fasceswith securis outside convokethe popularassemblies imperium the city for one-yearterm superviseelectionof magistrates

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1 ROMAN MAGISTRACIES Number in Suo Office Responsibilities Kind/Power College Anno Insignia Elected Inaugurated consuls/consules chief executiveofficers ordinary lictors by ComitiaCenturiata 1-Jan convene,presideover, and fasces within consultthe senate potestas power the city in July fasceswith securis outside convokethe popularassemblies imperium the city for one-yearterm superviseelectionof magistrates sella curulis levy andtake commandof troops toga praetexta take auspicesand seeto religiousmatters performcensors'dutieswhen censors not in office introduceassemblybillsto the Senate controlrelationsbetweenrome, Italyand provinces praetorsl 2 lictorsin praetores chiefjudicial officers ordinary 8 40 Rome bv ComitiaCenturiata 1-Jan judges in civil andcriminal 6 lictors cases potestas power outsiderome in Julv praetor urbanus (1) --citizens imperium sella curulis for one-vearterm praetor peregrinus (1)-foreigners toga praetexta others (6) --acts OfvIolence, provincialextortion,electoral bribery 1

2 quaestorsl quaestores financial officers ordinary subsellium by Comitia Tributa 5-Dec quaestores urbani (2)-- state treasury and archives in Temple of Saturn potestas power in July 4 quaestors -- posts in Italy / for one-year term others -- assistants to governors in provinces (2 quaestors in Sicily), quartermasters in army supervise public buildings aediles places, streets and utilities ordinary 4 37 by Comitia Tributa 1-Jan supervise market and grain supply potestas in July manage and provide funds for public games curule aediles (2) --under toga praetexta supervision of consuls power sella curulis plebeian aediles (2) -- under supervision of tribunes of plebs power subsellium for one-year term censorsl censores take census ordinary 2 sella curulis by Comitia Centuriata 1-Jan inspect registry of citizens of every class potestas power toga praetexta in July, every five years define and revise lists of for a one and a half senators and equites year term maintain high standards of morality arrange for contracts with publicani 2

3 tribunes of the serve as direct representative of plebs/tribuni plebis the plebeians ordinary 10 viator by Comitia Tributa 10-Dec protect the rights of the common people potestas power sacrosanct in July power over popular assembliesand senate for one-year term power overother magis- ( I trates 24 lictors with serve with absolute power fasces and during a period of crisis --for six securis --both appointed by the months or until the crisis was within and consuls at the request dictator over extraordinary 1 outside the city of the senate for 6 months or until crisis to Roman state is convoke senate potestas sella curulis over call out and command the army imperium toga praetexta 3 '"

4 .~..." lictors with fasces and securis both within and selected and appointed magister eauitum second in command to dicator extraordinary 1 outside the city by dicator for 6 months or until crisis to Roman state is command cavalry potestas sella curulis. over imperium toga praetexta ~ appointed by the senate if both consuls die in chief magistrate of Roman office or if civil disorder Republic under special prevents regular interrex circumstances extraordinary 1 election of consuls potestas for 5 days imperium Restrictions cannot hold two offices simultaneously two years must pass between holding offices 10 years must pass before election to the ReXtoffice ~Mc... CursusHonorum quaestor (aedileor tribunusplebis) praetor consul -~ Prereauisites quaestor must be held before praetor praetor must be held before consul office of aedile or tribunus plebis must be sought between quaestor and praetor, but not prerequisite for praetor or consul 4

5 r; \ " Office Pontifex Maximus ROMAN RELIGIOUS OFFICIALS Responsibilities responsible for the Roman state religion supervised priestly colleaes rotected Vestal Virgins Number in Colleae Insiania Elected 1 bv the Cornitia Tributa Length of Term for life kept ann ales maximi in charge of Roman calendar determined the will of the gods looked for cloud patterns, flying bird formations, entrails of animals set religious ritual decided location of religious buildings 15 lituus (curved staff used to quarter the heavens) trabea (toga with bright scarlet stripes and a purple boj<i~r) b rominent citizens for life '.I Haruspices determined the will of the gods tall, conical hat examined the entrails of sacrificed animals, especially heart and liver maintained sacred fire within distinctive dress and Vestal Virginsl the Temple of Vesta in the hairstyle of a Roman appointed by Pontifex Vestales Viraines Forum Romanum 6 bride Maximus for 30 years officiated at prescribed Roman rituals at various times throughout the year sacrosanct flame of Vesta

6 '. POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS STRUCTURE OF: THE ROMAN STATE IN THE LATE REPUBLIC CITIZENS Constituency Divisions Free inhabitants of Rome and (after. 90 B.C.) of Italy, who however had to go. { to Rome if they wished to vote 35 tribes, each tribe subdivided. into 5 classes, each class into 2 centuries (350 centuries), as assigned in the lists of the { censors, LEGAL JURISDIC- TION Civil Procedure Criminal Procedure ')1.f-6~ Praetor urbanus in cases between citizens Praetor peregrinus in cases in which one or both parties were foreigners. Censorsin cases touching the treasury [ Aediles in cases arising in the markets Pontifex maximusin casesof certain crimes against religion Quaestiones perpetuae - permanent juries or courts, at least 8 in number, 6 of them presided over by praetors and the rest by iudicesquaestionis,foremen ~ ASSEMBLIES OFFICIALS 2 The People Counselors. Comitia curiata, an assembly to act on clan affairs and to confer the imperium Comitia centuriata, an assembly by centu.ries to elect consuls, praetors, censors Comitia tributa, an assembly by tribes to elect minor magistrates and to enact laws Concilium plebis, an assembly of plebeian tribes to elect tribunes and plebeian aediles and to enact laws, called plebiscita Senatus, numbering about 600 appointed members, to legislate on foreign affairs, {. religion, and finances Major 2 consuls 8 praetors (16 under Caesar) { 2 censors. Ordinary 4 aediles (6 under Caesar) 10tribunes Magistrates Minor 20 quaestors (40 under Caesar) 26 members of the college of twenty-six Dictator Extra- Interrex ordinary{ Magister equitum Civil servants {Scribae,praecones,lictores,viatores...:.', Provinces,. PROVINCIAL B.C. ADMINIS- TRATION STATE PRIESTS I Provincial Officials r The Great Colleges Special Priesthoods Lesser Colleges Sicily, Sardinia (with Corsica), UT "".esern t Hither ' Spain, Farther Spain, Ill A ".. yncum, Inca, Narbonese { Gaul, Cisalpine Gaul Achaia, Macedonia, Asia, Bi- Eastern thynia, Cyrene (with Crete), { Cilicia,. Syria Governor, an ex-consul or an ex-praetor Quaestor, in charge of finances { Lieutenantsand other subordinate officials [ [ 15 pontifices (16 under Caesar) 15 augurs (16 under Caesar) 15 quindecimviri sacris faciundis, guardians of the Sibylline books 7 epulones (10 under Caesar), ministers to provide banquets for the gods 15 flamens; most important, those of Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus 6 Vestal virgins, guardians of the fire of Vesta. Rex sacrorum Fetiales, heralds who demanded redress of wrongs and declared war with certain rites SaW, guardians of the sacred shields Luperci, ministers of the rites of Luper calia Fratres orvales, priests of Dea Dia 3