... מונטגיו. agent, patient, recipient, instrument, goal,... Gottlob Frege. Alfred Tarski. Richard Montague. J. Barwise & R.

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1 מודל לסמנטיקה: גישות אלטרנטיביות סמנטיקה של ערכי אמת semantics) (model-theoretic מודל פורמלי במונחי לוגיקה מתמטית מזכיר גישות לוגיות לניתוח מסדי נתוני 7 זיהוי תפקידי 7 תמטיי 7 "מי עשה מה למי" ברמת הפשטה גבוהה מתפקידי 7 תחביריי 7 agent, patient, recipient, instrument, goal,... הרחבת דקדוק תחבירי באילוצי 7 סמנטיי 7 אוס: תכוניות markers) (semantic לשמות עצ 7 אילוצי בחירה restrictions) (selectional למשלימי פועל אונטולוגיה לקסיקלית (ר' למשל (Wordnet סמנטיקה פרוצדורלית (משמעות היגד ככללי מימוש) 13.1 סמנטיקה לוגית: היסטוריה סלקטיבית לפנה"ס אריסטו והפילוסופי 7 היווני Gottlob Frege Alfred Tarski Richard Montague J. Barwise & R. Cooper פרגה טרסקי מונטגיו בארוויז וקופר ~ 1900 ~ 1950 ~ 1970 ~ 1980 Carnap, Davidson, Partee, Kamp, vanbenthem,

2 עקרונות סמנטיקה פורמלית+לוגית ייצוג טענה (היגד בשפה טבעית) כנוסחה לוגית ופשר הטענה כער; אמת במודל נתו, שימוש באמצעי 7 של לוגיקה מתמטית: פרדיקטי 7, יחסי 7, כמתי 7, ק שרי 7 וכו' + ע 7 הרחבות הכרחיות תהי E קבוצה של ישויות במודל כלשהו נגדיר פרדיקטי 7 על אברי E x is a cat פירושו cat(x) x is happy פירושו happy(x) x smiles פירושו smile(x) ש 7 עצ 7 תואר פועל עומד 13.3 סמנטיקה לוגית (המש;) פרדיקטי 7 מגדירי 7 קבוצות cat = { x E cat(x) } happy = { x E happy(x) } smile = { x E smile(x) } יחסי 7 מסדר גבוה יותר x loves y פירושו love(x, y) מהי אהבה? פועל יוצא love = { (x, y) E x E love(x, y) }

3 לוגיקה מסדר ראשו, ערכי אמת: פשר משפט הוא ער; האמת שלו John doesn t love Mary love (john, mary) = True כימות על אברי קבוצה a/some cat smiles x E : cat (x) smile(x) every fish swims x E : fish (x) swim(x) גרירה 13.5 טווח של כמתי 7 טווח צר scope) (narrow every man loves a woman x E : man (x) y E woman (y) love (x, y) טווח רחב scope) (wide every man loves a woman y E : woman (y) x E man (x) love (x, y) במקרה לעיל, הפירוש כטווח רחב גורר את הפירוש כטווח צר דוגמה נוספת: We are learning something every day

4 מגבלות הלוגיקה הבסיסית? 2x2=5 or New York is a big city ביטויי תנאי ו ק שרי 7 ידוע כי p q שקול ל+ q p?? If 2x2 5 then New York is a big city?? If 2x2=5 then New York is a big city טרסקי: פשר האימפליקציה בשפה טבעית צר יותר מפשר אימפליקציה מטריאלית הנהוגה במתמטיקה "חייב להתקיי 7 קשר פורמלי בי, הרישא והסיפא, א; אופיו אינו מחוור די הצור;" 13.7 מגבלות הלוגיקה הבסיסית (המש;) ק שרי 7 לא מתמטיי 7 and, or קשרי 7 מוגדרי 7 היטב:, הא 7 אפשר להגדיר את but במושגי 7 של? and / or היה מעונ, אבל לא ירד גש 7? היה מעונ, אבל ירד גש 7 A B A B?...?... < מתי 7 לא מתמטיי 7 A B = True A B = True most A B = True many A B = True

5 מגבלות הלוגיקה הבסיסית (המש;) ערכי אמת p The king of France is bald א 7 אי, מל; לצרפת, הא 7 p = False? וא 7 כ;, הא 7 p = True? כלומר:? The king of France is not bald גישת קד 7 +הנחות: לטענה p יש קד 7 +הנחה (יש מל; לצרפת) שאינה מתקיימת; במקרה כזה ער; האמת אינו מוגדר הצעה: שלושה ערכי אמת:,T,F U 13.9 מודלי 7 Semantics) (Model-theoretic הגדרת "עול 7 " כקבוצה E של ישויות ויחסי 7 ביניה 7 הנחת עול 7 סגור assumption) :(closed world מה שלא נאמר במפורש ואינו נית, להסקה לוגית אינו מתקיי 7 במודל הנחה מקובלת בניתוח הסמנטיקה של בסיסי נתוני 7, למשל הנחת הקשר קבוע context) :(fixed העול 7 לא משתנה במהל; הניתוח לטיפול בעול 7 משתנה, למשל לצור; :discourse analysis לוגיקה דינמית (דוד הראל; חרוננדייק וסטוקהו:; קאמפ)

6 פירוש במודל: Denotation, Extension דנוטציה :(denotation) המשמעות של סמל (מלה, צירו:, משפט), הוראתו במודל ש 7 עצ 7! קבוצה ש 7 עצ 7 + תואר! קבוצה, בד"כ חלקית לקב' ש 7 העצ 7 צירו: שמני (כולל כמתי 7 ומיידעי 7 )!? נראה בהמש; פועל עומד! קבוצה פועל עומד + תואר! קבוצה, בד"כ חלקית לקב' הפועל משפט! ער; אמת של נוסחה לוגית : extension אוס: הדנוטציות האפשריות לסמל נתו, : intension המושג המופשט / התכונה הקובעי 7 את ישימות הביטוי + extension בעולמות אפשריי ריצ'רד מונטגיו (Montague) לוגיק, מתמטי, פילוסו: פורמלי ( ) "דקדוק מונטגיו" + הבסיס לסמנטיקה פורמלית מודרנית מאמרי 7 קנוני 7 (התפרסמו ברוב 7 אחרי מותו): EFL : English as a Formal Language PTQ : The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English UG : Universal Grammar

7 מצרפיות (קומפוזיציונליות) פרגה: המשמעות של השל 7 (הלשוני) היא פונקציה של משמעות חלקיו מונטגיו: המשמעות של כל ביטוי מורכב ניתנת להגדרה שיטתית מהמשמעות של חלקיו ואופ, צירופ 7 התחבירי rule-by-rule interpretation המשמעות של משפט S " NP VP היא ער; האמת שלו, הנית, להגדרה פורמלית על בסיס המשמעויות של NP ו+ VP המשמעות של צירו: שמני NP " det noun ניתנת להגדרה שיטתית מהמשמעויות של det ו+ noun המשמעות של ש 7 עצ 7 היא קבוצה של אברי 7 במודל המשמעות של det היא פונקציה הפועלת על קבוצה

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