebellion I 19 S ren Kierkegaard, The Leap of Faith and the Limits of Reason I 22 William James, The Will to Believe I 25 Anthony Flew, R. M. Hare, Basil Mitchell, Theology and Falsification I 29 2 Does Religion Give My Life Meaning? 35 Steven M. Cahn, Religion Reconsidered I 37 Ramakrishna, Many Paths to the Same Summit I 40 Sigmund Freud, The Religious World View I 41 Bertrand Russell, Why I Am Not a Christian I 46 James Baldwin, Sunday in the Ghetto I 54 vii

2 viii Contents Daisetz Suzuki, The Awakening of a New Consciousness in Zen / 57 Mary Daly, The Leap Beyond Patriarchal Religion / 61 H. L. Mencken, Memorial Service / 66 Albert Camus, The Absurd / 67 TWO Science, Mind, and Nature 3 What Does Science Tell Me About the World? / 72 Susan Griffin, Gravity / 75 Carl G. Hempel, The Deductive-Nomological Model of Science / 76 Lewis Thomas, The Wonderful Pursuit of Science / 83 Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions / 85 Evelyn Fox Keller, Gender and Science / 92 Richard Feynman, Seeking New Laws of Nature / 102 Janice Moulton and George M. Robinson, Cheating for Truth / 108 Gary Zukav, Zen and Physics / Which Should I Believe: Darwin or Genesis? / 124 The Bible, Genesis / 127 Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man / 130 Duane T. Gish, Creationist Science and Education / 134 Philip Kitcher, Against Creationism / 143 Arthur L. Caplan, Is Evolutionary Theory Scientific? / 153 Isaac Asimov, Armies of the Night / How Is My Mind Connected to My Body? / 169 Rene Descartes, Mind as Distinct From Body / 172 Gilbert Ryle, The Concept of Mind / 176 William Lycan, Robots and Minds / 184 Thomas Nagel, What Is It Like to Be a Bat? / 189 E. Victoria Spelman, Woman as Body / 196

3 Contents ix THREE Thinking and Knowing 6 What Do I Know? / 206 Rene Descartes, Meditation One / 209 O. K. Bouwsma, Descartes' Evil Genius / 212 Peter Unger, A Defense of Skepticism / 219 Norman Malcolm, Knowledge Regained / 223 Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass / 225 Jorge L. Borges, The Circular Ruins / 226 Bertrand Russell, Appearance and Reality / 229 John Locke, Where Our Ideas Come From / 231 George Berkeley, To Be Is to Be Perceived / 234 ]. L. Austin, How Philosophers Distort Perception How Does My Brain Think? / 242 Daniel C. Dennett, Artificial Intelligence as Philosophy and as Psychology / 244 Owen Flanagan, Cognitive Psychology / 256 John R. Searle, The Myth of the Computer / 266 Paul M. Churchland, Eliminative Materialism / 271 Arnold Zubojj, The Story of a Brain / Does Language Make Me Think the Way I Do? / 283 Jonathan Swift, Getting Rid of Words / 286 LudWig Wittgenstein, Meaning as Use / 287 Benjamin Whorj, Language, Thought, and Reality / 294 George Orwell, Newspeak / 303 Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Language as Creator of Meaning 305 Stephanie Ross, How Words Hurt / 311 Friedrich Nietzsche, Communication and Consciousness 318 Lewis Carroll, Humpty Dumpty / 320

4 x Contents 9 Who Am I? / 326 FOUR The Dilemmas of Personhood john Perry, The First Night / 329 john Locke, Of Identity and Diversity / 339 Meredith W. Michaels, Persons, Brains, and Bodies / 343 justin Leiber, How to Build a Person / 346 David Hume, Of Personal Identity / 352 Derek Parfit, Later Selves and Moral Principles / 355 Alasdair MacIntyre, The Story-Telling Animal / How Are My Emotions Important to Me? / 364 Aristotle, On Anger / 366 Rene Descartes, The Passions of the Soul / 369 Benedict Spinoza, Emotions / 373 David Hume, On Pride / 377 William james, What is an Emotion? / 382 jean-paul Sartre, Emotions as Transformations of the World / 386 Carol Tavris, Uncivil Rites-The Cultural Rules of Anger / 388 Robert C. Solomon, What Love Is / 392 E. Victoria Spelman and john M. Connolly, Emotions and the Thought of Nuclear Holocaust / How Should I Feel about Abortion? / 400 Alice Walker, The Abortion / 403 judith jarvis Thomson, A Defense of Abortion / 4lO Kathryn Pyne Addelson, Moral Revolution / 420 Stanley Hauerwas, Christians and Abortion: The Narrative Context / 429 Daniel C. Maguire, A Catholic Theologian at an Abortion Clinic / 432 Barbara Ehrenreich, Is Abortion Really a "Moral" Dilemma? / 437

5 Contents xi 12 What's the Meaning of Death? / 440 Thomas Nagel, Death / 443 Plato, The Death of Socrates / 448 Michael Bishop, Diary of a Dead Man / 450 james Rachels, The Morality of Euthanasia / 457 Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School, Definition of Death / 467 Willard Gaylin, Harvesting the Dead / 470 Sylvia Plath, Attempted Suicide / 478 Robert M. Martin, Suicide and False Desires / 479 FIVE Living a Good Life 13 Why Shouldn't I Be Selfish? / 484 Plato, The Ring of Gyges / 487 Epicurus, The Pursuit of Pleasure / 490 joseph Butler, Benevolence and Self-Interest 496 Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene / 501 Stephen jay Gould, So Cleverly Kind an Animal / 504 Ayn Rand, The Virtue of Selfishness / 508 Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism / 510 Mark Patinkin, Yuppies Mean Business / Can There Be Sexual Equality? 517 Plato, The Equality of Women / 520 Aristotle, The Inequality of Women / 525 Immanuel Kant, The Inequality of Women / 526 john Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women / 526 Friedrich Engels, The Monogamous Family / 532 Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex / 535

6 xii Contents Sojourner Truth, Ain't I a Woman? / 540 Phyllis Schlajly, The Power of the Positive Woman / 541 Marilyn Frye, Sexism / What's the Right Thing for Me To Do? / 553 The Bible, The Ten Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount / 556 Aristotle, Happiness and the Good Life / 561 Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals / 566 John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism / 570 Friedrich Nietzsche, The Natural History of Morals / 574 A.]. Ayer, Emotivism / 578 William Gass, The Case of the Obliging Stranger / 581 John Ladd, On Relativism / 585 Mary Midgley, Trying Out One's New Sword / 587 Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice / 590 Joan Didion, On Morality / How Can We Get Along with Each Other? / 599 Martin Buber, I-Thou / 603 Aristotle, Friendship / 604 Janice Raymond, The Conditions of Female Friendship / 607 jamaica Kincaid, Gwen / 612 jean-paul Sartre, Hell Is Other People / 619 Bertrand Russell, Marriage / 621 Evan S. Connell, Sentimental Moment 624 jane English, What Do Grown Children Owe Their Parents? / 625 Nancy Slonim Aronie, My Heartbreak Kid / I Like It, But Is It Art? / 630 Aristotle, The Nature of Tragedy / 633 David Hume, Of the Standard of Taste / 638 Leo Tolstoy, What Is Art? / 643 Monroe Beardsley, Taste in Art / 646 Nelson Goodman, The Perfect Fake / 650 Arthur Danto, Transfiguration of the Commonplace / 655 Kathleen M. Higgins, Music, Muzak Everywhere: Is Anybody Really Listening? / 660 Tom Wolfe, The Worship of Art: Notes on the New God / 666

7 Contents xiii SIX Justice and Responsibility 18 Am I Free to Choose What I Do? / 672 Sophocles, Oedipus, King of Thebes / 675 Aristotle, Voluntary and Involuntary Action / 677 Epictetus, On Things That Are and Are Not in Our Own Power / 679 Baron d'holbach, Are We Cogs in the Universe? / 681 William james, "Soft" Determinism / 683 Clarence Darrow, The Leopold and Loeb Case / 687 john Hospers, Meaning and Free Will / 692 jean-paul Sartre, Freedom and Responsibility / 698 B. F. Skinner, Freedom and the Control of Men / 701 Anthony Burgess, A Clockwork Orange / What Do I Justly Deserve? / 706 Plato, Does Might Make Right? / 708 Thomas Hobbes, Justice and the Social Contract 712 john Stuart Mill, A Utilitarian Theory of Justice 717 john Dewey, Democracy and Equality / 720 john Rawls, Justice as Fairness / 724 Robert Nozick, The Principle of Fairness / 729 joel Feinberg, Economic Income and Social Justice / How Should I Make Money? 738 Michael D'Antonio, On Ethics in Business / 741 Adam Smith, Benefits of the profit Motive / 743 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Immorality of Capitalism / 747 Paul M. Sweezy, A Primer on Marxian Economics / 751 Robert Heilbroner, The Very Idea of a "Free Market System" / 753 Milton Friedman, The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits / 754

8 xiv Contents Christopher D. Stone, Why Shouldn't Corporations Be Socially Responsible? 759 Albert Z. Carr, Is Business Like Poker? / 763 W. Michael Hoffman, The Ford Pinto / 768 William Safire, Corporate Crime: Is Anyone Responsible Here? / 775