Contents. Preface to the Second Edition xm Preface to the First Edition xv. Part I What Is Ethics? 1
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1 Preface to the Second Edition xm Preface to the First Edition xv Part I What Is Ethics? 1 1 Plato: Socratic Morality: Crito 7 Suggestions for Further Reading 14 Part II Ethical Relativism 15 1 Herodotus: Custom Is King 19 2 William Graham Sumner: Folkways and Ethical Relativism 20 3 Louis Pojman: A Critique of Ethical Relativism 29 4 Gilbert Harman: Moral Relativism Defended 38 Suggestions for Further Reading 47 Part III Ethical Egoism, Altruism, and Evolution 49 1 Thomas Hobbes: The Leviathan 53 2 Joel Feinberg: Psychological Egoism 62 3 Brian Medlin: Ultimate Principles and Ethical Egoism 73 4 Jesse Kalin: In Defense of Egoism 78 5 Michael Ruse: Evolution and Ethics: The Sociobiological Approach 91
2 Vlll Contents 6 Elliott Sober: The Prospects for Evolutionary Ethics 110 Suggestions for Further Reading 122 Part IV Value Jeremy Bentham: Classical Hedonism Robert Nozick: The Experience Machine Richard Taylor: Value and the Origin of Right and Wrong Friedrich Nietzsche: The Transvaluation of Values 139 *5 Richard Kraut: Two Conceptions of Happiness 146 *6 Thomas Nagel: Value: The View from Nowhere 157 Suggestions for Further Reading 166 Part V Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism Kai Nielsen: Against Moral Conservatism Bernard Williams: Against Utilitarianism Peter Railton: Alienation, Consequentialism, and the Demands of Morality 209 *5 Robert Nozick: Moral Side Constraints 227 *6 Philippa Foot: Utilitarianism and the Virtues 231 *7 Samuel Schemer: Agent-Centered Restrictions, Rationality and the Virtues 240 Suggestions for Further Reading 249 Part VI Kantian and Deontological Systems Immanuel Kant: The Foundations of the Metaphysic of Morals W. D. Ross: What Makes Right Acts Right? Fred Feldman: Kantian Ethics 288 *4 Philippa Foot: Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives Thomas Nagel: Moral Luck 307 Suggestions for Further Reading 315 * For advanced courses
3 ix Part VII Virtue-Based Ethical Systems Aristotle: The Ethics of Virtue Bernard Mayo: Virtue and the Moral Life William Frankena: A Critique of Virtue-Based Ethical Systems Walter Schaller: Are Virtues No More Than Dispositions to Obey Moral Rules? 346 *5 Robert Louden: Some Vices of Virtue Ethics 347 *6 Alasdair MacIntyre: The Nature of the Virtues Susan Wolf: Moral Saints Louis Pojman: In Defense of Moral Saints 383 Suggestions for Further Reading 389 Part VIII The FactlValue Problem David Hume: On Reason and the Emotions: The Fact/Value Distinction G. E. Moore: Non-Naturalism and the Indefinability of the Good A. J. Ayer: Emotivism 412 *4 C. L. Stevenson: The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms 418 *5 R. M. Hare: Prescriptivism: The Structure of Ethics and Morals 428 *6 Philippa Foot: Moral Beliefs Geoffrey Warnock: The Object of Morality 446 Suggestions for Further Reading 454 Part IX Moral Realism and the Challenge of Skepticism J. L. Mackie: The Subjectivity of Values David Brink: Moral Realism and the Sceptical Argument from Disagreement and Queerness Gilbert Harman: Moral Nihilism 478 *4 Nicholas Sturgeon: Moral Explanations 487 *5 Evan K. Jobe: A Critique of Sturgeon's Defence of Moral Realism 499 *6 Bernard Williams: Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy 505 *7 Bruce Russell: Two Forms of Ethical Skepticism 517 Suggestions for Further Reading 529
4 x Contents Part X Morality and Self-Interest 531 I Plato: Why Be Moral? Richard Taylor: On the Socratic Dilemma David Gauthier: Morality and Advantage Gregory Kavka: A Reconciliation Project 554 Suggestions for Further Reading 566 Part XI Religion and Ethics 567 I Plato: Morality and Religion Immanuel Kant: God and Immortality as Necessary Postulates of Morality Bertrand Russell: A Free Man's Worship Georges Mavrodes: Religious and the Queerness of Morality Kai Nielsen: Ethics Without God 589 Suggestions for Further Reading 594 Part XII Justice 597 I Aristotle: Formal Justice David Hume: Justice as Convention Nicholas Rescher: Distributive Justice Robert Nozick: A Libertarian Theory ofjustice John Rawls: A Liberal Theory ofjustice Wallace Matson: Justice: A Funeral Oration Thomas Nagel: Equality 656 Suggestions for Further Reading 667 Part XIII Rights 669 I John Locke: Natural Rights Joel Feinberg: The Nature and Value of Rights Ronald Dworkin: Taking Rights Seriously 690 *4 Alan Gewirth: The Epistemology of Human Rights 703
5 xi *5 Alasdair MacIntyre: A Critique of Gewirth and the Notion of Rights Appendix: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 719 Suggestions for Further Reading 724 A Glossary of Ethical Terms 725
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