LOVE SONGS FROM AL-ANDALUS

Transcription

1 LOVE SONGS FROM AL-ANDALUS History, Structure andmeaning ofthe Kharja BY OTTO ZWARTJES 1-5 BRILL LEIDEN NEW YORK KÖLN 1997

2 CONTENTS Foreword. Acknowledgements XI Introduction 1 I. Bilingualism in al-andalus 5 II. The origins of the Hispano-Arabic muwassah and the zajal Qasld The musammat The Arabic musammat The Hebrew musammat From musammat to Andalusi tawslh poetry The Arabic muwassah The Hebrew muwassah The zajal The muzannam The muwassah-like zajal The qaslda zajaliyya 40 III. Medieval Arabic theory Medieval Arabic theory of tawslh poetry Ibn Bassäm Al-Hijäri, Ibn Sa'ld and Ibn Xaldün Ibn Sana' al-mulk Safi al-din al-hilli Al-Mawä'lnl Ibn Quzmän Ibn al- e Arabi and al-sustan Medieval Arabic theory of the kharja (markaz) The description of the kharja by Ibn Bassäm The description of the kharja by Ibn Sana' al-mulk Theory and practice Hebrew sources Conclusion 64

3 viü CONTENTS IV. The poets, manuscripts and editions of tawslh poetry The poets Chronology Geographie diffusion Professions and social background Language and religion Poetesses Arabic sources and editions of tawslh poetry Hebrew sources and editions of tawslh poetry 81 V. The origins and development of Hispano-Arabic strophic poetry aecording to Arabic literary theory Medieval Arabic theory concerning the origins of the muwassah Ibn Bassäm, al-hijäri, Ibn Sa'ld and Ibn Xaldün Ibn Sana' al-mulk Medieval Arabic theory concerning the origins of the zajal Ibn Sa'ld Ibn Quzmän Saft al-din al-hill! Tifäsi Modern theory on the origins. The Arabic thesis and the tasmlt debate Conclusion 93 VI. Early Romance analogous strophic poetry and its structure Introduction Analogous zajal-like strophic poems Late-Latin Provencal (Occitan) and Old-French Galaico-Portuguese cantigas Italian and Sicilian Catalan Castilian The structure of the Romance parallels and Hispano- Arabic strophic poetry Analogies 115

4 CONTENTS ix Differences Chronology Conclusion 121 VII. Prosody and rhyme Introduction Arabic prosody The Arabic System of al-xalll Prosody in Hispano-Arabic Strophic Poetry Medieval sources Recent theories Hebrew prosody The prosody of the kharjas The musico-rhythmical thesis Conclusion Rhyme Arabic rules. Rhyme in classical poetry Rhyme in Hebrew muwassahät Romance rules Rhyme in the Romance kharjas: assonance or ikfä'; Arabic or Romance? Kharjas from the Arabic series Kharjas from the Hebrew series Conclusion 178 VIII. Thematic relationships Thematic structure of the qasld Themes in tawslh poetry The Arabic muwassah The Hebrew muwassah The zajal The themes of the kharjas The themes of the Arabic kharjas from Arabic muwassahät Classical themes in Arabic kharjas in Arabic muwassahät The elements of colloquial Arabic kharjas from the Arabic collection The elements of the Arabic kharjas from Hebrew muwassahät 219

5 X CONTENTS The elements of the Romance kharjas Romance and Arabic parallels Conclusion 249 IX. Stylistic features Populär and courtly literature 'Um al-badt and the Andalusi kharjas Conclusion Code-switching in the Andalusi kharjas as a rhetorical device Description of code-switching in the kharjas Inter-sentential code-switching Intra-sentential code-switching Extra-sentential code-switching (tag switches) Stylistic effects of code-switching The comic effect of code-switching Reiteration in another language for emphasis Opposition Emphasizing the unexpected Parenthesis Quotations Conclusion 287 X. Conclusion 291 Appendix I. Bilingualism in medieval poetry 295 Appendix II. Old Andalusi texts in the North African musical tradition 305 Appendix III. Texts 320 Appendix IV. Chronology 328 Bibliography 331 Glossary of Arabic technical terms 369 Index nominum 374 Index rerum 379