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1 The Letters

2 In the end Writing the Letters In the middle In the beginning

3 In the end In the middle In the beginning if the letter ' ل ' join the letter ' ا ' it is written by this way

4 Vowels 1. Short vowels In Arabic, there are stated marks that control the voice of the letter. The mark Description Example This mark is written on the top of the Arabic letter, it is called Fatthah, and stands for short (a). This vowel is pronounced as "a" in the word "apple". ba This mark is written under the Arabic letter, it is called Kassrah, and stands for short (i). This vowel is pronounced as "i" in the word "tin". bi This mark written on the top of the Arabic letter, it called Dhammah, and stands for short 'u'. This vowel is pronounced as 'u' in the word "pull". bu

5 Dhammah Kassrah Fattha

6 Dhammah Kassrah Fattha

7 Description Example This mark written on the top of the Arabic letter, it called sukoon, which means absence of vowel. It indicates that such a letter is not followed by any vowel sound. In Arabic, there is no word that starts with Sukoon, but the alphabet with Sukoon is joined with the former alphabet. This vowel is pronounced as 'n' in the word "run"or't' in the word "cut". Sukoon ib

8 Sukoon

9 The mark Description Example This mark is written on the top of the Arabic letter, it is called Tanween Fatthah. It means to pronounce an excess 'ن' with Sukoon at the end of the Arabic word. This vowel is pronounced as 'an' in the word "woman". ban This mark is written under the Arabic letter, it is called Tanween Kassrah. It means to pronounce an excess with Sukoon at the end of the Arabic word. This 'ن' vowel is pronounced as 'in' in the word "Linn". bin This mark is written on the top of the Arabic letter, it is called Tanween Dhammah. It means to pronounce an excess 'ن' with Sukoon at the end of the Arabic word. This vowel is pronounced shorter than 'oon' in the word "boon". bo'n

10 Tanween Dhammah Tanween Kassrah Tanween Fattha

11 Tanween Dhammah Tanween Kassrah Tanween Fattha

12 The mark Description Example This mark is written on the top of the Arabic letter, it is called Shaddah. It means to pronounce the letter twice (double), and it is should come with other vowels. In Arabic there is no word that starts with Shaddah, but the alphabet with Shaddah is joined with the former alphabet. This vowel is pronounced like "ss" in "dis-solve". This mark is called Shaddah with Fatthah. ip'ba This mark is called Shaddah with Kassrah. ip'be This is called Shaddah with Dhammah. ip'bo

13 Shaddah with Dhammah Shaddah with Kassrah Shaddah with Fattha

14 Shaddah with Dhammah Shaddah with Kassrah Shaddah with Fattha

15 The mark Description Example This mark is called Shaddah with Tanween Fatthah. ip'ban This mark is called Shaddah with Tanween Kassrah. ip'ben This mark is called Shaddah with Tanween Dhammah. ip'bon

16 Shaddah with Tanween Dhammah Shaddah with Tanween Kassrah Shaddah with Tanween Fattha

17 Shaddah with Tanween Dhammah Shaddah with Tanween Kassrah Shaddah with Tanween Fattha

18 2. Long vowels In Arabic, there are three letters represents the long voice in the words. These letters called Maad letters. Maad Description Example Alif Maadh If the letter Alif ( ا ) comes after an alphabet with Fatthah, then this Alif will be pronounced like double Fatthah and this is pronounced like "a" in the word "cat". Waaw Maadh If the letter Waaw ( و ) with Sukoon comes after an alphabet with Dhammah or Fatthah, then this Waaw will be pronounced like double Dhammah and this is pronounced like "oo" in the word "food" and 'oa' in the word "boat". Yaa Maadh If the letter Yaa ( ي ) with Sukoon comes after an alphabet with Kassrah or Fatthah, then this Yaa will be pronounced like double Kassrah and this is pronounced like "ee" in the word "see" and 'ay' in the word "day". baa boo boa bee bay

19 Yaa Maadh Waaw Maadh Alif Maadh

20 Yaa Maadh Waaw Maadh Alif Maadh