The Light and Enlightenment of Chanukah

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1 The Light and Enlightenment of Chanukah Understanding the Significance of Olive Oil in Greek and Jewish Culture Introduction Maoz Tzur, 5 th verse Greeks gathered against me, in days of the Hasmoneans They broke down my tower s walls, and defiled all the oils. But from the very last flask, a miracle ensued for Your beloved So the sages of the day fixed these eight for song and praise. מ עו ז צ ור י ו נ ים נ ק ב צ ו ע ל י, א ז י ב ימ י ח ש מ נ ים ופ ר צ ו חו מו ת מ ג ד ל י, ו ט מ א ו כ ל ה ש מ נ ים ומ נו ת ר ק נ ק נ ים, נ ע ש ה נ ס ל שו ש נ ים ב נ י ב ינ ה י מ י ש מו נ ה, ק ב ע ו ש יר ור נ נ ים. Oilve Oil in the Temple and for Chanukah Menorah - Exodus 27:20 Now you shall command the Children of Israel that they bring you pure olive oil, pressed for illumination, to kindle each light [of the Menorah] continually. Daily Tamid offering Exodus 29:39-42 (39) One lamb you shall offer in the morning; and the other lamb you shall offer at evening; (40) And with the one lamb a 10 th deal of flour mixed with the 4 th part of a hin of beaten oil; and the 4 th part of a hin of wine for a drink offering Five types of voluntary Minchah offerings Leviticus 2:1-7 And when any will offer a meal offering to the Lord, his offering shall be of fine flour; and he shall pour oil upon it, and put frankincense on it Menorah & Wisdom Talmud, Bava Batra 25b R. Yitzchak said: He who desires to become wise should turn to the south [when praying] for the Menorah was in the south. ו א ת ה ת צ ו ה א ת ב נ י י ש ר א ל ו י קח ו א ל י ך ש מ ן ז י ת ז ך כ ת ית ל מ או ר ל ה ע לת נ ר ת מ יד: לט א ת ה כ ב ש ה א ח ד ת ע ש ה ב ב ק ר ו א ת ה כ ב ש ה ש נ י ת ע ש ה ב ין ה ע ר ב י ם: מ ו ע ש ר ן ס ל ת ב ל ול ב ש מ ן כ ת ית ר ב ע ה ה ין ו נ ס ך ר ב יע ת ה ה ין י י ן ל כ ב ש ה א ח ד ו נ פ ש כ י ת ק ר יב ק ר ב ן מ נ ח ה ל ה' ס ל ת י ה י ה ק ר ב נו ו י צ ק ע ל יה ש מ ן ו נ ת ן ע ל יה ל ב נ ה: אמר רבי יצחק: הרוצה שיחכים ידרים... ומנורה בדרו ם Commentary of R. Samson Raphael Hirsch on Exodus 25:29 What is the significance of the Menorah? The lighted Menorah, radiating light, is symbolic of light, and Light represents knowledge and understanding spiritual light, enlightenment and insight: נ ר ל ר ג ל י ד ב ר ך ו או ר ל נ ת יב ת י (119:105 [God s word is] a lamp for our feet and light for our path (Psalms כ י נ ר מ צ ו ה ו תו ר ה או ר etc. For the Commands is a lamp, and Teaching is light. (Proverbs 19:9) Chanukah Lighta Talmud, Shabbat 23a R. Yehoshua ben Levi said: All oils are fit for the Hanukkah lamp, but olive oil is of the best. Abaye observed: Initially, Master (Rabbah bar Nachmani) would go looking for sesame oil, saying: The light of this is more lasting; but when he heard this statement of R. Yehoshua ben Levi, he went looking for olive oil, saying, This yields a clearer light. אמר רבי יהושע בן לוי: כל השמנים כולן יפין לנר, ושמן זית מן המובחר. אמר אביי: מריש הוה מהדר מר אמשחא דשומשמי, אמר: האי משך נהורי טפי. כיון דשמע לה להא דרבי יהושע בן לוי מהדר אמשחא דזיתא, אמר: האי צליל נהוריה טפי. Rabbi Dr Raphael Zarum, London School of Jewish Studies Twitter: SuperSedra 1

2 Olive Oil in Greek Culture Athena Olive is the sacred tree of the goddess Athena Athens, the capital of Greece, took its name from the goddess Athena. Zeus had decreed that the city should be given to the god who offered the most useful gift to the people. Poseidon created a salt water spring by striking the ground with his trident. Athena struck the bare soil with her spear and caused an olive tree to spring up. The people were so delighted with the olive that Zeus gave the city to Athena and named it after her. Athena is often shown with an olive branch, a symbol of peace and plenty Athena is goddess of primarily wisdom, but also of strategic warfare, and much more A major coin has Athena s head with olive wreath on her helmet, and other side with owl and olive branch History The first cultivation of the olive tree worldwide took place in Greece, and more specific in Crete. This happened about 3500 BCE, in the Early Minoan times. In this period the olive tree was in a wilder form in comparison to the tree we know today. After 2000 BCE the cultivation of the olive tree in Crete grew significantly and became essential to the island s economy. From Crete began the first export of the olive oil not only in mainland Greece but in Northern Africa and Asia Minor as well. Very soon the cultivation passed to mainland Greece and the olive tree and its blessed product, the olive oil became synonyms of the Greek nutrition through centuries. Aristotle ( BCE), in his book The Athenian Constitution states that the olive tree was protected by law by the State. In the Iliad, Homer tells us that Odysseus and Diomedes washed away with hot water and then rubbed their bodies with olive oil. Olympics When the first Olympic Games took place in Olympia in 776BCE an olive-tree branch, cut with a gold-handled knife from a wild olive tree, was the award to the winners symbolising Peace, Wisdom and Victory. The Greeks believed that the vitality of the sacred tree was transmitted to the recipient through the branch. Olive groves were considered sacred ground and only pure men and women were allowed to cultivate them. Later, the prize that the Olympic Champions were given was a wreath made from an olive branch, the kotinos This award lasted over 1000 years until the ancient Olympic Games came to an end. The product itself was also often awarded. The most impressive example of the value of the olive oil was its use at the Panathenaic Games which took place every four years with the occasion of Athens most important celebration, the Panathenea, in honour of the goddess Athena. The winners of the athletic games were given a huge quantity of olive oil, as much as five tons depending on the sport this was enough to make them rich. Ongoing Importance Greece became the world's most important exporter of qualitative olive oil. The love and high esteem of the Greek olivegrower for the tree is passed on from generation to generation, from family to family. With the birth of a child an olive tree is planted which will grow and develop along with the child. When the child starts school at age six, the olive tree is ready to produce its fruit. The blessed tree grows up with the family, only it will have a much longer life and will still be around to be tended by the next generation, and the one after that. Each year, it yields its annual crop of olives in return for the labour and love expended on it. Rabbi Dr Raphael Zarum, London School of Jewish Studies Twitter: SuperSedra 2

3 The Greek Influence in Israel Mishnah Megillah 1:8 A Sefer Torah may be written in no foreign language other than Greek. בספרים לא התירו שיכתבו אלא יונית The Septuagint (See Talmud, Megillah 9a/b) From the Latin word septuaginta (meaning seventy), is a translation of the Hebrew Bible and some related texts into Koine Greek. The title refers to the seventy Jewish scholars who performed the translation sometime during the 3 rd and 2 nd century BCE. In Greece men not only talked philosophy, they lived it: The sage was the pinnacle and ideal of Greek life. (Will Durant, The Life of Greece) Persecutions of the Greeks 2 Maccabees 6:1-11 Not long after this the king sent an Athenian senator to force the Jews to abandon the customs of their ancestors and live no longer by the laws of God; also to profane the Temple in Jerusalem and dedicate it to Olympian Zeus, and that on Mount Gerizim to Zeus the Hospitable, as the inhabitants of the place requested... They also brought into the Temple things that were forbidden, so that the altar was covered with abominable offerings prohibited by the laws. A man could not keep the Shabbat or celebrate the traditional feasts, nor even admit that he was a Jew. At the suggestion of the citizens of Ptolemais, a decree was issued ordering the neighbouring Greek cities to act in the same way against the Jews: oblige them to partake of the sacrifices, and put to death those who would not consent to adopt the customs of the Greeks. It was obvious, therefore, that disaster impended. Thus, two women who were arrested for having circumcised their children were publicly paraded about the city with their babies hanging at their breasts and then thrown down from the top of the city wall Talmud - Shabbat 23a Women are obligated in the mitzvah of lighting Chanukah lights, for they too were concerned in that miracle. נשים חייבות בנר חנוכה, שאף הן היו באותו הנס. רש י - שבת כג. היו באותו הנס שגזרו יוונים על כל בתולות הנשואות להיבעל לטפסר תחלה, ועל יד אשה נעשה הנס. Rabbi Dr Raphael Zarum, London School of Jewish Studies Twitter: SuperSedra 3

4 Learning from Elishah Ben Avuyah (Acher) Greek Influence Talmud, Chagigah 15b But what of Acher? Greek song never ceased from his mouth. It is told of Acher that when he used to rise to go from the Bet HaMidrash, many heretical books used to fall from his lap. אחר מאי זמר יווני לא פסק מפומיה. אמרו עליו על אחר, בשעה שהיה עומד מבית המדרש הרבה ספרי מינין נושרין מחיקו. Boundaries Talmud, Chagigah 15a Our Rabbis taught: Once Acher was riding on a horse on the Sabbath, and R. Meir was walking behind him to learn Torah from his mouth. Said Acher to him: Meir, turn back, for I have already measured by the paces of my horse that thus far extends the Sabbath limit (techum). He replied: You, too, go back! [Acher] answered: Have I not already told you that I have already heard from behind the Veil, Return you backsliding children (Jeremiah 3:14), except Acher. תנו רבנן: מעשה באחר שהיה רוכב על הסוס בשבת, והיה רבי מאיר מהלך אחריו ללמוד תורה מפיו. אמר לו: מאיר, חזור לאחריך, שכבר שיערתי בעקבי סוסי עד כאן תחום שבת. אמר ליה: אף אתה חזור בך. אמר ליה: ולא כבר אמרתי לך: כבר שמעתי מאחורי הפרגוד שובו בנים שובבים חוץ מאחר. Learning from Acher Talmud, Chagigah 15b But how did R. Meir learn Torah at the mouth of Acher? Behold Rabbah b. Bar Hana said that R. Yochanan said: What is the meaning of the verse, For the priest s lips should keep knowledge, and they should seek the Law at his mouth; for he is the messenger of the Lord of hosts? (Malachi 2:7). This means that if the teacher is like an angel of the Lord of hosts, they should seek the Law at his mouth, but if not, they should not seek the Law at his mouth! Resh Lakish answered: R. Meir found a verse and expounded it [as follows], Incline thine ear, and hear the words of the wise, and apply your heart to my knowledge. (Proverbs 22:17) It does not say, to their knowledge, but to my knowledge.20 R. Chanina said, [he decided it] from here, Listen, O daughter, and consider, and incline your ear; forget also your own people, and your father's house (Psalms 45:11). The verses contradict! There s no contradiction: one refers to an adult and the other to a child. When R. Dimi came [to Babylon] he said: In the West [Israel], they say: R. Meir ate the date and threw the pit away Rabbah ben Shila once met Elijah. He said to him: What is the Holy One, blessed be God, doing? He answered: God utters traditions in the name of all the Rabbis, but in the name of R. Meir he does not utter. Rabbah asked him, Why? Because he learnt traditions from the mouth of Acher. Said Rabbah to him: But why? R. Meir found a pomegranate; he ate the fruit within it, and the peel he threw away! ורבי מאיר היכי גמר תורה מפומיה דאחר? והאמר רבה בר בר חנה אמר רבי יוחנן: מאי דכתיב )מלאכי ב ( כי שפתי כהן ישמרו דעת ותורה יבקשו מפיהו כי מלאך ה צבאות הוא, אם דומה הרב למלאך ה צבאות יבקשו תורה מפיהו. ואם לאו אל יבקשו תורה מפיהו אמר ריש לקיש: רבי מאיר קרא אשכח ודרש )משלי כ ב( הט אזנך ושמע דברי חכמים ולבך תשית לדעתי. לדעתם לא נאמר, אלא לדעתי. רב חנינא אמר מהכא: )תהלים מה( שמעי בת וראי והטי אזנך ושכחי עמך ובית אביך וגו. קשו קראי אהדדי לא קשיא, הא בגדול, הא בקטן. כי אתא רב דימי אמר, אמרי במערבא: רבי מאיר אכל תחלא ושדא שיחלא לברא. אשכחיה רבה בר שילא לאליהו, אמר ליה: מאי קא עביד הקדוש ברוך הוא? אמר ליה: קאמר שמעתא מפומייהו דכולהו רבנן, ומפומיה דרבי מאיר לא קאמר. אמר ליה: אמאי? משום דקא גמר שמעתא מפומיה דאחר. אמר ליה: אמאי? רבי מאיר רמון מצא, תוכו אכל, קליפתו זרק Rabbi Dr Raphael Zarum, London School of Jewish Studies Twitter: SuperSedra 4

5 [ctd.] He answered: Now God says: Meir my son says: When a man suffers, to what expression does the Shechinah give utterance? My head is heavy, my arm is heavy. If the Holy One, blessed be He, is thus grieved over the blood of the wicked, how much more so over the blood of the righteous that is shed. אמר ליה: השתא קאמר: מאיר בני אומר: בזמן שאדם מצטער שכינה מה לשון אומרת קלני מראשי, קלני מזרועי. אם כך הקדוש ברוך הוא מצטער על דמן של רשעים קל וחומר על דמן של צדיקים שנשפך. The Two Models of Interaction Date skin without the pip Rambam s use of Aristotle s Golden Mean (Hilchot Deot, Ch.1 & 2) Pomegranate juice without the husk R. Joseph Karo on Pythagorus theorem in his Kesef Mishnah on Kilayim 6:2, see also the relevant Tosafot Yom Tov) Elisha ben Avuyah, oil and Chanukah Ethics of the Fathers 4: Elisha the son of Avuyah would say: One who learns Torah in their childhood, what is this comparable to? To ink inscribed on fresh paper. One who learns Torah in their old age, what is this comparable to? To ink inscribed on erased paper. 26. Rabbi Yossi the son of Judah of Kfar HaBavli would say: One who learns Torah from youngsters, whom is he comparable to? To one who eats unripe grapes and drinks [unfermented] wine from the press. One who learns Torah from the old, whom is he comparable to? To one who eats ripened grapes and drinks aged wine. 27. Said Rabbi Meir: Look not at the vessel, but at what it contains. There are new vessels that are filled with old wine, and old vessels that do not even contain new wine. פרקי אבות ד:כה-כז א ל יש ע ב ן א ב וי ה או מ ר, ה לו מ ד י ל ד ל מ ה ה וא דו מ ה, ל ד יו כ ת וב ה ע ל נ י ר ח ד ש. ו ה לו מ ד ז ק ן ל מ ה ה וא דו מ ה, ל ד יו כ ת וב ה ע ל נ י ר מ ח וק. ר ב י יו ס י ב ר י ה וד ה א יש כ פ ר ה ב ב ל י או מ ר, ה לו מ ד מ ן ה ק טנ ים ל מ ה ה וא דו מ ה, ל או כ ל ע נ ב ים ק הו ת ו שו ת ה י י ן מ ג תו. ו ה לו מ ד מ ן ה ז ק נ ים ל מ ה ה וא דו מ ה, ל או כ ל ע נ ב ים ב ש ולו ת ו שו ת ה י י ן י ש ן. ר ב י מ א יר או מ ר, אל ת ס ת כ ל ב ק נ ק ן, א ל א ב מ ה ש י ש ב ו. י ש ק נ ק ן ח ד ש מ ל א י ש ן, ו י ש ן ש א פ ל ו ח ד ש א ין בו : Talmud - Shabbat 23a R. Yehoshua ben Levi said: All oils are fit for the Hanukkah lamp, but olive oil is of the best. Abaye observed: Initially, Master (Rabbah bar Nachmani) would go looking for sesame oil, saying: The light of this is more lasting; but when he heard this statement of R. Yehoshua ben Levi, he went looking for olive oil, saying, This yields a clearer light. R. Yehoshua ben Levi said: All oils are fit for ink, and olive oil is of the best. The scholars inquired: Best for kneading [the soot] or for smoking [the glass vessel]? Come and hear: For R. Shmuel ben Zutra taught: All oils are fit for ink, but olive oil is of the best, both for kneading and for smoking. אמר רבי יהושע בן לוי: כל השמנים כולן יפין לנר, ושמן זית מן המובחר. אמר אביי: מריש הוה מהדר מר אמשחא דשומשמי, אמר: האי משך נהורי טפי. כיון דשמע לה להא דרבי יהושע בן לוי מהדר אמשחא דזיתא, אמר: האי צליל נהוריה טפי. ואמר רבי יהושע בן לוי: כל השמנים יפין לדיו, ושמן זית מן המובחר. איבעיא להו: לגבל או לעשן? תא שמע, דתני רב שמואל בר זוטרא: כל השמנים יפין לדיו ושמן זית מן המובחר. בין לגבל בין לעשן, רב שמואל בר זוטרא מתני הכי: כל העשנים יפין לדיו ושמן זית מן המובחר. רש י - שבת כג. משוך נהוריה אינו ממהר לכלות כשמן זית. צליל נהוריה צלול ומאיר. לגבל מצאתי בתשובות הגאונים: שמעשנין כלי זכוכית בעשן שמן זית עד שמשחיר, וגורר השחרורית ונותן בו שמן קימעא, ומגבל בו ומייבשו בחמה, וממחה אותו לתוך הדיו. Rabbi Dr Raphael Zarum, London School of Jewish Studies Twitter: SuperSedra 5

6 The Seven Shepherds Moaz Tzur, 6 th verse O bare Your holy arm and hasten the time of salvation Take vengeance for your servants upon the wicked nation For deliverance has too long been delayed; And the evil days are endless. O thrust the Red One into the shadows of death, and set up for us the seven shepherds ח שו ף ז רו ע ק ד ש ך ו ק ר ב ק ץ ה י ש וע ה, נ ק ם נ ק מ ת ד ם ע ב ד י ך מ א מ ה ה ר ש ע ה, כ י אר כ ה ל נ ו ה י ש וע ה, ו א ין ק ץ ל ימ י ה ר ע ה, ד ח ה אד מו ן ב צ ל צ ל מו ן ה ק ם ל נ ו רו ע ים ש ב ע ה But who were the seven shepherds? Talmud, Sukkah 52b Who were the seven shepherds? David in the middle, Adam, Shet and Metushelach on the right, Avraham, Ya'akov and Moshe to the left. תלמוד בבלי - סוכה נב: ױמאן נינהו שבעה רועים? דוד באמצע, אדם שת ומתושלח מימינו, אברהם יעקב ומשה בשמאלו. Exodus 25 (31) And you shall make a Menorah of pure gold; of hammered workmanship shall the Menorah be made; its shaft, and its branches, its bowls, its bulbs, and its flowers, shall be of the same. (32) And six branches shall come from its sides; three branches of the Menorah from the one side, and three branches of the Menorah from the other side (37) And you shall make for it seven lamps; and they shall light its lamps, that they may give light opposite it. לא ו ע ש ית מ נ ר ת ז ה ב ט הו ר מ ק ש ה ת יע ש ה ה מ נו ר ה י ר כ ה ו ק נ ה ג ב יע יה כ פ ת ר יה ופ ר ח יה מ מ נ ה י ה י ו: לב ו ש ש ה ק נ ים י צ א ים מ צ ד יה ש לש ה ק נ י מ נ ר ה מ צ ד ה ה א ח ד וש לש ה ק נ י מ נ ר ה מ צ ד ה ה ש נ י: לז ו ע ש ית א ת נ ר ת יה ש ב ע ה ו ה ע ל ה א ת נ ר ת י ה ו ה א יר ע ל ע ב ר פ נ יה : רש י )לז( את נרותיה - כמין בזיכין שנותנין בתוכן השמן והפתילות: והאיר על עבר פניה. עשה פי ששת הנרות שבראשי הקנים היוצאים מצדיה, מוסבים כלפי האמצעי, כדי שיהיו הנרות כשתדליקם מאירים על עבר פניה, מוסב אורם אל צד פני הקנה האמצעי שהוא גוף המנורה: Rabbi Dr Raphael Zarum, London School of Jewish Studies Twitter: SuperSedra 6

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