CONTENTS BELIEF AND KNOWLEDGE SCIENCE, COMMON SENSE, AND THE WORLD PART ONE PART TWO. Preface, xi
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1 CONTENTS Preface, xi Introduction: Philosophy and the Study of Philosophy 1 PART ONE BELIEF AND KNOWLEDGE Preview 25 Appendix 28 1 I PETER UNGER, A Defense of Skepticism 30 2 I JOHN HOSPERS, A Critique of Skepticism 36 3 I CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE, The Fixation of Belief 46 4 I w. K. CLIFFORD, The Ethics of Belief 53 5 I WILLIAM JAMES, The Will to Believe 59 Study Questions 64 Further Readings PART TWO SCIENCE, COMMON SENSE, AND THE WORLD Preview 67 6 I SIR ARTHUR EDDINGTON, Two Tables 70 7 I L. SUSAN STEBBING, "Furniture of the Earth" 73 (v) 67
2 vi I Contents 8 I W. T. STACE, Science and the Physical World 82 9 I c. H. WHITELEY, Physical Objects as Not Reducible to Perceptions 87 Study Questions 94 Further Readings 95 PART THREE FREEDOM, DETERMINISM, AND RESPONSIBILITY Preview I ROBERT BLATCHFORD, The Delusion of Free Will I w. T. STACE, The Problem of Free Will I RICHARD TAYLOR, Freedom and Determinism I JOHN HOSPERS, Free-Will and Psychoanalysis I KARL MENNINGER, The Crime of Punishment I c. S. LEWIS, The Humanitarian Theory of Punishment 144 Study Questions 150 Further Readings PART FOUR BODIES, MINDS, AND PERSONS Preview I c. E. M. JOAD, The Mind as Distinct from the Body I WILLIAM S. ROBINSON, Why I Am a Dualist I RICHARD TAYLOR, The Case for Materialism I A. A. LUCE, Mind Without Matter I JOHN B. WATSON, Behaviorism 190 Study Questions 197 Further Readings
3 Contents I vii PART FIVE PERSONS, MACHINES, AND IMMORTALITY 201 Preview I A. M. TURING, Computing Machinery and Intelligence I KEITH GUNDERSON, The Imitation Game I CLARENCE DARROW, The Myth of Immortality I C. J. DUCASSE, Is Life After Death Possible? 229 Study Questions 236 Further Readings 237 PART SIX THE EXISTENCE OF GOD Preview I JULIAN HARTT, Theism and the Existence of God I ERNEST NAGEL, The Case for Atheism I BERTRAND RUSSELL, Why I Am Not a Christian I T. H. HUXLEY, Agnosticism I H. L. MENCKEN, Memorial Service I ANTONY FLEW, R. M. HARE, BASIL MITCHELL, Theology and Falsification 280 Study Questions 288 Further Readings PART SEVEN GOD, FAITH, AND EVIL Preview I H. J. McCLOSKEY, God and Evil I JOHN HICK, The Problem of Evil I RICHARD TAYLOR, Faith I RICHARD ROBINSON, Religion, Reason, and Faith
4 viii I Contents Study Questions 334 Further Readings 335 PART EIGHT MEANING AND EXISTENCE Preview I DAVID F. SWENSON, The Dignity of Human Life I KURT BAIER, The Meaning of Life I A. J. AYER, Philosophy and the Meaning of Life I KAI NIELSEN, Philosophy and the Meaning of Life 364 Study Questions 373 Further Readings PART NINE MORAL VALUES: GROUNDS AND NORMS 375 Preview I HARRY BROWNE, The Morality Trap I JAMES RACHELS, Egoism and Moral Skepticism I JEREMY BENTHAM, Utilitarianism I PAUL W. TAYLOR, A Problem for Utilitarianism I R. M. MACIVER, The Deep Beauty of the Golden Rule I JONATHAN BENNETT, The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn I EMIL BRUNNER, Good and the Will of God I KAI NIELSEN, God and the Good 425 Study Questions 431 Further Readings 432 PART TEN ETHICAL JUDGMENTS Preview
5 Contents I Ix 47 I BERTRAND RUSSELL, Science and Ethics I BRAND BLANSHARD, The New Subjectivism in Ethics I RUTH BENEDICT, Anthropology and the Abnormal I W. T. STACE, Ethical Relativism 460 Study Questions 469 Further Readings 470 PART ELEVEN THE STATE AND SOCIETY Preview I CHARLES FRANKEL, Why Choose Democracy? I JOHN HOSPERS, The Libertarian Manifesto I CARL COHEN, Socialism I MICHAEL OAKESHOTT, On Being Conservative 499 Study Questions 507 Further Readings PART TWELVE LIBERTY VS. AUTHORITY Preview I LORD PATRICK DEVLIN, Morals and the Criminal Law I H. L. A. HART, Immorality and Treason I B. F. SKINNER, Designing a Culture I MELVIN R. SCHUSTER, Some Problems for Skinner 539 Study Questions 546 Further Readings GLOSSARY 549 INDEX 555
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