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2 .., e (1 ~ c ROMAN MAGISTRACIES Number in Suo Office Responsibilities Kind/Power College Anno Insignia Elected Inaugurated consuls/consules chief executive officers ordinary lictors by Comitia Centuriata 1-Jan convene, preside over, and veto fasces within consult the senate potestas power the city in July 1 fasces with securis outside convoke the popular assemblies imperium the city for one-year term supervise election of magistrates sella curulis levy and take command of troops toga praetexta take auspices and see to religious matters perform censors' duties when, censors not in office introduce assembly bills to the Senate control relations between Rome, Italy and prqvinces praetorsl 2 lictors in Ipraetores chief judicial officers ordinary 8 40 Rome by Comitia Centuriata 1-Jan judges in civil and criminal veto 6 lictors cases potestas power outside Rome in Julv praetor urbanus (1) -- citizens imperium sella curulis for one-yearterm praetor perearinus (1)-forelgners toaa praetexta others (6) -- acts 'OfvIolence, provincial extortion, electoral bribery 1

3 I.j,f,) (l f) (", ~~eja quaestors! Quaestores financialofficers ordinary I subsellium ",) by ComitiaTributa 5-Dec quaestoresurbani(2)--state \ treasury and archives In Temple veto ' ofsaturn potestas power in July 4 quaestors -- posts In Italy for one-year term others -- assistants to governors in provinces (2 quaestors In Sicily), Quartermastersin army I supervise public buildings aediles places, streets and utilities ordinary 4 37 by Comitia Tributa 1-Jan supervise market and grain supply potestas in July manage and provide funds for public games for one-year term curule aedijes(2) -- under veto toga praetexta supervision of consuls power sella curulis plebeian aedijes(2) -- under veto supervision of tribunes of plebs power subsellium censors! censores take census ordinary 2 sella curulis by Comitia Centuriata 1-Jan inspect registry of citizens of veto every class potestas power toga praetexta in July, every five years define and revise lists of for a one and a half senators and equites year term maintain high standards of morality arrange for contracts with publicani 2

4 " () ~ () tribunes of the serveas directrepresentativeof plebs/tribunl plebis the plebeians ordlnarv 10 viator by Comilia Tributa 10-Dec protectthe rightsof the common veto people potestas power sacrosanct in July veto power over popular assambliasand senate for one-yearterm vetopower overother magistratas 24 lictorswith servewith absolutepower fascesand duringa periodof crisis--for six securis--both appointedby the monthsor untilthe crisiswas within and consulsat the request dictator over extraordinary 1 outsidethe city of the senate for 6 monthsor until crisisto Romanstate is convokesenate potestas sella curulis over. call out and commandthe army IW\p'l.HI'{\ toga praetexta f!o.t 3

5 0 f' () 6 lictors with fasces and securls both within and selected and appointed magister equitum second in command to dicator extraordinary 1 outside the city by dicator for 6 months or until crisis to Roman state is command cavalry potestas sella curulis over imperium toga praetexta appointed by the senate if both consuls die in chief magistrate of Roman office or if civil disorder Republic under special prevents regular interrex circumstances extraordinary 1 election of consuls potestas for 5 days imperium Restrictions Cursus Honorum cannot hold two offices simultaneously two years must pass between holding offices 10 years must pass before election to the..-t office. ~"- uaestor -(aedile or tribunus praetor consul Die Prereauisites quaestor must be held before praetor praetor must be held before consul office of aedile or tribunus plebis must be sought between quaestor and praetor, but not prerequisite for praetor or consul 4,

6 0 e e ROMAN RELIGIOUS OFFICIALS Number in Office ResDonslbllities Colleae Insianla Elected Length of Term responsible for the Roman Pontifex Maxlmus state reliaion 1 secespita(ironknife) by the ComitiaTributa for life supervisedpriestlycolleaes torch protectedvestalvirgins SDear couldnot weartoga keptannalesmaximi praetexta in chargeof Romancalendar lituus(curvedstaff. usedto quarterthe Augurs/Augures determinedthe will of the gads 15 heavens) by prominentcitizens for life lookedfor cloudpatterns,flying trabea(togawith birdformations,entrailsof brightscarletstripes. animals and a purpleborder) set religiousritual decidedlocationof religious bulldlnas Haruspices determinedthe will of the gods tall, conicalhat examinedthe entrailsof sacrificedanimals,especially heartand liver maintainedsacredfire within distinctivedressand Vestal Virginsl the Templeof Vestain the Vestales Virglnes ForumRomanum 6 hairstyleof a Roman appointedby Pontifex bride Maximus for 30 years officiatedat prescribedroman rituals at varioustimes sctulo5tt f1c-t throuahouttheyear flameof Vesta

7 () f' 0 ROMANGOVERNMENTALBODIES Name Organization Meeting Place Responsibilities Senate/Senatus 600 members usuallvucuriahostilia administrationof foreignaffairs all curulemagistratesadmittedupon any publicbuilding,usuallya closeof tenurein officeand heldoffice temple,couldhousea meetingof makingof treatiesandnegotiations for life the Senate with foreigncountries meetingusuallycalledby consulor tribune(butcouldbe calledby any maaistrateexcectauaestor) declarationof war assignmentof militarycommands presidedover bv consul and mobilizationof troops appointmentof provincialofficials triumphsandthanksgivings OISCUSSlon of billsprrorto presentationto Comitia composedof centuriesof CampusMartius(couldnot meet electedconsuls,praetors, and Comitia Centuriata approximately100men within pomeriumof the city) censor eachcenturyvotedas a unitto cast one vote cer century declareoffensivewar electiondecidedby majorityvote of centuries summo.nedby any magistratewith imperiumwhothenwaspresiding officer 1

8 () tj 0 elected tribunes, aediles, quaestors, Comitia Tributa composed of 35 tribes of plebeians Comitium augurs, and petty magistrates passed decrees (plebiscita) that were binding without any further each citizen belonged to a tribe Campus Martius sanctions each tribe voted as a unit to cast one vote per tribe election decided by majority vote of tribes tribune presided over elections of tribunes and aedlles praetor or consul presided over election of curule aedlles and quaestors mass meetings for purposes of Contio discussion Comitium no voting Campus Martius 2

9 .' 0 r; (1 ROMAN ORDERS OF SOCIETY Ordl H,' 1cal Back! d 1=1 t/on/ro/e /n Soc/et ".I InsiJ on-- originally tunic with broad Ordo Senator/us/ members/descendants of purple stripe down Opt/mates Patrician families ruling class the front by Cicero's time, members! descendants of old established Patrician and high purple shoes Plebeian families controlled all magistracies with block thongs given best seats in the theatre -- in orchestra just In front of stage originally the cavalry of early tunic with narrow Ordo Equestr/s/ Roman armies -- enough purple stripe down Equ/tes wealth to buy a horse moneyed class the front by Cicero's time, those who [possessed400,000 sesterces controlled the wealth great Influence in politics and public affairs gold ring given seats just behind the senators in the theatre Ordo Plebe/us/ Plebs great mass of Roman citizens large voting block ojcitizens lived on government subsidy of great variety in occupation grain and on largess of and position among plebs politicians most tormer traaers ana farmers driven from business and agriculture by concentration of wealth In upper classes 1

10 .. (' " (' citizens with right to vote and Libertini freedmen -- former slaves hold property no right to hold office after two generations, descendants have right to hold office 2

11 ..~ c t; 0 CITIZENSHIP AND CIVIL RIGHTS Citizenshipattainedvia:. heredity. freed slave. alliedtowns Rights of Citizens:. ius suffrage- right to vote. ius honorum- right to hold office. ius connubi- right to marry. ius commerci- right to do business. ius provocationis- right to appeala capitalor corporalsentence. ius testamenti- rightto make a will lnsignis of Citizenship: toga virilis Certain individuals could be accorded certain of these rights, e.g. resident foreigners could be given.. IUS commerc1.