Islam ( ) The founding and the rise of Islam from the birth of the Holy Prophet Mohammad.

Transcription

1 c Nubians turn from their Egyptian-influenced religion to Christianity. A thousand years later the people of their region will convert heavily to Islam Birth of Abdullah, Mohammad's father Birth of the Holy Prophet Mohammad, ( ) founder of Islam (submission) 0571 Invasion of Makkah by Abraha the Viceroy of Yemen, his retreat Mohammad visits Madina with his mother. Death of his mother Death of Abdul Muttalib, the grandfather of Mohammad Mohammad's journey to Syria in the company of his uncle Abu Talib. His meeting with the monk Bahira at Bisra who foretells of his prophethood Mohammad participates in the war of Fijar Mohammad becomes an active member of 'Hilful Fudul', a league for the relief of the distressed Mohammad becomes the Manager of the business of Lady Khadija, and leads her trade caravan to Syria and back Mohammad marries widow Hadrat Khadija, his benefactor, 1st disciple and 1st wife. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 1

2 0600 Antara ibn Shaddad, 1 of 7 great Islamic poets Mohammad arbitrates in a dispute among the Quraish about the placing of the Black Stone in the Kaaba According to Islam, Lailat-ul Qadar, the night the Koran descended to Earth. c The Holy Prophet Mohammed begins to preach openly, preparing the people of Mecca for the coming of the religion of Islam The first revelation in the cave at Mt. Hira. Mohammad is commissioned as the Messenger of God Muhammad is believed to have had visions of Gabriel, Abraham, Moses and Jesus and these visions convinced Mohammad that he was a messenger of God Muhammad is believed by his followers to have had a vision of Gabriel. The angel told him to recite in the name of God. Other visions are supposed to have Gabriel lead Muhammad to heaven to meet God, and to Jerusalem to meet Abraham, Moses and Jesus. These visions convinced Mohammad that he was a messenger of God ( ) A Muslim tradition has it that Mohammed one day found that his favorite wife, Aisha, had purchased some cushions decorated with birds and animals. The prophet proclaimed that only God could bestow life and that pale imitations should be avoided. Thus the hadith, or tradition of the prophet, holds that: The house which contains pictures will not be entered by the angels.' 0612 Mohammad began preaching at Mecca. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 2

3 0613 Declaration at Mt. Sara inviting the general public to Islam Invitation to the Hashimites to accept Islam Persecution of the Muslims by the Quraish. A party of Muslims leaves for Abyssinia The earliest records of some Mohammad's teachings Second Hijrah to Abysinnia Social boycott of the Hashimites and Mohammad by the Quraish. The Hashimites are shut up in a glen outside Makkah Lifting of the boycottof the Hashimites Deaths of Abu Talib and Hadrat Khadija. Year of sorrow Journey to Taif. Ascension to the heavens First pledge at Aqaba. 16 Jul 0622 Mohammad flees Mecca to Media (The Hegira) and the start of the Moslem lunar calendar. 24 Sep 0622 In Medina Mohammad tried to unite the Jews and Arabs and initially faced Jerusalem to pray. The Jewish leaders did not accept Mohammad as a prophet so he expelled from the city the Jews who opposed him and from then on he commanded the Muslims to face the Kaaba in Mecca when praying. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 3

4 0622 Second pledge at Aqaba. Mohammad and the Muslims migrate to Yathrib Nakhla expedition Moslem army occupies Kurashitische Caravan Battle of Badr. Expulsion of the Bani Qainuqa Jews from Madina Mohammad married 3rd wife Aisha daughter of Abu Bekr Battle of Uhud. Massacre of 70 Muslims at Bir Mauna. Expulsion of Banu Nadir Jews from Madina. Second expedition of Badr Expedition of Banu Mustaliq The Jerusalem cross is retrieved from the Persians, who stole the relic in Battle of the Trench. Expulsion of Banu Quraiza Jews Truce of Hudaibiya Expedition to Khyber Mohammad addresses letters to various heads of states. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 4

5 0629 Mohammed returns to Mecca with the Koran (recitation), the holy book of Islam, which records the religion's principles 0629 Mohammad performs the pilgrimage at Makkah Heraclius, Byzantine Emperor, defeated Muslims at Battle of Mu'ta & recovered Jerusalem till Muhammad raises an army of 10,000 and captures Mecca, destroys all the idols at Kaaba and the area around the remaining black stone became the first mosque, or Muslim house of worship 0630 Conquest of Makkah. Battles of Hunsin, Auras, and Taif Expedition to Tabuk. Year of Deputations. 7 Jun 0632 Death of the Holy Prophet Mohammad ( ) Start of the Orthodox Caliphate (Mecca and Medina) ( ) 0632 Mohammed's daughter, Fatima, dies and her two sons, Hassan and Hussein, establish the Fatimid Dynasty, which will rule North Africa from 909 to Abu Bakr was chosen as Mohammad's successor (caliph). The four contenders were: (a) Abu Bakr, his trusted father-in-law, (b) Ali, a cousin and Mohammad's son-in-law and the father of Mohammad's grandsons, (b)umar and (c) Uthman, both long-time friends and advisers Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 5

6 0632 Farewell pilgrimage at Makkah Election of Hadrat Abu Bakr as the Caliph Usamah leads expedition to Syria Battles of Zu Qissa and Abraq Battles of Buzakha, Zafar and Naqra Campaigns against Bani Tamim and Musailima, the Liar Mohammad's companions compiled his words and deeds in a work called the Sunna which containes the rules for Islam. The most basic are 'The Five Pillars of Islam' which are: 1) profession of faith 2) daily prayer 3) giving alms 4) ritual fast during Ramadan 5) Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca. The Sunna also calls for 'jihad' which loosly translated means 'struggle' Four contenders stood out to succeed Mohammad. They were Abu Bakr, his trusted father-in-law. Umar and Uthman, long-time friends and advisers, and Ali, a cousin and blood relative. Ali was Mohammad's son-in-law and the father of Mohammad's grandsons. Abu Bakr was chosen as caliph i.e. successor Abu Bekr ( ), was made the first Islamic Caliph, with his capital at Medina Muhammad's chief clerk collects Mohammad's revelations into one work called the Koran which loosely translated it means 'recitation' Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 6

7 0633 Campaigns in Bahrain, Oman, Mahrah Yemen, and Hadramaut Raids in Iraq Battles of Kazima, Mazar, Walaja, Ulleis, Hirah, Anbar, Ein at tamr, Daumatul Jandal and Firaz Abu Bakr, Mohammed's father-in-law, died. Before his death he appointed Umar as his successor 0634 Battles of Basra, Damascus and Ajnadin Death of Hadrat Abu Bakr Hadrat Umar Farooq becomes the Caliph Battles of Namaraq and Saqatia Abu Bakr, Mohammed's father-in-law, died. Before his death he appointed Umar as his successor Umar, 2nd Islamic Caliph, conquered Syria Battle of Bridge. Battle of Buwaib. Conquest of Damascus. Battle of Fahl Damascus was captured by the Muslims. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 7

8 15 Aug 0636 Eraclius, Byzantine Emperor, defeated by Muslims in Syria at Battle of Yarmuk River Battle of Yermuk. Battle of Qadsiyia. Conquest of Madain Conquest of Syria. Fall of Jerusalem. Battle of Jalula Muslim armies conquer Mesopotamia The start of the Islamic calendar Conquest of Jazirah Umar, 2nd Islamic Caliph, Jerusalem Conquest of Khuizistan. Advance into Egypt Umar, 2nd Islamic Caliph, Egypt Capture of the post of Caesaria in Syria Conquest of Shustar and Jande Sabur in Persia Battle of Babylon in Egypt Muslim Arabs invade Armenia and capture Dvin, its principal town. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 8

9 0640 The Muslim government began minting coins about this time Battle of Nihawand. Conquest Of Alexandria in Egypt Battle of Rayy in Persia. Conquest of Egypt. Foundation of Fustat Omar, the second caliph, successor of Mohammed, conquered Alexandria, then the capital of world scholarship Umar, 2nd Islamic Caliph, Persia After successfully defending itself against the Roman/Byzantine Empires for centuries, the Persian Empire was swiftly vanquished by nomadic tribesmen armed with a newly acquired faith, Islam Conquest of Azarbaijan and Tabaristan (Russia). 4 Nov 0644 Umar, 2nd Islamic Caliph, was assassinated. 4 Nov 0644 Umar of Arabia was assassinated at Medina and was succeeded as caliph by Uthman. On his deathbed Umar named a council to choose the next caliph. The council appointed Uthman. Uthman continued to expand the Muslim empire Conquest of Fars, Kerman, Sistan, Mekran and Kharan Martyrdom of Hadrat Umar. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 9

10 0644 Hadrat Othman becomes the Caliph Campaigns in Fats Campaigns in Khurasan, Armeain and Asia Minor Campaigns in North Africa. Conquest of the island of Cypress Campaigns against the Byzantines Naval battle of the Masts against the Byzantines Discontentment and disaffection against the rule of Hadrat Othman Arabs introduced Islam to Afghanistan Martyrdom of Hadrat Othman. Hadrat Ali becomes the Caliph. Battle of the Camel Uthman appointed members of his own family as regional governors and causing bitter jealousy among other families which reulted oin his own murder. This gave Ali an opportunity to claim power, but following civil war, he was also murdered. The followers of Ali became known as Shiites from the Arabic meaning 'the party of Ali.' Those who believe that the election of the first three caliphs was valid reject the Shiite idea of the Imam, and are called the Sunnis. c The Imam Ali mosque in Najaf marks the grave of Ali, the son-in-law of Mohammed and a central figure in Shiite Islam. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 10

11 26 Jul 0657 Mu'awiyan defeated Caliph Ali in the Battle of Siffin in Mesopotamia Hadrat Ali shifts the capital from Madina to Kufa Battle of Siffin Arbitration proceedings at Daumaut ul Jandal Battle of Nahrawan Conquest of Egypt by Mu'awiyah Hadrat Ali recaptures Hijaz and Yemen from Mu'awiyah Mu'awiyah declares himself as the Caliph at Damascus Start of the Omayyad Caliphate (Damascus) ( ) 0661 Martyrdom of Hadrat Ali Accession of Hadrat Hasan and his abdication Mu'awiyah becomes the sole Caliph Muawija became caliph and moved the capital from Medina to Damascus began the practice of appointing his own son as the next caliph. His followers were called the Umayyads. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 11

12 0661 Imam Ali, the Prophet Mohammad's son-in-law and the fourth and last of the 'rightly guided caliphs', was assassinated. This led to the great schism in Islam between the Sunni and Shi'ite sects over the issue of Islamic leadership. Shi'ites believed in the divine right of the family of Mohammad through his daughter Fatima and her husband Ali to lead the Islamic world Khawarij revolts Raid of Sicily Advance in North Africa Uqba b Nafe founds the town of Qairowan in Tunisia Conquest of Kabul Capture of the island of Rhodes. Campaigns in Khurasan The Muslims cross the Oxus. Bukhara becomes a vassal state The Arabs attempt to conquer Constantinople by siege but fail Occupation of Sarnarkand and Tirmiz Death of Mu'awiya, who is succeeded by his son, Yazid Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 12

13 0680 At the Battle of Kerbela, on the Karbala plain in modern day Iraq, the forces of Caliph Yazid defeat the armies of Hussein, grandson of the Mohammed, who is killed. He then became a saint to Shiite Muslims who commemorate his martyrdom as the ceremony of Ashoura. c The Shiite descendants of Mohammed's daughter, Fatima, begiun celebrating Hussein's martyrdom every year in the month of Muharram In North Africa Uqba b Nafe marches to the Atlantic, is ambushed and killed at Biskra. The Muslims evacuate Qairowan and withdraw to Burqa Death of Yazid. Accession of Mu'awiyah II Abdullah b Zubair declares himself as the Caliph at'makkah Marwan I becomes the Caliph' at Damascus Battle of Marj Rahat Shi'ite revolt in Iraq ( ) 0685 Death of Marwan I. Abdul Malik becomes the Caliph at Damascus Battle of Ain ul Wada. c Abd al Malik, Umayyad caliph ( ), influenced the shaping of Islamic culture declaring Arabic as the official language of the empire and establishing a common coinage system that was purely Arabic which had no images but were inscribed with quotations from the Koran. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 13

14 0685 ( ) Abd al Malik, Umayyad caliph, influenced the shaping of Islamic culture. He declared Arabic as the official language of the empire and established a common coinage system that was purely Arabic. They had no images but were inscribed with quotations from the Koran Mukhtar declares himself as the Caliph at Kufa Battle of Kufa between the forces of Mukhtar and Abdullah b Zubair. Mukhtar killed North Africa was conquered by the Muslims under Abd al Malik Caliph Abd al-malik completes the Dome of the Rock at Jerusalem 0691 Battle of Deir ul Jaliq. Kufa falls to Abdul Malik The fall of Makkah. Death of Abdullah b Zubair. Abdul Malik becomes the sole Caliph Khawarij revolts in Jazira and Ahwaz Battle of the Karun Campaigns against Kahina in North Africa The' Muslims once again withdraw to Barqa The Muslims advance in Transoxiana and occupy Kish. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 14

15 0696 Arabic became the official language of the Islamic world Campaigns against the Berbers in North Africa. c Abd al Malik issued the first pure Islamic coins Ashath's rebellion in Iraq, battle of Deir ul Jamira Death of Abdul Malik. Accession of Walid I as Caliph The Conquest of Spain 0711 Conquest of Spain, Sind and Transoxiana The Umayyads with the help of the North African Berbers, and thier leader Tarik, moved across the Strait of Gibralter and began the conquest of Spain and Portugal (the word Gibralter comes from the term Jabal-al-Tarik, which means the hill of Tarik so Gebel-al-Tarik means 'Rock of Tarik' ) The Umayyads with the help of the Berbers in North Africa moved across the Strait of Gibralter and began the conquest of Spain and Portugal. The Berber leader Tarik crossed the Strait of Gibralter and began the Muslim conquest of Spain. The word Gibralter comes from the term Jabal-al-Tarik, which means the hill of Tarik. Gebel-al-Tarik means 'Rock of Tarik.' 0712 The Muslims advance in Spain, Sind and Transoxiana. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 15

16 0713 Conquest of Multan Death of Walid I. Accession of Sulaiman Invasion of Constantinople The Arabs attempt to conquer Constantinople ( ) for the second time when Byzantine Emperor Leo the Isaurian counters the Arab attempt with "Greek Fire" (a liquid mixture of sulfur, naphtha and quicklime) and great military strength Death of Sulaiman. Accession of Umar b Abdul Aziz Death of Umar b Abdul Aziz. Accession of Yazid II Death of Yazid II. Accession of Hisham The Muslims occupy Nimes in France. 10 Oct 0732 At Tours, France, Charles Martel killed Abd el-rahman and halted the Muslim invasion of Europe. Islam's westward spread was stopped by the Franks at Poitiers At the Battle of Tours, Frankish forces led by Charles Martel check the Muslim advance into Europe north of the Pyrenees Mountains 0732 The battle of Tours in France. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 16

17 0737 The Muslims meet reverse at Avignon in France Marwan, an Arab general, captured the Khazar khagan and forced him to pledge support to the Caliphate and convert to Islam Shia revolt under Zaid b Ali. Berber revolt in North Africa. Battle of the Nobles Battle of Bagdoura in North Africa The Muslim rule restored in Qiarowan Death of Hisham. Accession of Walid II. Shia revolt in Khurasan under Yahya b Zaid Deposition of Walid I1. Accession of Yazid II1 and his death. Accession of Ibrahim and his overthrow. Battle of Ain al Jurr. Accession of Marwan II Kufa and Mosul occupied by the Khawarjites Battle of Rupar Thutha, Kufa and Mosul occupied by Marwan II Revolt of Abu Muslim in Khurasan Battle of Rayy Battles of lsfahan and Nihawand. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 17

18 0749 Capture of Kufa by the Abbasids. As Saffah becomes the Abbasid Caliph at Kufa Start of the Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad) ( ) 0750 ( ) The Four orthodox schools of Islamic law are established Abu-Abbas al-sarah founds the Abbasid caliphate, which will control most of the Islamic empire for more than three centuries 0750 Battle of Zab. Fall of Damascus. End of the Umayyads The Muslim Abbassid family headed by al Abbas gained power in Persia, until With Persian financing and support, the Abbasids ended Umayyad rule. Their victorious armies were led by a Persian general named Abu Muslim Khorasani. The Islamic capital was relocated from Damascus to Baghdad, a newly built city adjacent to the old Sasanian capital, Ctesiphon Battle of Talas. Arabs learn papermaking from Chinese prisoners of war thus introducing papermaking into the Islamic world Conquest of Wasit by the Abbasid. Murder of the Minister Abu Salama During a raid into central Asia, the Abbasids captured some Chinese artisans skilled in paper making Abu Jafar al Mansur, the second Abbasid caliph, moved the capital to Baghdad. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 18

19 0754 Death of As Saffah. Accession of Mansur as the Caliph Revolt of Abdullah b Ali Murder of Abu Muslim Sunbadh revolt in Khurasan. 15 May 0756 Abd-al-Rahman was proclaimed the emir of Cordoba, Spain. Abd al Rahman united the Umayyad forces in Spain and made the ancient Roman city of Cordoba his new capital Start of Omayyad emirate in Spain (Cordova) ( ) 0756 Abd-al-Rahman I becomes emir of Cordova Spain 0756 Abdul Rahman founds the Umayyad state in Spain Shia revolt under Muhammad (Nafs uz Zakia) and Ibrahim Foundation of Baghdad. Defeat of the Abbasids in Spain A school of medicine is established in Baghdad Khariji state set up by Ibn Madrar at Sijilmasa. Ustad Sees revolt in Khurasan. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 19

20 0772 Battle of Janbi in North Africa. Rustamid. state set up in Morocco Death or the Abbasid Caliph Mansur, Accession of Mahdi Battle of Saragossa in Spain Death of the Caliph Mahdi. Accession of Hadi. 4 Feb 0786 Harun al-rashid succeeded his older brother the Abbasid Caliph al-hadi as Caliph of Baghdad Death of Hadi. Accession of Harun ur Rashid Abd al Rahman began construction of the Great Mosque of Cordoba. It was under construction for 200 years Idrisid state set up in the Maghrib Death of Abdul Rahman of Spain, and accession of Hisham Invasion of South France The first paper making factory in the Islamic Empire was built in Baghdad Death of Hisham in Spain; accession of al Hakam. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 20

21 0799 Suppression of the revolt of the Khazars. Ninth century The Aghlabid rule is established in North Africa. c (Between ) A timber mosque was built at Shanga, Kenya Downfall of the Barmakids. Execution of Jafar Barmki Campaigns against the Byzantines. Capture of the islands of Rhodes and Cypress Harun al-rashid, an Abbasid caliph who will be memorialized in Arabian Nights, dies 0809 Death of Harun ur Rashid. Accession of Amin. c (Between ) Caliph al Ma'mun founded a school in Baghdad called the House of Wisdom. In this school scholars translated Greek philosophy classics into Arabic ( ) Caliph al Ma'mun founded a school in Baghdad called the House of Wisdom. In this school scholars translated Greek philosophy classics into Arabic Civil war between Amin and Mamun. Amin killed and Mamun becomes the Caliph Shia revolt under Ibn Tuba Tabs Shia revolt in Makkah; Harsama quells the revolt. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 21

22 0816 In Spain the Umayyads capture the island of Corsica Fatima, sister of the eighth Imam, lies buried in a sanctuary at Qum, one of the sacred cities of the Shia faith Harsama killed The Umayyads of Spain capture the islands of Izira, Majorica, and Sardinia Mamun comes to Baghdad Tahir establishes the rule of the Tahirids in Khurasan Death of Al Hakam in Spain; accession of Abdul Rahman. II Death of Tahir in Khurasan. Accession of Talha and his deposition. Accession of Abdullah b Tahir Mamun declares the Mutazila creed as the state religion Death of Mamun. Accession of Mutasim Mutasim shifts the capital to Samarra Revolt of the Jats. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 22

23 0838 Revolt of Babek in Azarbaijan suppressed Revolt of Maziar in Tabaristan The Muslims occupy South Italy Capture of the city of Messina in Sicily Death of Mutasim, accession of Wasiq Revolts of the Arabs Death of Wasiq, accession of Mutawakkil Death of the Tahirid ruler Abdullah b Tahir; accession of Tahir II ( ) The Tradition is formalised Mutawakkil restores orthodoxy Death of Abdur Rahman II of Spain;. accession of Muhammad I Umar b Abdul Aziz founds the Habbarid rule in Sind Mutawakkil founds the town of Jafariya. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 23

24 0860 Ahmad founds the Samanid rule in Transoxiana Murder of the Abbasid Caliph Mutawakkil; accession of Muntasir Muntasir poisoned to death; accession of Mutasin Zaidi state established in Tabaristan by Hasan b Zaid Mutasim flies from Samarra, his depostion and accession of Mutaaz Death of Muhammad I the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of Munzir Death of Abdullah b Umar the Habbari ruler of Sind Yaqub b Layth founds the Saffarid rule in Sistan Ahmad b Tulun founds the Tulunid rule in Egypt The Abbasid Caliph Mutaaz forced to abdicate, his death and accession of Muhtadi Turks revolt against Muhtadi, his death and accession of Mutamid Tahirid rule extinguished Zanj revolt in South Iraq. Death of the Samanid ruler Ahmad, accession of Nasr. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 24

25 0877 Death of Yaqubb Layth in Sistan, accession of Amr b Layth Death of Ahmad b Tulun in Egypt, accession of Khamar- wiyiah Under Muslim Arabs the Bagratid family rose to prominence in Armenia and established a line of kings from this time to the 10th century Death of Munzir the Umayyad ruler of Spain, accession of Abbullah The Qarmatian state established at Bahrain Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr, accession of Ismail The Rustamids become the vassals of Spain Death of the Tulunid ruler Khamarwiyiah; accession of Abul Asakir Jaish Assassination of Abul Asakir Jaish; accession of Abu Musa Harun Qarmatians sack Basra. c By this time the Fatimids broke away from the Abbasids and migrated to North Africa. They were descendants of Mohammad's daughter, Fatima Death of the Abbasid Caliph Muktafi; death of the Saffarid ruler Amr. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 25

26 0903 Assassination of the Qarmatian ruler Abu Said; accession of Abu Tahir Abdullah b Hamdan founds the Hamdanid rule in Mosul and Jazira End of the Tulunid rule in Egypt Death of the Abbasid Caliph Muktafi; accession of Muqtadir End of the Saffarid rule, annexation of their territories by the Samanids Ubaidullah overthrows the Aghlablds and founds the Fatimid rule in North Africa Start of Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt (Cairo) ( ) 0912 Death of the Umayyad Amir Abdullah in Spain, accession of Abdur Rahman III Assassination of the Samanid ruler Ahmad II, accession of Nasr II Mardawij b Ziyar founds the Ziyarid rule in Tabaristan Qarmatians sack Makkah and carry away the Black Stone from the Holy Kaaba In Spain, Abdur Rahman III declares himself as the Caliph Deposition and restoration of the Abbasid Caliph Muqtadir. Death of the Qarmatian ruler Abu Tahir; accession of Abu Mansur. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 26

27 0932 Death of the Abbasid Caliph Muqtadir; accession of Al Qahir Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph Al Qahir; accession of Ar Radi Death of the Fatimid Caliph Ubaidullah ; accession of Al Qaim Assassination of the Ziyarid ruler Mardawij; accession of Washimgir Death of Hamdanid ruler Abdullah b Hamdan accession of Nasir ud Daula By coup Ibn Raiq becomes the Amir ul Umara By another coup power at Baghdad is captured by Bajkam Death of the Abbasid Caliph Ar Radi, accession of Muttaqi Assassination of Bajkam, capture of power by Kurtakin Ibn Raiq recaptures power Al Baeidi captures power. The Abbasid Caliph Muttaqi is forced to seek refuge with the Hamdanids. Sail ud Daula captures power at Baghdad and the Caliph returns to Baghdad Power is captured by Tuzun and Sail ud Daula retires to Mosul. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 27

28 0943 Death of the Samanid ruler Nasr II, accession of Nuh Muttaqi is blinded and deposed, accession of Mustakafi Death of Tuzun. Shirzad becomes Amir ul Umra. The Buwayhids capture power. Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph Mustakafi. Accession of Abul' Qasim Ungur Death of the Fatimid Caliph al Qaim. accession of Mansur Death of the Ikhshid ruler Muhammad b Tughj 0951 The Qarnaatiana restore the Black Stone to the Holy Kaaba Death of the Sasanid ruler Nuh, accession of Abdul Malik Death of the Samanid ruler Abdul Malik, accession of Manauf Alptgin founds the rule of the Ghazanavids Death of the Umayyad Caliph Abdul Rahman III in Spain; accession of Hakam Death of the Ikhshid ruler Ungur accession of Abul Hasan Ali Under the Ghaznavid Dynasty Afghanistan became the center of Islamic power and civilization, until between 1030 and Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 28

29 0965 Death of the Qarmatian ruler Abu Mansur; accession of Hasan Azam Assassination of the Ikhshid ruler Abul Hasan Ali; power captured by Malik Kafur Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Muiz ud Daula, accession of Bakhtiar Death of the Hamdanid ruler Sail ud Daula Byzantines occupy Aleppo Death of the Ikhshid ruler Malik Kafur; accession of Abul Fawaris Shiite Muslims from the Fatimid Dynasty found the city of Cairo in Egypt and impose their will on the local Sunni Muslims 0969 The Fatimids conquer Egypt By this time the Fatimids had conquered most of North Africa and claimed Cairo as their capital Buluggin b Ziri founds the rule of the Zirids Algeria Shia Sunni disturbances in Baghdad; power captured in Baghdad by the Turkish General Subuktgin Abdication of the Abbasid Caliph Al Muttih; accession of At Taii. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 29

30 0975 Death of the Turk General Subuktgin. Death of the Fatimid Caliph Al Muizz The Buwayhid Sultan Izz ud Daula recaptures power with the help of his cousin Azud ud Daula Death of the Samanid ruler Mansur, accession of Nuh II In Spain death of the Umayyad Caliph Hakam, accession of Hisham II The Great Mosque of Cordoba (Spain) was completed and served as a religious, social and educational center. The largest of the 70 libraries in Cordoba contained 500,000 volumes. 70,000 books a year were hand-copied to satisfy the citizen's literary appetites Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Izz ud Daula, power captured by Azud ud Daula. The Hamdanids overthrown by the Buwayhids Subkutgin becomes the Amir of Ghazni Avicenna (Ibn Sina, Afghan scientist) ( ), the Muslim philosopher-scientist, was born in Bukhara (Balkh). He wrote 'The Book of Healing,' a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and 'The Canon of Medicine,' an encyclopedia of the medical knowledge of his time End of the Qarmatian rule at Bahrain Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Azud ud Daula; accession of Samsara ud Daula. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 30

31 0984 Death of the Zirid ruler Buluggin, accession of Mansur The Buwyhid Sultan Samsara ud Daula overthrown by Sharaf ud Daula Death of the Buwayhid Sultan Sharaf ud Daula, accession of Baha ud Daula Deposition of the Abbasid Caliph At Taii, accession of Al Qadir Death of the Zirid ruler Mansur, accession of Nasir ud Daula Badis Death of the Samanid ruler Nuh II, accession of Mansur II Death of the Samanid ruler Mansur II, accession of Abdul Malik II Mahmud becomes the Amir of Ghazni End of the Samanids Firdawsi completes his Epic of Kings, the great epic poem of Persia 1055 ( ) Expansion of Islam under the Seljuks and Christian responses The Al Moravids, a group of Muslim warriors who lived in the Sahara, set out to conquer Ghana. They captured Koumbi in this year but gave it back up to the Soninke in Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 31

32 25 May 1085 Alfonso VI, Spanish Christian ruler, took Toledo, Spain, from the Moslems The Soninke of Ghana recaptured their capital, Koumbi, from the Al Moravids. They tried to re-establish their empire but a number of their states had adopted Islam and others broke away to form separate kingdoms. 13 Nov 1093 Battle of Alnwick Nov 1093 Donald Bane becomes King of Scotland 1096 ( ) European Christians fought Arab Muslims for control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land. 30 Jun 1097 The Crusaders defeated the Turks at Dorylaeum. 3 Jun 1098 Christian Crusaders of the First Crusade seized Antioch, Turkey The crusaders of the First Crusade defeat Prince Redwan of Aleppo capturing Antioch and most of Syria, killing the Turkish inhabitants. 5 Jun 1099 Knights and their families on the First Crusade witnessed an eclipse of the moon and interpreted it as a sign from God that they would recapture Jerusalem. 8 Jul 1099 In Jerusalem 15,000 starving Christian soldiers marched around barefoot while the Muslim defenders mocked them from the battlements. 12 Jul 1099 Crusade leaders visited the Mount of Olives where they met a hermit who urged them to assault Jerusalem. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 32

33 13 Jul 1099 The Crusaders launched their final assault on Muslims in Jerusalem. 15 Jul 1099 Jerusalem fell to the crusaders of the First Crusade who slaughtered the Jewish and Muslim inhabitants. 12 Aug 1099 At the Battle of Ascalon 1,000 Crusaders, led by Godfrey of Bouillon, routed an Egyptian relief column heading for Jerusalem, which had already fallen to the Crusaders Crusaders beat Saracens in Battle of Ascalon 1099 Crusaders set fire to Mara Syria 1099 The first Crusaders begins siege of Hosn-el-Akrad Syria After the Crusaders take Jerusalem, they divide their new territories into four principalities. c (Between ) Shihab el-din was an anti-crusader cleric. He was believed to be buried in Nazareth next to the Basilica of the Annunciation Enrico Dandolo ( ), ruler of Venice, was born. He was blind and spearheaded the 4th Crusade. He funded an army to capture Constantinople and after the 'rape of Constantinople' pocketed some of the city's riches ( ) In Syria, the Crac des Chevaliers, a Crusader castle, was built by the Knights Hospitalers. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 33

34 1144 The Saracens recaptured the crusader's castles along the Palestine coast The Second Crusade In Constantinople Western Christians were massacred by Muslims. A cardinal was beheaded and 4,000 Western Christians were sold into slavery. 21 Jan 1189 Philip Augustus of France, Henry II of England and Frederick I of Germany assembled the troops for the Third Crusade Emperor Frederik I Barbarossa and 100,000 crusaders depart Regensburg. 16 Mar 1190 The Crusades began the massacre of Jews in York, England. The Jewish population of York fled to Clifford's Tower overlooking the rivers Ouse and Foss during an anti-jewish riot. A crazed friar set fire to the tower and rather than be captured, the inhabitants committed mass suicide. 4 Jul 1190 Richard I, King of England, starts his Crusade The crusaders lay siege to Acre. 6 Feb 1191 Questionable bull of Pope Clement III approving the German hospitaller order at Acre. 12 Jul 1191 Siege of Acre ended in crusader victory The Fourth Crusade was funded by Enrico Dandolo, doge of Venice. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 34

35 1202 The Fourth Crusade began. Apr 1204 The crusaders of the Fourth Crusade capture Constantinople. The sack of Constantinople causes a firm Byzantine hatred of the West. Jul 1212 Spain reconquers the Iberian peninsula from the Muslims in the name of Christianity William Marshal dies 22 Nov 1220 After promising to go to the aid of the Fifth Crusade within nine months, Frederick II was crowned emperor by Pope Honorius III. 29 Jun 1236 Ferdinand III of Castile and Leon took Cordoba in Spain. Cordoba, Spain, fell to Christian forces. The last Islamic kingdom left in Spain is that of the Berbers in Granada. c Turkish nomads settle in Asia Minor (Spring ) Simon de Montfort gets custody of Kenilworth castle 23 Aug 1244 Muslim Turkish forces expelled the crusaders under Frederick II from Jerusalem and it not recaptured again until Oct 1244 The Sixth Crusade ended when an Egyptian-Khwarismian force almost annihilated the Frankish army at Gaza Bath Lady Chapel Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 35

36 1255 Abundant Harvest 1258 Mongols sack Baghdad. Abbasid Caliphate ends. 3 Sep 1260 Mamelukes under Sultan Qutuz defeated Mongols and Crusaders at Ain Jalut The capital of Morocco was moved north to Fez after the Almohad dynasty fell. 30 Oct 1270 The seventh crusade was ended by the treaty of Barbary The Eighth Crusade called by King Louis of France was soon decimated by the Plague The Knights of the Cross overcame the Prussian towns of Nadruva and Skalva between May 1291 The Sultan of Egypt and his son take the last Christian stronghold of Acre. The Hospitaller and Templar headquarters are moved from Acre to Cyprus and the Teutonic Knights headquarters moved from Acre to Venice 1297 The people of Riga rose against the Teutonic Knights. The local Bishop asked Vytenis to help and the Knights were pushed back. This opened a northern trade route for Vytenis for weapons and supplies Osman I ( ) Mansa Musa, king of Mali, made the 3,500 mile pilgrimage to Mecca between with gold valued at $115 million in 1999 prices. He traveled with a very large retinue that included 80 camels, 500 slaves and over 10,000 of his subjects. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 36

37 1325 Ibn Battuta, a Muslim, left his home in Tangier to journey to Mecca between He traveled in Arabia, Asia, Africa, and Spain and recorded many exciting adventures Start of the The Ottoman Empire ( ) Tamerlane establishes an empire in Persia, Iraq and Syria [untill 1401]. 25 Sep 1396 The last great Christian crusade, led jointly by John the Fearless of Nevers and King Sigismund of Hungary, ended in disaster at the hands of Sultan Bajazet I's Ottoman army at Nicopolis. c The tabla, a 600-year-old invention, was evolved from Arabian drums to accompany a fusion of Islamic Qawali singing and Dhrupad music composed for Sanskrit couplets usually recited in temples In the Burji Mamluks empire, The Mamluks lost Syria which was occupied by Amir Timur ( ) The city of Bagerhat was founded in southern Bangladesh by Ulugh Khan-i-Jahan as a Muslim colony In the Golden Horde empire, Death of Timur Qutluq, the ruler, installed by Amir Timur In the Golden Horde empire, Accession of Shadi Beg. 20 Jul 1402 Tamerlane's Mongols defeated Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Ankara (Angora). The Defeat of Bayazid and Amir Timur was taken captive. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 37

38 1403 In the Ottoman Turks empire, Muhammad I, the son of Bayazid ascended the throne In the Timurids empire, Death of Amir Timur, succession of his son Shah Rukh In the Golden Horde empire, Deposition of Shadi Beg, installation of Faulad Khan by the king maker Edigu In the Golden Horde empire, Deposition of Faulad Khan, installation of Timur In the Golden Horde empire, Deposition of Timur, installation of Jalaluddin In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Nasiruddin Faraj, succession of Al Muayyad In the Golden Horde empire, Deposition of Jalaluddin, installation of Karim Bardo In the Golden Horde empire, Deposition of Karim Bardo, installation of Kubak Khan In the Golden Horde empire, Deposition of Kubak Khan, installation of Jahar Balrawi In the Golden Horde empire, deposition of Jahar Balrawi, installation of Chaighray In the Golden Horde empire, Death of Edigu, overthrow of Chaighray, power captured by Ulugh Muhammad In the Golden Horde empire, Ulugh Muhammad overthrown by Daulat Bairawi. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 38

39 1420 Turkomans of the Black Sheep empire, Death of Qara Yusuf - succession of his son Qara Iskandar In Morocco, Assassination of Abu Said Othman - succession of his infant son Abdul Haq In the Ottoman Turks empire, Death of Muhammad I and the accession of his son Murad II In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Al Muayyad, succession of Muzaffar Ahmad In the Burji Mamluks empire, Muzaffar Ahmad overthrown by Amir Saifuddin Tata, Death of Saifuddin Tata, succession of his son Muhammad. Muhammad overthrown by Amir Barsbay In the Golden Horde empire, Death of Daulat Bairawi, succession of Berk In Algeria, The Halsida of Tunisia occupy Algeria. This state of affairs continued throughout the fifteenth century In the Uzbegs empire, Abul Khayr, a prince of the house of Uzbeg declares his independence in the western part of Siberia In the Golden Horde empire, Berk overthrown by Ulugh Muhammad who captured power for the second time In the Uzbegs empire, Abul Khayr occupies Khawarazm Turkomans of the Black Sheep empire, Deposition of Qara Iskandar - installation of his brother Jahan Shah. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 39

40 1434 Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Death of Qara Othman, succession of his son Ali Beg. In Tunisia, Death of Abul Faris after a rule of forty years, succession of his son Abu Abdullah Muhammad In Tunisia, Deposition of Abu Abdullah Muhammad, power captured by Abu Umar Othman In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Barsbay, accession of his minor son Jamaluddin Yusuf - Yusuf overthrown and power captured by the Chief Minister Saifuddin Gakmuk Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Ali Beg overthrown by his brother Hamza In the Golden Horde empire, Ulugh Muhammad withdrew from Sarai and found the principality of Qazan. Said Ahmad came to power in Sarai Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Hamza overthrown by Jahangir a son of Ali Beg In the Golden Horde empire, Crimea seceded from Sarai In the Timurids empire, Death of Shah Rukh, succession of Ulugh Beg In the Ottoman Turks empire, Second battle of Kossova resulting in the victory of the Turks. Serbia annexed to Turkey and Bosnia became its vassal In the Golden Horde empire, Astra Khan seceded from Sarai In the Uzbegs empire, Abul Khayr captures Farghana. In the Timurids empire, Death of Ulugh Beg, succession of Abdul Latif. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 40

41 1450 In the Timurids empire, Assassination of Abdul Latif, accession of Abu Said In the Ottoman Turks empire, Death of Murad II and the accession of his son Muhammad II Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Death of Jahangir - accession of his son Uzun Hasan In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Gakmuk and the succession of his son Fakhruddin Othman. Othman overthrown by the Mamluk General Saifuddin Inal Constantinople falls to Muhammad II of the Otterman Turks which ends the Byzantine Empire 1454 In the Ottoman Turks empire, Attack against Wallachia, Wallachia became a vassal state of Turkey In the Ottoman Turks empire, Annexation of Serbia A comet in the sky caused the Pope to issue a catchall edict to his followers to pray for deliverance from 'The Devil, the Turk, and the Comet' In the Ottoman Turks empire, Annexation of Bosnia and Herzogovina In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Saifuddin Inal, succession of his son Shahabuddin Ahmad. Shahabuddin Ahmad overthrown by the Mamluk General Saifuddin Khushqadam In the Ottoman Turks empire, Annexation of Albania. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 41

42 1464 Under the guidance of Sunni Ali, the Songhai began to conquer their neighbors and expand their kingdom. Goa became the capital of the Songhai empire. When Sunni Ali died rule was passed to his son, a non-muslim In the Golden Horde empire, Death of Said Ahmad, succession of his son Khan Ahmad In Morocco, Assassination of Abdul Haq. End of the Marinid rule. Power snatched by Sharif Muhammad al Jati Turkomans of the Black Sheep empire, Death of Jahan Shah, end of the rule of the Black Sheep Turkoman rule Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Jahan Shah of the Black Sheep attacked the White Sheep. Jahan Shah was defeated and the Black Sheep territories annexed by the White Sheep In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Khushqadam, accession of his son Saifuddin Yel Bey. Deposition of Yel Bey, power captured by the Mamluk General Temur Bugha In the Uzbegs empire, Death of Abul Khayr, succession of his son Haidar Sultan. Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Uzun Hasan defeated the Timurids at the battle of Qarabagh whereby the White Sheep became the masters of Persia and Khurasan In the Burji Mamluks empire, Deposition of Femur Bugha, power captured by the Mamluk General Qait Bay In the Timurids empire, Death of Abu Said, disintegration of the Timurid state. In Khurasan Hussain Baygara came to power and he ruled during the remaining years of the fifteenth century. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 42

43 1472 In Morocco, Sharif Muhammad al Jati overthrown by the Wattisid chief Muhammad al Shaikh who establishes the rule of the Wattisid dynasty In the Ottoman Turks empire, War against Persia when the Persians were defeated In the Ottoman Turks empire, Annexation of Crimea. War against Venice. Tukey became the master of the Aegean Sea The Spanish Inquisition persecutes Jews, Muslims and heretics Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Death of Uzun Hasan, succession of his son Khalil Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Khalil overthrown by his uncle Yaqub In the Golden Horde empire, Assassination of Khan Ahmad, succession of his son Said Ahmad II In the Golden Horde empire, Said Ahmad I1 overthrown by his brother Murtada In the Ottoman Turks empire, Death of Muhammad II, accession of Bayazid II Sultan Muhammad XI (also called Boabdil by the Spanish a corruption of the name Abu Abdullah) seized the throne of Granada from his father Muley Abu'l Hassan and thus plunged Granada into civil war at the time the Christian Castilians were beginning their attack on the kingdom Sultan Muhammad XI (Boabdil) was taken prisoner at Lucena, and only obtained his freedom by consenting to hold Granada as a tributary kingdom under Ferdinand and Isabella, King and Queen of Castile and Aragon (Spain). Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 43

44 1487 As the Christian Castilians overran western Granada, Sultan Muhammad XI (Boabdil) secretly promised them that he would surrender the city of Granada in return for some cities held by the rival Granadian party. However, he later repudiated the agreement In the Uzbegs empire, Death of Haider Sultan, succession of his nephew Shaybani Khan In Tunisia, Death of Abu Umar Othman after a rule of 52 years, succession of Abu Zikriya Yahya In Tunisia, Abu Zikriya Yahya overthrown by Abul Mumin In Tunisia, Abul Mumin overthrown, power recaptured by Abu Yahya. c (Between ) Muslims of the Songhai Empire in West Africa supported Askia Muham-mad, who overthrew Sunni Ali's son, and declared Islam the state religion. Songhai grew and expanded to become the greatest trade empire of West Africa. Apr 1491 Sultan Muhammad XI (Boabdil) was summoned by Spanish Ferdinand and Isabella to surrender the city of Granada, and on his refusal the Christian Castilians laid siege to Granada. 2 Jan 1492 Sultan Muhammad XI of Granada (Boabdil), surrendered to Spanish forces loyal to King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I and fled to Morocco. Granada was the last Arab stronghold in Spain, so its capture effectivly ended Muslim rule in Spain. Jan 1492 After Spain recaptured Granada from the Moors (Granada Day), King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain annex Granada Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Death of Yaqub and the accession of his son Bayangir. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 44

45 1495 Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Bayangir overthown by his cousin Rustam In the Burji Mamluks empire, Abdication of Qait Bay, succession of his son Nasir Muhammad Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Rustam overthrown by Ahmad. Anarchy and fragmentation In the Burji Mamluks empire, Deposition of Nasir Muhammad, power captured by Zahir Kanauh In the Uzbegs empire, Shayhani Khan conquered Transoxiana In the Golden Horde empire, Death of Murtada, succession of Said Ahmad III In the Ottoman Turks empire, The Turks defeated the Venetian fleet in the battle of Lepanto. c (Between ) A Muslim pilgrim brought some coffee beans from Yemen and raised them in India. Yemen was the first great coffee exporter and in order to protect its trade had decreed that no living plant could leave the country The Safavid Empire in Persia began [until 1723] Granada Moslems forced to convert to Catholicism Having won battles over Muslim forces the Portuguese advanced their control over spice producing areas of India, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra and (by 1514)the Spice Islands. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 45

46 1512 Shi'ism became the state religion of Persia Suleiman II the Magnificent came to power [until 1566] In India Babur, a warrior with an Islamic Persian background, invaded Hindu India. He took Delhi and Agra and made Agra his capital Sultan Muhammad XI (Boabdil) is said to have been killed in battle fighting for his kinsman, the ruler of Fez. The spot from which Boabdil looked for the last time on Granada is still shown, and is known as 'the last sigh of the Moor' (ci ultimo suspiris del Moro). c In Moscow, Ivan the IV built a stone church to commemorate the triumph of Orthodoxy over Roman Catholicism, Islam and the Uniates, who sought to unite the Catholic and Orthodox churches Suleiman's mosque in Constantinople was completed after six years of work. 19 Apr 1565 In Malta, the Great Siege lasted until 8 Sep, as Suliman the Magnificent sought to add the island to his conquests. The Grand Master Jean de la Valette led the Knights of St. John in repulsing the Turks and consequently halting the westward advance of Islam in the Mediterranean. 8 Sep 1565 The siege of Malta was broken. The Turkish army of 40,000 men of Suleyman the Magnificent besieged the Knights of Malta (the Knights of St John), led by Jean de la Valette, at their garrison, St. Elmo. The defenders numbered 540 knights, 400 Spanish troops, and Maltese gentry The Battle at Talikota when India Moslems destroy Vijayanagar's army. Copyright (c) , HistoryMole.com, All rights reserved. Page 46