Chapter 6: India and Southeast Asia 1500 B.C.E.-600 C.E. AP World History

Transcription

1 Chapter 6: India and Southeast Asia 1500 B.C.E.-600 C.E. AP World History

2 I. Foundations of Indian Civilization, 1500 B.C.E.-300 C.E. A. The Indian Subcontinent 1. India has three topographical zones: (1) the northern mountainous zone, (2) the Indus and Ganges Basins, and (3) the peninsula. 2. The peninsula has the following sub regions; tropical Kerala coast, Coromandel coast, flat area of Tamil Nadu, and the island of Sri Lanka. 3. This geographical diversity has made it very difficult for any political power to unify all of India for any great length of time

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7 B. The Vedic Age 1. After the fall of the Indus Valley civ. Indo- European warriors migrated to India. 2. The oral tradition of these light skinned tribes tell of a violent struggle between themselves and the darker-skinned Dravidian speaking Dasas. 3. This struggle led to the creation of the varna. Intended to keep social order Brahmin(priests/scholars), 2. Kshatriya (warriors), 3. Vaishya (merchants), 4. Shudra (peasant/laborer), and the untouchables. 5. The four varna were then divided into hereditary occupational groups called jati and were arranged in order of hierarchy.

8 6. Belief in reincarnation that each individual s atman will be reborn in another body after death. 7. Your station in your next life depends on one s actions (karma) 8. Vedic religion emphasized the worship of male deities through sacrifice. Rig Veda contains poetic hymns describing the deities and the practices 9. Women could study lore and participate in rituals, they could own land, and they married in their middle or late teens.

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13 C. Challenges to the Old Order: Jainism and Buddhism 1. People who reacted against the rigid social hierarchy went to the forest to achieve moksha-liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. 2. Jainism was founded by Mahavira. 3. Jainism practiced nonviolence and went to extremes not to kill any living thing. 4. Siddhartha Gautama founded Buddhism. 563B.C.E. 483 B.C.E.

14 5. To achieve nirvana-release from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth a person had to have moderate living, selfdiscipline, and rebirth. 6. After the death of Buddha his followers showed reverence for bodhisattvas(enlightened that remain on earth) and the religion broke into the Mahayana school of new beliefs, and the Theravada school of original teachings. Mahayana, Greater Vehicle Can reach nirvana and still stay on earth Theravada (Hinayana) Lesser Vehicle Reunify consciousness and self

15 7. Buddhism appealed to lower ranks because it does not use caste system found in Hinduism 8. Four Noble Truths A. all life is suffering B. Suffering is caused by desire C. One can be freed of this desire D. Follow Eightfold Path to free from desire

16 9. 8 Fold Path A. In order to eliminate their desires for worldly things, and thus end the cycle of rebirths, the Buddha taught his people to follow eight principals. B. These eight principals were to know the truth, resist evil, say nothing that might be hurtful, respect life, free the mind from evil, work in service towards neighbors, control evil thoughts, and practice meditation.

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19 D. The Rise of Hinduism 1. Hinduism combined the old vedic religion, elements of Dravidian cultures such as personal religious devotion, fertility rituals, and symbolism along with elements of Buddhism. 2. Sacrifice became less important. 3. Vishnu the preserver. 4. Shiva the destroyer. 5. These gods and countless others were understood manifestations of a single divine source. Had female deities.

20 6. Worship centered on temples and included puja. 7. Religious duties depended on gender, social status, and age. 8. Hinduism appealed to people s need for a direct connection. 9. Became more popular than Buddhism because of less constraints. 10. follow dharma (rules and obligations within one s caste to move towards unification with Brahama)

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24 II. Imperial Expansion and Collapse, 324 B.C.E C.E. A. The Mauryan Empire, 324 B.C.E.-184 B.C.E. 1. Founded by Chandragupta Maurya. A. brings smaller Aryan civilizations together 2. Guided by a Machiavellian brahmin, Kautilya. 3. Walled capital and moated city of Patalipura percent tax on agricultural products. Trade in silk, cotton, elephants and other items helps make it powerful 5. Ashoka the most famous emperor converted to Buddhism because he was shaken by the carnage caused by his brutal wars. 6. The edicts of Ashoka (Rock and Pillar Edicts) were inscribed in rocks and pillars at various points throughout the empire. Preach non-violence Live generous lives Spreads to Southeast Asia

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27 B. Commerce and Culture in an Era of Political Fragmentation 1. Was accompanied by economic development in which guilds of artisans and merchants played a dominant role. 2. The Bhagavad-Gita addressed the contradiction between duty to society and duty to one s own soul. This contradiction can be resolved when one takes disciplined action without regard for personal benefit and realizes that this is a service to the gods. 3. Southern India (three Tamil kingdoms Cholas, Pandyas, and Cheras) had great artistic development and Northern India established an independent state in Deccan. 4. loss of power from pressure from nomads from NE and economic problems

28 C. The Gupta Empire C.E. 1. Began with the Kingdom of Magadha and brought Northern and Central India under one control. Chandra Gupta II, the Great more decentralized 2. Army controlled core of empire, but provincial administration controlled their posts almost independently. 3. Theater state because of lack of military power. 4. Intellectuals came up with concept of zero and invented so-called Arabic numerals as well pi. 5. Women lost right to inherit and own property, married very young, and widows were often required to burn themselves on there husband s funeral pyre. 6. considered a golden age because relative peace and advances in art and science

29 7. Dominated by Hinduism, but was characterized by religious toleration. 8. Linked to the outside rule by extensive trade networks. 9. Collapsed under the financial burden of defense against the Huns. 10. Southern India was ruled by the warrior kingdoms of Pallavas and the Cholas.

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32 III. Southeast Asia C.E. A. Geography, Resources, and Early Civilization 1. Southeast Asia has three ecological zones: Indochina Mainland, Malay Peninsula, and the islands. 2. Natural resources included fertile agricultural lands, dependable monsoon rains, and several growing seasons a year. 3. Early inhabitants practiced swidden agriculture and domesticated important crops and animals such as rice, soybeans, sugar cane, chickens and pigs.

33 4. Malay peoples migrated from southern China and continued into the Pacific islands. Excellent navigational skills, used birds, monsoons 5. Trade brought Hindu/Buddhist culture. 6. First major state to appear was Funan in the Mekong river delta. 7. Dominated due to the isthmus of Ka until new trade routs bypassed Funan.

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36 IV. Comparative Perspectives A. Comparison of Sources 1. The ancient history of India is derived more from religious artifacts and religious writings than in other areas of the ancient world. 2. Indians belief in cyclical creation and recreation of the world left them with little use for keeping a written record of a brief moment in time.

37 B. Diversity and Unity Within India 1. Political and social division has been the norm in India due to the topographical and environmental diversity of the subcontinent. 2. Unified under strong central governments such as the Mauryan and Gupta kings who came to dominance by controlling metal resources and trade routes. 3. Used elaborate class and caste structures to organize their diverse populations. 4. Hinduism is derived from southern Dravidian cultures and Buddhism and is less fixed than the practices of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

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39 Questions 1. What role did China and Europe play with India? What were the differences and similarities between the Gupta and Mauryan? Define: fragment, publicize, subordinate, incarnation, pilgrimage, tenet 4. What historical forces led to the development of complex social groupings in ancient India? 5. How, in the face of powerful forces that tended to keep India fragmented, did two great empires-the Mauryan Empire of the fourth to second centuries B.C.E. and the Gupta Empire of the fourth to sixth centuries C.E.- succeed in unifying much of India? 6. How did a number of states in Southeast Asia become wealthy and powerful by exploiting their position on the trade routes between China and India?