Chapter Five. How did New Mexico grow and change in the late 1800s, and what challenges did it face on its path to statehood?
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1 Chapter Five How did New Mexico grow and change in the late 1800s, and what challenges did it face on its path to statehood?
2 Lesson One Growth and Change How did New Mexico grow and change in the late 1800s, and what challenges did it face on its path to statehood?
3 TRAILS
4 New Trails NM became a U.S territory 1850 Santa Fe trail was the route Old Spanish trail was difficult to follow, easier route was needed
5 Santa Fe Trail
6 Spanish Trail
7 Cooke s Wagon Road
8 Butterfield Overland Trail
9 Cooke s Wagon Road Aka Mormon Battalion Route Lt. Col. Philip St. George Cooke
10
11 Butterfield Overland Trail Gadsden Purchase meant for a railroad Opened in 1858 Stagecoach primary means of transport
12
13 Riding the Stage Very dangerous Outlaws and Natives Doubtful Canyon, NM
14 If the team runs away sit still and take your chances. If you jump, nine out of ten times you will get hurt!
15 Territorial Growth Trails & railroads opened NM up White settlers = Anglos Texans & Slaves & Mormons, Oh my! NM became multicultural
16 Essential Questions 1. What caused settlers to come to New Mexico? 2. Which trail goes from Missouri to New Mexico? 3. Which trail was the first to California?
17 Catholics in NM
18 Catholic Church NM never had a bishop First Bishop = Jean Baptiste Lamy
19 New Churches Bishop Lamy considered NM churches primitive Churches made of mud & homemade images of santos La Conquistadora was placed in an unworthy church
20
21 La Conquistadora Our lady of Peace Mary, Christ s mother Oldest & most respected religious statue in NM Honored in a parade every
22 St. Francis Cathedral St. Francis built over the old cathedral Architect was brought in from France Completed in 1895
23
24 Priests and Nuns No priests or nuns meant lack of serving Bishop Lamy went to France to recruit volunteers More than 100, plus the first ever nuns moved to NM
25
26
27 Conflict from Within Bishop Lamy became archbishop in 1875 Padre Martinez opposed Bishop Lamy Poverty had increased due to Bishop Lamy
28 Antonio José Martínez 1804 moved to Taos Married Maria de la Luz, but she died Stricken with grief he decided to become a priest
29 Antonio José Martínez Opened a school in Taos Printed NM s first book Most famous & powerful NM priest
30 Essential Questions 1. Who is Bishop Lamy? 2. How did Bishop Lamy affect NM? 3. What was Bishop Lamy s greatest achievement? 4. Who opposed Bishop Lamy? Why?
31 The Government
32 Land Policies Government offered land for next to nothing Homestead Act, 160 acres for free, must live there for 5 years Homesteaders found NM difficult
33 Making a Living Sheep & cattle ranching Mining grew as well Businesses boomed due to the railroad
34 Sheep Ranching Number one livestock raised Wool & mutton Sheep drives made New Mexicans wealthy & powerful
35 Cattle Ranching After the Civil War cattle ranching was important Beef was in high demand
36 Cattle Drives Railroads were not around till the 1880s Cattle drives allowed cowboys to take their cattle to market Goodnight-Loving trail
37
38 Cattle Drives Texas to Kansas, then shipped to the east Goodnight & Loving decided to head through eastern NM Cattle drives took about 4 months
39 End of Cattle Drives Railroads ended the cattle drives Ranchers made their ranches close to railroads
40 Essential Questions 1. What is the Homestead Act? 2. How did New Mexicans make a living? 3. How did cowboys take their cattle to market?
41 Life in NM
42 Boomtowns Silver City, White Oaks, Lake Valley Boomtowns = Towns that spring up Silver City kept going
43
44 Mining Ancestral Puebloans, first to mine Los Cerillos = oldest turquoise mine Turquoise, copper, & coal
45 Mining: Turquoise Very popular Used to make jewelry Los Cerillos = Oldest mine
46 Mining: Copper Dyes & Coins 1800s, copper in high demand Electricity Grant Canyon
47 Mining: Coal Fuel Colfax County Gallup & Madrid Dust & gases caught fire
48 Materials brought in by Santa Fe Trail Santa Fe New Mexican Newspapers
49 Tourism Largest business Indian Pottery & rugs Climate & scenery Not as modern
50 Health Seekers Always considered a healthy place 1800s, doctors sent patients Tuberculosis (TB) Writers, architects, political leaders, & doctors
51
52 Harvey Houses Restaurants & hotels along the Santa Fe Trail Fred Harvey Santa Fe Railroad, huge success due to Harvey
53
54 Harvey Girls One problem, men Women began applying Uniforms: black & white, ironed & spotless Strict rules
55
56 Essential Questions 1. What three items were primarily mined in NM? 2. What was NM s largest business? 3. Who is Fred Harvey? How did he contribute to NM?
57 Lesson Two Part of the Wild West How did New Mexico grow and change in the late 1800s, and what challenges did it face on its path to statehood?
58 Law & Order
59 Wild West NM Outlaws, guns, crimes, and violence Violence to solve disputes Black Jack Ketchum Gang
60 Lawlessness Few lawmen No one wanted to be in a posse Posse: help with law enforcement Large territory and hiding places
61 Lawlessness Most men carried guns Simple arguments to gunfire New sources of wealth
62 Lincoln County War Most famous conflict Largest county to enter U.S Lawrence Murphy dominated Lincoln County
63 Santa Fe Ring Murphy s power extended past Lincoln Ring leaders were corrupt 1876 John Henry Tunstall arrives Hires William Bonny (Billy the Kid)
64 Essential Questions 1. Why did lawlessness grow? 2. Who is Lawrence Murphy? 3. Who assisted Billy the Kid? What is Billy s real name?
65 Enter in, the law
66 Land Grants Land grants added problems Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, not honored 1850, 15 million square miles Land grants given to
67 Combating Lawlessness 1885, first prison in NM built Lincoln divided into 6 counties Sheriff Elfego Baca 1905: NM Territorial Mounted Police
68
69 Boundary Disputes Boundaries were unclear Land grant documents were lost or destroyed
70 Essential Questions 1. Where was the first prison built? 2. Who was the well known sheriff? 3. Why were boundaries difficult to defend?
71 Enter in, the law
72 Lawyers Anglo lawyers hired to defend land Paid in land Thomas B. Catron, lawyer who was the largest landowner
73 Thomas B. Catron, suspected leader of the Santa Fe Ring
74 Las Vegas Las Vegas was greatly affected Fences were put up Hispanics were cut off Hispanic farmers created Las Gorras Blancas
75 Las Gorras Blancas Hispanics resented the railroad and settlers for land grabbing 300 members Riders wore white caps
76 Our purpose is to protect the rights and interests of the people in general; especially those of the helpless classes. We want the Las Vegas Grant settled to the benefit of all concerned, and this we hold is the entire community within the grant. We want no land grabbers or obstructionists of any sort to interfere. We will watch them Be fair and just as we are with you, do otherwise and take the consequences
77 Maxwell Land Grants Most disputed land grant Given to Carlos Beaubien & Guadaloupe Miranda Lucien Bonaparte Maxwell gained 1.5 million acres Fertile land & gold discovered in 1866
78 Maxwell Land Grants Maxwell made a lot of money Some lived on the land as squatters Squatters live on land without purchasing or renting it
79 Colfax County War Santa Fe Ring helped the company Franklin J. Tolby was murdered 1887, Supreme Court ruled for Maxwell Land Grant Company
80 Essential Questions 1. Why were land grants challenged? 2. Who is Thomas B. Catron? 3. How did the Colfax War begin?
81 Lesson Three Struggle for Statehood How did New Mexico grow and change in the late 1800s, and what challenges did it face on its path to statehood?
82 Roadblocks
83 Background After Mexican American War, NM was a territory of U.S 62 years as a territory CO, ID, ND, SD, OK, WA, & WY became states NM kept being rejected
84 What is a Territory? A territory is a region that is governed by the federal government Can t vote for pres., can t elect representatives A delegate is an elected or appointed representative
85 Three men representing the territories of NM, AZ, and OK wait to be granted statehood. What symbols in the image support this message?
86 Territorial Government 1850, New Mexicans enjoyed democratic rights Didn t elect judges or governors New Mexicans had democracy, just not enough as if they were a state James S. Calhoun, first governor
87
88 Path to Statehood Population, permission, & guarantee certain civil rights Citizens must ratify (give formal approval) of the proposed constitution President signs off on a territory to become a state
89 Roadblocks NM met the population requirement 1850, they drafted a constitution Failed due to debate over slavery Handshake spoiled statehood Stephen B. Elkins, NM s delegate Shook Northerner s hand after speech
90
91 Improving the Odds Considered changing their name NM only brought thoughts of violence Protestants vs. Catholics Santa Fe Ring hurt NM s chances
92 Essential Questions 1. Who are elected to the House of Representatives? 2. What were the requirements to become a state? 3. How were NM s chances at statehood ruined?
93 On its way
94 Joint Statehood One state from NM & AZ? NM favored, AZ rejected Gov. Otero rejects joint statehood
95 Miguel A. Otero, Jr. Only Hispanic governor of NM appointed governor Supported business growth, weakened Santa Fe Ring Helped organize Rough Riders
96 Spanish American War Loyalty of NM was questioned 1898 U.S declares war on Spain Cuba s freedom from Spain, similar to America s freedom from England U.S.S Maine exploded in Havana Harbor
97
98 Rough Riders Special unit was created, the Rough Riders 350 New Mexicans & Teddy Roosevelt served in the unit Maximiliano Luna proved NM s loyalty
99
100 State Constitution 1910, Enabling Act was passed 100 delegates met in Santa Fe to write the Constitution Solomon Luna led the
101
102 Essential Questions 1. What was the best way NM could become a state? 2. Who is Miguel Otero? 3. How did NM contribute to winning the Spanish American War?
103 Finally a State
104 47 th State January 21, 1911 ratified constitution Pres. Taft signed on January 6, 1912 William C. McDonald became first elected governor
105 Well it is all over. I am glad to give you life. I hope you will be healthy.
106 Celebration Time After waiting 62 years, they finally made it Honked car horns, rang church bells, shot guns, & danced Residents watched the American flag be raised with 47 stars
107
108 Expanding Voting Rights Anglos & Hispanic males only allowed to vote Male Natives who paid a tax could vote School Board elections, only vote for women
109 Expanding the Vote Nina Otero-Warren most active suffragist A suffragist supported voting rights for women 1920, 19 th amendment passed, women get the vote
110
111 Expanding the Vote Natives still could not vote Miguel Trujillo challenged Native voting rights in 1948 Natives waited 35 years
112
113 Essential Questions 1. What number state is NM? 2. How long had NM waited? 3. What is a suffragist? 4. When did Natives get the right to vote?
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