argument philosophy issue probable standard studied proposition formal persuade

Transcription

1 1 English 11: Quarter 1 Learning Module thought part used form point reason general truth ask bring show change purpose natural action giving language meant support provide attempt accept obtained claim reader sentence explanation evident represented conclusion argument philosophy issue probable standard studied proposition formal persuade reasoning interpretation essentially supporting logic logical guarantee Evidence criterium evaluating symbolically

2 2 Maryland College and Career Ready Standards CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.1 Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.2 Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.3 Analyze how the author unfolds an analysis or series of ideas or events, including the order in which the points are made, how they are introduced and developed, and the connections that are drawn between them. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.6 Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how an author uses rhetoric to advance that point of view or purpose. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.8 Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; identify false statements and fallacious reasoning. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.1 Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.2 Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.4 Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.5 Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience CCSS. ELA-LITERACY.W.9 Apply grades 9-10 Reading standards to literary nonfiction (e.g., "Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; identify false statements and fallacious reasoning"). CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.SL.3 Evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, identifying any fallacious reasoning or exaggerated or distorted evidence. CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.SL Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to

3 3 Part 1 - Understanding Argument Some of the information below comes from a Prezi presentation: What is an argument? An argument is not two people yelling at each other or something where people are mad at each other. In logic and philosophy, an argument is an attempt to persuade someone of something, by giving reasons for accepting a particular conclusion as evident. The general form of an argument in a natural language is that of premises (typically in the form of propositions, statements or sentences) in support of a claim. In a typical deductive argument, the premises are meant to provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion, while in an inductive argument, they are thought to provide reasons supporting the conclusion's probable truth. The standards and criteria used in evaluating arguments and their forms of reasoning are studied in logic. An argument in a formal language shows the logical form of the symbolically represented or natural language arguments obtained by its interpretations. Essentially, argument s purpose is to change a reader s point of view, to bring about some action on the reader s part, and ask the reader to accept the writer s explanation or evaluation of a concept, issue, or problem. To see an argument used in modern time, watch this video from the movie Jurassic Park where the character argue over the ethics of creating dinosaurs ( Look at the word cloud on the first page of the packet. The words that are written in a large font are the ones that are most frequently used in the definition of argument. How do these words help you understand argument? Respond in 2-3 sentences.

4 Part 2 - Parts of an argument 4 CLAIM It s essentially what speaker is arguing for or against. If it weren t a persuasive speech, we d call it the central idea. A claim is an assertion or proposition that states the argument s main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or a subject in that a claim has to be arguable. It cannot just be a simple statement of fact; it has to state a position that some people might disagree with and others might agree with. TYPES OF CLAIMS Claims of fact assert that something is true or not true. Arguments of fact often pivot on what exactly is factual. Facts become arguable when they are questioned, when they raise controversy, when they challenge people s beliefs. The validity of a factual claim can be definitively shown. Example: Mobile, Alabama receives the most annual rainfall, on average, of any U.S. city. This claim asserts that a certain circumstance is true (Mobile receives the most annual rainfall on average). This circumstance can be proven through a historical analysis of weather data. Claims of value argue that something is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable. They may be personal judgments based on taste, or they may be more objective evaluations based on external criteria. To develop this type of claim, one must establish specific criteria or standards and then show to what extent the subject meets the criteria. Example: Evaluative claims are often found in reviews of movies (Hunger Games captured the essence of the novel well) restaurants (Baja Grill serves the best Tex-Mex in town), and books (there were too many sub-plots in the novel). Evaluative claims always use evaluative words: most effective, better, poorly executed, etc., and are usually limited to statements of personal opinion or preference based on evidence presented. Claims of Policy Claims of policy propose or assert a change. It generally begins with a definition of the problem (claim of fact), explains why

5 5 it is a problem (claim of value), and then explains the change that is needed. A recommendation claim attempts to convince an audience to take a certain course of action and suggests what should or should not happen in the future.. Example: You should eat at The Baja Grill because their food is terrific; we must seek alternative energy sources or our air quality will continue to suffer. Words like should, must, need, necessitates, obliges, and demands give away recommendation claims. Many arguments use a combination of these claims. When analyzing an argument look for wordings that identify what types of specific claims are being made. Counterclaims (or counterarguments) A counterclaim presents a position in opposition to the one presented in the argument. It s an argument against the argument of the text - the naysayers. A good persuasive writer addresses the counterclaim - also known a rebuttal - by acknowledging opposing ideas or viewpoints. Addressing the counterargument allows you to respond to objections point by point, and demonstrates your own fair-mindedness. It creates credibility in the speaker/writer when you acknowledge the valid points of the counterclaim that will make the speaker s/writer s claim look incorrect or weak while also showing the strength of the claim by refuting erroneous counterclaims. Be careful though, writers don't want the other side of the argument to sound better than his/her own. One of the most effective ways to rebut a counterclaim is to show that it is based on faulty (or broken) assumptions. Either the facts are wrong, the analysis is incorrect, or the values it is based on are not acceptable. Concept Check Read the passage below. Then complete the activity below. In the two months leading up to Election Day this past November, our tenth grade social studies class conducted its own presidential campaign. Supporters for each major candidate volunteered for different jobs in the campaign. These jobs included writing press releases, distributing flyers, leading rallies, and conducting polls. After the election, we took one final survey of all 218 tenth-grade students to determine how our campaign had affected their level of interest in the real election. Not only was interest heightened by our campaign, but 98 percent of the students also expressed some resentment that they had not been allowed to vote in the actual election. Their message was clear. Young people deserve to have a say in the direction of the county so the voting age should be lowered to 16. First of all, at 16, most young people are mature enough to understand the importance of voting. According to a study conducted in 2001, the IQs of young people have risen by 17 points since the late 1940s and are continuing to rise. As a result, today s teens are more adept at solving problems and interpreting data than young people of earlier generations were. They are also more competent than many present-day adults. Liana Solle, editor of The Young Nation and author of The Voting Rebellion confirmed this. Ms. Solle said, When it

6 6 comes to dealing with the challenges of today s world, teens under 18 are more capable than half the adult population. Advancements in technology and easy access to information are greatly responsible for this increased maturity and awareness. Another important reason to lower the voting age to 16 is that young people have a greater knowledge of government and politics than most adults. In one test, teens outscored adults by 20 percent or higher on nine out of ten government-related questions. Other polls show that only 30 percent of adults could name their state senator; 66 percent could not name a single Supreme Court justice; and most had no idea how the federal budget works. Yet, no one stops these uninformed adults from voting. There are those who oppose lowering the voting age because they believe that 16-year-olds are not likely to make informed decisions and will vote according to whim or how their parents tell them to vote. On the contrary, lowering the voting age is more likely to produce a better-informed body of voters. Since most 16- year-olds are still in school, instruction could be developed to build knowledge of the candidates and their platforms. Through such courses, students would learn how a candidate s position on important issues, such as taxes, social security, and the environment, could impact their lives now and in the future. Knowing that they have the right to vote on these important issues will keep students engaged and highly motivated to learn. Now identify the writer s claim and the counterclaims to his or her argument. Then identify the ways the writer addresses the counterclaim. Be sure to specific text evidence in order to accurately show your understanding. Claim Counterclaim

7 Addressing the Counterclaim 7

8 8 EVIDENCE The general form of an argument in a natural language is that of evidence (typically in the form of propositions, statements or sentences) in support of a claim. Types of Evidence First hand evidence includes something you know whether it s from personal experience, anecdotes, you have heard from others, observations, or your general knowledge of events. Second hand evidence is assessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and numerical data. Comparisons: This method of support compares a situation or scenario with a similar situation or scenario. For example, a recommendation that President Bush establish an international coalition before invading Iraq might compare his administration s situation to his father s during the Gulf War. Appeals to Authority: Uses the opinion of an expert(s) in the pertinent field as support. For appeals to authority to be effective, the authority must truly be an expert on the topic you re debating. Celebrity spokespersons are often mistaken for legitimate authorities. Appeals to Audience Needs and Values: Support targeted toward a specific audience s needs, concerns, and values. This type of support may also include emotional appeals. Definition: Definitions can serve as support by clarifying unfamiliar terminology, making abstract words more accessible, and manipulating controversial terms. Example: Specific examples of larger, more abstract claims give your argument more credibility. Examples can be real or hypothetical. Examples that refer to real people and events can connect emotionally with your audience. In a typical deductive argument, the premises are meant to provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion meaning it will happen while in an inductive argument, they are thought to provide reasons supporting the conclusion's probable truth meaning it might happen. DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS In a typical deductive argument, the premises are meant to provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion, for example: All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. Notice the use of true statements leading to a

9 conclusion or formally, premises leading to a conclusion by moving from general to specific statements. 9 INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS An inductive argument provides reasons supporting the conclusion's probable truth. Inductive reasoning is reasoning in which the premises seek to supply strong evidence for (not absolute proof of) the truth of the claim. While the conclusion of a deductive argument is supposed to be certain, the truth of the conclusion of an inductive argument is supposed to be probable, based upon the evidence given. Inductive reasoning refers to reasoning that takes specific information and makes a broader generalization that is considered probable, allowing for the fact that the conclusion may not be accurate. There are varying degrees of strength and weakness in inductive reasoning, and various types including arguments from example, causal inferences, simple inductions, and inductive generalizations. They can have part to whole relations, extrapolations, or predictions. Concept Check Read the passage below. Then complete the activity below. We cannot live without energy. We need it for driving cars, running factories, and lighting our homes. In the past, we relied solely on fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, for energy. However, these resources are not renewable and they are harmful to the environment. People suggest nuclear energy as an alternative, but it's very risky. An explosion, a meltdown, or a leak in a nuclear power plant can release radiation into the atmosphere. Because of the great danger such an event poses to humans, soil, and animals alike, nuclear power plants should be permanently banned. Nuclear power is based on fission, which is the process of splitting atoms to create massive amounts of energy, which we then use to create electricity. The fissionable material is uranium. One pound of uranium creates the same amount of energy as three million pounds of coal. What's so dangerous, however, is the waste that fission creates. The spent fuel rods are extremely radioactive, and they have to be stored in water or buried to prevent the radiation from leaking into the atmosphere. Unfortunately, even with safety measures in place, accidents happen. In 1986, an explosion and fire at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine led to one of the worst nuclear disasters of all time. The radiation cloud caused by the accident contaminated more than 250,000 square miles of surrounding soil. Many children of people exposed to Chernobyl's radiation were born with genetic mutations and birth defects. An estimated 12,000 to 80,000 births were affected. Thirty-one plant workers lost their lives. Nuclear power supporters point to its minimal impact on the environment as one of its main benefits. They also claim that it helps reduce our reliance on foreign oil. However, it takes a massive amount of fossil fuel in order to produce enough uranium to fuel a nuclear power plant. In fact, it takes 18 years of constant operation before a nuclear power plant produces its first measurable amounts of energy. In the meantime, we are still

10 10 creating pollution and relying on foreign oil. By putting our trust in this supposedly "clean" power source, we are playing a very dangerous game. Whatever benefits we might enjoy from nuclear power, the costs and risks are extremely high. Is it a cost we as a society are willing to pay? No one should take that risk. We must ban nuclear power now. Now identify the claim of argument, the counterclaim, and the evidence the writer uses to support the claim of the argument. For the evidence, you must use explicit text evidence. Claim Counterclaim Evidence to support claim

11 11 The Conclusion The conclusion should summarize why the counterargument is not a sufficient solution. Some ways to begin a conclusion are: thus, therefore and as a result. Sometimes writers might just want to restate his/her position simply. FIVE STANDARD METHODS FOR WRITING CONCLUSIONS 1. Close with a RHETORICAL QUESTION. 2. Finish an appropriate ANECDOTE OR EXAMPLE begun earlier in the essay. 3. Close with a simple ANALOGY, ALLUSION, SIMILE, or METAPHOR which may refer to one begun earlier in the essay. 4. Close with a STARTLING STATEMENT 5. Close with an appropriate QUOTE. The methods below are used primarily with persuasion: 1. Recommend a course of action. 2. Make a prediction, appeal, or warning. Concept Check Re-read the arguments for the Claim and Evidence activity. For each one, identify the methods the writers used to conclude their argument. Voting Age Nuclear Power Part 3: Rhetorical Devices

12 WHAT IS RHETORIC?: Rhetoric is defined as a thoughtful activity leading to effective communication, including the rational exchange of opposing viewpoints. Essentially, it enables one to utilize available means to persuade an audience. When approaching any persuasive medium such as print or non-print text, the student should explore the rhetorical situation as it builds the relationship the speaker has with the audience utilizing Aristotle s Rhetorical Triangle or the rhetorical triangle. This relationship consists of: the speaker, audience, and subject and how the speaker creates a persona to enhance the argument. 12 The Tools of Rhetoric: Appeals to Ethos, Logos, and Pathos Rhetorical Appeals are essential tools of an argument. Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate character, trustworthiness, and credibility. In correlation to the Rhetorical Triangle, this is established under the category of the speaker. How does the speaker build character whether it is through shared values with the audience or through their established reputation? Secondly, the speaker transitions to developing logos or logic. Writers offer reasoning through rational ideas and concepts such as having a main idea and using specific details, examples, facts, etc. to support the idea. Under the rhetorical triangle, this is established under the subject category as it determines how the speaker develops or treats his/her subject matter. Finally, the speaker establishes pathos to appeal to the audience s emotions, desires, and hopes. This completes the triangle as this relates to the audience category. Questions to help you recognize and utilize ethos, logos, and pathos The following questions can be used in two ways, both to think about how writers use ethos, logos, and pathos, and how to execute these appeals in your own writing:

13 13 Ethos The ongoing establishment of a writer or speaker s authority and credibility, as he/she speaks or writes. Ethos appeals to ethics and character. What are the writer s qualifications? How has the writer connected him/herself to the topic being discussed? Does the writer demonstrate respect for multiple viewpoints by using sources in the text? Are sources credible? Are sources documented appropriately? Does the writer use a tone that is suitable for the audience/purpose? Is the diction (word choice) used appropriate for the audience/purpose? Is the document presented in a polished and professional manner? Logos The use of logic, rationality, and critical reasoning to persuade. Logos appeals to the mind. Logos seeks to persuade the reader intellectually. Is the thesis clear and specific? Is the thesis supported by strong reasons and credible evidence? Is the argument logical and arranged in a well-reasoned order? Does it make sense? Can the reader easily draw a conclusion from the evidence provided? Pathos The use of emotion and affect to persuade. It seeks to create a feeling within the reader (anger, call to action, patriotism, etc.) Are vivid examples, details and images used to engage the reader s emotions and imagination?

14 14 Does the writer appeal to the values and beliefs of the reader by using examples readers can relate to or care abou Concept Check Read the passage below. Then complete the activity below. Cell phones are a vital part of the social lives of teenagers. Some might even say that teens can t live without their phones. The truth is there haven t been any actual cases of teenagers who stopped breathing because their cell phones were taken away. Still, cell phones are not simply for texting, surfing the net, and talking to friends. Because of the important and possibly life-saving role that cell phones can play in the lives of students, cell phones should not be banned from school. Cell phones are critical in emergencies. It is rare that you get parents and teenagers to agree on anything. However, when it comes to the important question of whether students should be allowed to carry their phones with them in school, most parents and teenagers answer yes. Parents are responsible for their children, and they should be able to reach their children immediately in case of an emergency. Do school administrators really want to be responsible for a parent s anxiety when she is unsure if her child is safe? When a student has access to a phone, a quick call or a simple text could relieve a parent s anxiety in a matter of seconds. In addition, students at public schools should have the same privilege as students at private schools. Most private schools allow students to have cell phones as long as students follow the school s guidelines for using them. If public schools make a set of rules for acceptable cell phone use, grateful students will willingly follow those rules. Finally, teachers often say that cell phones are a distraction in the classroom, especially because students can appear to be paying attention while they are actually texting friends. However, the school s guidelines can require that ringers be turned off and phones be put away during class. That would get rid of those distractions. Plus, teachers object to students having phones, but they themselves bring their phones to class. That s ridiculously unfair! Let s be fair to students, teachers, and, most especially, to parents. Do not ban cell phones from school. (activity on next page)

15 Now identify how the writer uses the three appeals - ethos, pathos and logos - to defend their claim. Be sure to use explicit text evidence. 15 Ethos Pathos Logos

16 16 Part 4: Analyzing Argument When analyzing an argument, it takes more than one read to figure out the argument. With each read, the argument becomes clearer and the methods more distinct. First Read Reading for the Gist Things to look for: what the text is about (can you summarize what it says?) who are the people in the text? where did it take place? what are things I don t know or understand? Second Read Key Ideas and details Things to look for: things that point to the main idea passages that help you understand what the text is about examples of descriptive language or figurative language (metaphors, similes, personal anecdotes, etc.) What do we know about the speaker? Third Read Argument and Methods Things to look for: Claim Counterclaim Evidence Rhetorical Appeals Structure of the argument Audience To find these things during each read, you ll need to annotate the text. Annotations are essentially notes, but they usually refer to note-taking on the text. You may not always get a chance to do that, but the method is still the same whether it s on a text or on a notepad. Annotations are notes about the text that help us understand what the text is saying and how it s saying it. Annotations also include things we don t know, which allows a good reader to go back and look up the material. You can make annotations in any way that works for you, but as a starting point, you can use the guide below. Annotation Guide Main idea Unfamiliar words Key words /details Questions about the text? E Evidence that supports the claim Connections in the tex

17 Concept Check Read the text below. Annotate the text for understanding (first read), key ideas and details (second read), and argument and methods (third read). Be sure to make your annotations clear and understandable. Tolerance by E.M. Forester Surely the only sound foundation for a civilisation is a sound state of mind. Architects, contractors, international commissioners, marketing boards, broadcasting corporations will never, by themselves, build a new world. They must be inspired by the proper spirit, and there must be the proper spirit in the people for whom they are working. What though is the proper spirit?... There must be a sound state of mind before diplomacy or economics or tradeconferences can function. What state of mind is sound? Here we may differ. Most people, when asked what spiritual quality is needed to rebuild civilization, will reply "Love". Men must love one another, they say; nations must do likewise, and then the series of cataclysms which is threatening to destroy us will be checked. Respectfully but firmly, I disagree. Love is a great force in private life; it is indeed the greatest of all things: but love in public affairs simply does not work. It has been tried again and again: by the Christian civilisations of the Middle Ages, and also by the French Revolution, a secular movement which reasserted the Brotherhood of Man. And it has always failed. The idea that nations should love one another, or that business concerns or marketing boards should love one another, or that a man in Portugal, say, should love a man in Peru of whom he has never heard it is absurd, it is unreal, worse, it is dangerous. It leads us into perilous and vague sentimentalism. "Love is what is needed," we chant, and then sit back and the world goes on as before. The fact is we can only love what we know personally. And we cannot know much. In public affairs, in the rebuilding of civilisation, something much less dramatic and emotional is needed, namely, tolerance. Tolerance is a very dull virtue. It is boring. Unlike love, it has always had a bad press. It is negative. It merely means putting up with people, being able to stand things. No one has ever written an ode to tolerance, or raised a statue to her. Yet this is the quality which will be most needed after the war. This is the sound state of mind which we are looking for. This is the only force which will enable different races and classes and interests to settle down together to the work of reconstruction. The world is very full of people appallingly full; it has never been so full before and they are all tumbling over each other. Most of these people one doesn't know and some of them one doesn't like; doesn't like the colour of their skins, say, or the shapes of their noses, or the way they blow them or don't blow them, or the way they talk, or their smell or their clothes, or their fondness for jazz or their dislike of jazz, and so on. Well, what is one to do? There are two solutions. One of them is the Nazi solution. If you don't like people, kill them, banish them, segregate them, and then strut up and down proclaiming that you are the salt of the earth. The other way is much less thrilling, but it is on the whole the way of the democracies, and I prefer it. If you don't like people, put up with them as well as you can. Don't try to love them; you can't, you'll only strain yourself. But try to tolerate them. On the basis of that tolerance a civilised future may be built. Certainly I can see no other foundation for the post-war world. For what it will most need is the negative virtues: not being huffy, touchy, irritable, revengeful. I have no more faith in positive militant ideals; they can so seldom be carried out without thousands of human beings getting maimed or imprisoned. Phrases like "I will purge this nation," "I will clean up this city," terrify and disgust me. They might not have mattered so much when the world was emptier: they are horrifying now, when one nation is mixed up with another, when one city cannot be organically separated from its neighbours... 17

18 I don't then regard Tolerance as a great eternally established divine principle, though I might perhaps quote "In My Father's House are many mansions" in support of such a view. It is just a makeshift, suitable for an overcrowded and overheated planet. It carries on when love gives out, and love generally gives out as soon as we move away from our home and our friends and stand in a queue for potatoes. Tolerance is wanted in the queue; otherwise we think, "Why will people be so slow?"; it is wanted in the tube, "Why will people be so fat?"; it is wanted at the telephone, or we say "Why are they so deaf?" or conversely, "Why do they mumble?" It is wanted in the street, in the office, at the factory, and it is wanted above all between classes, races, and nations. It's dull. And yet it entails imagination. For you have all the time to be putting yourself in someone else's place. Which is a desirable spiritual exercise. 18 Now that you ve annotated for understanding and argumentative methods, it s time to put your notes into an outline so you can easily see the writer s argument. Complete the organizer below. Be sure to explicit text evidence for each box. Title of Speech Speaker What do we know about him or her? Audience Who is the speaker trying persuade? (not just people or the reader - who would benefit the most from this speech?) Occasion What do you think caused the speaker to talk about this issue and/or persuade the crowd?

19 19 Claim Evidence 1 Evidence 2 Evidence 3 Counterclaim Conclusion

20 20 Part 5: Writing an Argument Analysis In order to write an analysis, you need to first understand the text - that s what the previous activities were designed to do. The next step is to outline your notes into a writing format - that s what the next activity is designed to do. First, you need to look and understand the prompt. As you read, consider what the prompt is asking you to do and how you will answer it: Write an essay in which you explain how the author builds an argument to persuade her audience that all nations must continue to fight peaceably until all children receive an education. In your essay, analyze how the author uses one or more of the features listed below (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of his argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant aspects of the passage. Below is a template of a thesis statement - it s essentially the answer the prompt. While this 1-2 sentence statement does answer the prompt, the rest of the essay provides the evidence and explanation to support the thesis statement. In an essay the thesis statement is part of the introduction, which also includes background information on the topic you are discussing. In (name of text used), the author builds an argument that (claim from the question). (Name of the author) uses, and to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of (his/ her) argument. Use the information from the previous chart to complete this thesis statement template in the Introduction box below. Then use the rest of the information in the previous chart to complete the one below. Remember that each piece of evidence must support the body paragraph s topic sentence, and each topic sentence must support the thesis statement. Introduction Body Paragraph 1 Topic sentence Body Paragraph 2 Topic sentence Body Paragraph 3 Topic sentence Evidence Evidence Evidence

21 21 Conclusion Completing this chart can also serve as an outline if you had to a write an essay. This is the process you complete in order to complete analytical writing. Now you re going to use what you ve learned to write an essay on a different text.

22 Part 6: Assessment 22 Write an essay in which you explain how the author builds an argument to persuade her audience. In your essay, analyze how the author uses one or more of the features listed below (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of his argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant aspects of the passage. Your essay should not explain whether you agree with the author s claims, but rather explain how she builds an argument to persuade his audience. **Consider how the author uses evidence, such as facts or examples, to support claims and explain how the author uses reasoning to develop ideas, and analyze the stylistic or persuasive elements used in the text such as word choice and rhetorical appeals.

23 Queen Elizabeth I s Speech to the Troops at Tilbury, My loving people, We have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes, for fear of treachery; but I assure you I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself that, under God, I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and good-will of my subjects; and therefore I am come amongst you, as you see, at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of the battle, to live and die amongst you all; to lay down for my God, and for my kingdom, and my people, my honour and my blood, even in the dust. I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a king of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm; to which rather than any dishonour shall grow by me, I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know already, for your forwardness you have deserved rewards and crowns; and We do assure you in the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the mean time, my lieutenant general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valour in the field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over those enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my people.

24 Grade 11 Quarter 1 Learning Module Rubric Module Section Score Point 4 Score Point 3 Score Point 2 Score Point 1 Score Point 1 24 Part 1- Understanding Argument Activity 1- Response to Word sift demonstrates understanding of the definition of argument and how it is constructed. demonstrates understanding of the definition of argument but does not make a connection to how it is constructed. demonstrates partial understanding of the definition and construction of argument. demonstrates limited understanding of the definition and construction of argument. demonstrates no understanding of the definition and construction of argument. Part 2- Parts of an Argument Activity One- Concept Check: Claim, Counterclaim, Evidence correctly identifies the claim, counterclaim and provides textual evidence that appropriately supports the claim. adequately identifies the claim, counterclaim and provides textual evidence to support the claim. Student attempts to identify the claim, counterclaim and provide textual evidence to support the claim. Student attempts to identify the claim, counterclaim and provide textual evidence to support the claim. Student does not identify the claim, counterclaim or provide textual evidence to support the claim. Part 2- Parts of an Argument Activity Two- Concept Check: Identify the methods used by the author to conclude the argument. correctly identifies the methods the author uses to conclude the argument. Response demonstrates understanding of the proper use of argument methods. adequately identifies the methods the author uses to conclude the argument. Response demonstrates some understanding of the proper use of argument methods. partially identifies the methods the author uses to conclude the argument. Response demonstrates limited understanding of the proper use of argument methods. attempts to identify the methods the author uses to conclude the argument. Response demonstrates no understanding of the proper use of argument methods. does not identify the methods the author uses to conclude the argument. Part 3- Rhetorical Devices Concept Check: Identify use of ethos, pathos and logos correctly identifies the use of each of the rhetorical devices and provides textual evidence to support their response. correctly identifies the use of two of the rhetorical devices and provides textual evidence to support their response. partially identifies the use of two of the rhetorical devices and provides textual evidence to support their response. attempts to identify the use of the rhetorical devices and provides some textual evidence to support their response. does not identify the use of the rhetorical devices. Part 4- Understanding Argument Concept Check: Annotation and Argument Structure Outline correctly identifies key ideas and details from the text. Demonstrates analysis of text by close reading. Outline correctly identifies most of the key ideas and details from the text. Demonstrates some analysis of text by close reading. Outline correctly identifies some of the key ideas and details from the text. Demonstrates limited analysis of text by close reading. Outline partially identifies some of the key ideas and details from the text. Demonstrates limited analysis of text by close reading. Outline does not identify key ideas and little to no analysis is evident. Part 5: Writing an

25 25 Argument Analysis reflects careful analysis on each category of the argument analysis. Responses are thorough and can be used to write an argument analysis essay. reflects some analysis on each category of the argument analysis. Responses can be used to write an argument analysis essay. reflects limited analysis on each category of the argument analysis. Responses are not sufficient to write an argument analysis essay. reflects an inaccurate or incomplete analysis on each category of the argument analysis. reflects an incomplete analysis on each category of the argument analysis. Part 6- Assessment (Cold Read and Argument) The student response demonstrates full comprehension of ideas stated explicitly and inferentially by providing an accurate analysis; addresses the prompt and provides effective and comprehensive development of the claim or topic that is consistently appropriate to task, purpose, and audience; uses clear reasoning supported by relevant text-based evidence in the development of the claim or topic; is effectively organized with clear and coherent writing; The student response demonstrates comprehension of ideas stated explicitly and/or inferentially by providing a mostly accurate analysis; addresses the prompt and provides mostly effective development of claim or topic that is mostly appropriate to task, purpose, and audience; uses mostly clear reasoning supported by relevant text based evidence in the development of the claim or topic; is organized with mostly clear and coherent writing; establishes and maintains a mostly effective style. The student response demonstrates basic comprehension of ideas stated explicitly and/or inferentially by providing a generally accurate analysis; addresses the prompt and provides some development of claim or topic that is somewhat appropriate to task, purpose, and audience; uses some reasoning and textbased evidence in the development of the claim or topic; demonstrates some organization with somewhat coherent writing; has a style that is somewhat effective. The student response demonstrates limited comprehension of ideas stated explicitly and/or inferentially by providing a minimally accurate analysis; addresses the prompt and provides minimal development of claim or topic that is limited in its appropriateness to task, purpose, and audience uses limited reasoning and text-based evidence; demonstrates limited organization and coherence; has a style that is minimally effective. The student response demonstrates no comprehension of ideas by providing an inaccurate or no analysis; is undeveloped and/or inappropriate to task, purpose, and audience; includes little to no text-based evidence lacks organization and coherence; has an inappropriate style. establishes and maintains an effective style.

26 Grade 11 Quarter 1 Learning Module Grading Sheet 26 Module Section Part 1- Understanding Argument Activity 1- Response to Word sift Part 2- Parts of an Argument Activity One- Concept Check: Claim, Counterclaim, Evidence Part 2- Parts of an Argument Activity Two- Concept Check: Identify the methods used by the author to conclude the argument. Part 3- Rhetorical Devices Concept Check: Identify use of ethos, pathos and logos Part 4- Understanding Argument Concept Check: Annotation and Argument Structure Part 5: Writing an Argument Analysis Points Earned / 4 / 4 / 4 / 4 / 4 / 4 Part 6: Assessment / 4 Total Points / 24