Table of Contents. Preface. Preliminary I Subject xix II Research aspects xxi III Different approaches xxii

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1 Foreword Preface xiii xv Preliminary xix I Subject xix II Research aspects xxi III Different approaches xxii Table 1 xxii-xxiii IV Research framework xxiii V Object of the investigation xxiv VI State of the investigation xxv VII Organisation of the investigation xxv Part I THE ARABIC ALEXANDER TRADITION INTRODUCTION 3 1 Nöldeke s Beiträge 3 2 Weymann s contribution 4 3 Other contributors: Meissner and Garcia Gomez 4 4 Research on Arabic sources: Lidzbarski and Friedländer 5 5 Grignaschi and Nagel 6 6 Latest developments and organisational set-up of this study 7 7 Branches of the Arabic Alexander tradition 9 CHAPTER 1: THE PSEUDO-CALLISTHENES TRADITION Arabic translations of Pseudo-Callisthenes The Arabic translation of the Syriac Alexander Romance The Arabic translation of the Historia de Preliis The Arabic translation of the Byzantine Alexander Romance in prose Characteristics of the Arabic Pseudo-Callisthenes 19

2 viii Table of Contents 1.4 Historical and historical-geographical works: Dinawari Ya qubi abari Eutychius (Sa id ibn al-bi riq) Mas udi Mubashshir ibn Fatik Ibn al-athir Ibn al-faqih al-hamadhani Maqrizi Nihaya (Pseudo-AÒma i) The traditions of Al-Makin and Abu Shakir Romances Umara a Conclusion Umara Leyenda de Alejandro (Anonymous) a Conclusion Leyenda de Alejandro El Rrekontamiento del Rrey Alisand e re versus QiÒÒat Dhi l-qarnayn by Abu Abd al-malik a Description of Manuscript D 1427: QiÒÒat Dhi l-qarnayn b Conclusion Rrekontamiento versus QiÒÒat Dhi l-qarnayn Sirat al-malik Iskandar Dhi l-qarnayn (copyist: Quzman) a Description of the manuscript b Contents of the manuscript c Relationship to other Arabic texts d Conclusion Quzman The Last Days of Alexander, the Epistola Alexandri ad Aristotelem and other Pseudo-Callisthenes episodes in Arabic translation Conclusion on other Pseudo-Callisthenes episodes in Arabic translation Final conclusions on the Arabic Pseudo-Callisthenes tradition Tradition Sources Transmission Motifs 80 Stemma of the Pseudo-Callisthenes tradition 91 CHAPTER 2: ALEXANDER AND WISDOM LITERATURE Introduction The authors of the libri philosophorum, the Wisdom collections Îunayn ibn IsÌaq Sijistani and Miskawayh 98

3 ix Ibn Hindu Tha alibi Mubashshir ibn Fatik Shahrastani Shahrazuri Frameworks and themes of Wisdom texts on Alexander Alexander and the letters from Aristotle: the Epistolary Romance a The Epistolary Romance in relation to the Alexander Romance The Ìikam-tradition: Alexander as philosopher-king Alexander and his mother: the Letters of Consolation 120 Table Alexander as mourned ruler: the philosophers Funeral Sentences Conclusions concerning Alexander in Wisdom literature Influences on, and parallels with, developments in the European Middle Ages 130 CHAPTER 3: THE DHU L-QARNAYN TRADITION Introduction Authors and their works Ka b al-aìbar Ibn Abbas Wahb ibn Munabbih Ibn Hisham abari Tha labi Ibn al-athir Ibn Kathir Other collections of QiÒaÒ al-anbiya} The background of the name Dhu l-qarnayn Alexander as missionary and the wall against Gog and Magog Origin of the Dhu l-qarnayn tradition The Gog and Magog complex The wall against Gog and Magog 155 Table Characteristics of Yajuj and Majuj Apocalyptic representations Motifs: The Journey through Darkness The Source of Life legend The Rafa}il variant The angel of Mount Qaf Variants of the Journey through Darkness 179

4 x Table of Contents 3.8 Other motifs: the River of Sand, Jabalqa and JabarÒa and the Statues River of Sand (Sabbath River) JabarÒa and Jabalqa Statues Conclusion on the Dhu l-qarnayn tradition 188 Stemma of the Arabic Alexander tradition 193 CHAPTER 4: THE SIRAT AL-ISKANDAR AS PART OF THE ARABIC ALEXANDER TRADITION Introduction The Popular Romance of Al-Iskandar Manuscripts Transmission The compilation of the Sirat Al-Iskandar Sources of the Sirat Al-Iskandar The Persian descent variant Golden eggs The horse Bucephalus Darius murderers punished Al-Iskandar and Aristotle Al-Khi r and Al-Iskandar s mission Dhu l-qarnayn and the lighthouses Balinas and the Temple of Starlings Gog and Magog Cosmocrator Solomon Conclusion on the Sirat Al-Iskandar as part of the Arabic Alexander tradition 224 Part II THE SIRA TRADITION Title page of ms. Aya Sofya CHAPTER 5: THE SIRAT AL-ISKANDAR AS PART OF THE SIRA TRADITION Introduction State of research Description of the manuscripts Aya Sofya Historical conditions Contents of the manuscripts Aya Sofya

5 xi 5.4 Analysis of the Sirat Al-Iskandar Division within the Popular Romance of Alexander Linguistic and stylistic characteristics a Use of language b Orthography and text tradition c Rhymed prose (saj ) Narrative technique and composition a Dialogue and al-khi r b Letters c Flashbacks d Perspective e Rhyme names f Formulas g Symmetry in construction The cyclic structure of the Sirat Al-Iskandar a Construction of the Cycle b Short cycle c Long cycle: the components of the Ra iya episode Characteristics of the Sirat Al-Iskandar a Representation of time and place b Kingship c Al-Iskandar and women d Queen Ra iya e Supernatural phenomena The Sirat Al-Iskandar in relation to other sira literature Comparison between the Sirat Al-Iskandar and other siras The Sirat Al-Iskandar in relation to the Sirat Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan The Malay Alexander Romance Conclusion on the Sirat Al-Iskandar as part of the sira tradition 275 CHAPTER 6: FINAL CONCLUSION 279 CHAPTER 7: SUMMARY of the contents of the manuscript Aya Sofya 3003 entitled: Sirat Al-Iskandar wa ma fiha min al- Aja}ib wa l-ghara}ib Biography of Alexander and its Marvelous and Strange Events 283 Bibliography 369 Manuscripts 399 Index 401

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