Thai Studies in a Transnationalised World
|
|
- Justin O’Connor’
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Thai Studies in a Transnationalised World Piriya Krairiksh Thai Studies began precisely 140 years ago, as some 40 expatriates living in Bangkok met at the Oriental Hotel to ''form themselves into a society for research and investigation in matters appertaining to Siam''. Only one Thai, Phraya Prachakitkorachak (Chaem Bunnag), was present at this germinal meeting, the rest comprised European and American transnationals and one Japanese. Thus, the Siam Society was founded, with HRH Crown Prince Mahavajiravudh as its Patron and HRH Prince Damrong Rajanubhab as its Vice Patron. The Siam Society's aim was to study ''Siamology.'' Thankfully, the name did not catch on. But the discipline itself survives to this day as ''Thai Studies''. Then, as now, the purpose of Thai Studies ''was to acquire knowledge for our mutual benefit and to diffuse it for the benefit of others'' and ''to see that only sound knowledge and well authenticated facts be accepted and diffused''. Among the most notable of the early papers read at the Siam Society was Dr Cornelius Beach Bradley's paper of 1909 on Sukhothai Inscription No.1, in which he says, ''We have here a human document of uncommon richness and power. We have a glimpse of the ideals and the heart of a man. The heart was one that could conceive, and the hand was one that for his own could bring to some worthy realisation that ideals towards which we are all still yearning: a Siam united, free and good.'' A century later, Dr Bradley's ideal of a Thailand united, free and good remains as illusory as ever. The first half of the 20th century has been called the age of ''Thai studies by Westerners'' or Farang Suksa Thai on account of the extensive research carried out by them. By and large the main trend was explanatory: making Thai culture accessible to foreigners. They were helped in this endeavour by members of the royal family, such as HRH Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, HSH Prince Dhani Nivas and HSH Prince Wan Waithayakon. Their intimate knowledge of courtly traditions made them the foremost expositors of Thai culture. The era of amateur scholars closed in 1939 with the Second World War, when the name of the country was changed to Thailand, and the Siam Society became the ''Thailand Research Centre''. After the War the name of the country reverted to Siam again, so the Society assumed its original name, which it has retained ever since. The end of the Second World War saw a change in the direction of Thai Studies. Under the direction of the United States, Thai Studies became part of Southeast Asian Studies in American and English universities, conceived by the Cold War to counter communist victory in China in 1949, the defeat of France at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, and the Bandung Conference of the Non-Aligned Nations in 1955, all of which threatened American domination of Southeast Asia. Thus, regional security and economic growth became the main lines of defence for
2 2 containing the spread of communism. Support for research became institutionalised by states and international agencies through universities. American organisations like the Asia, Ford and Rockefeller foundations poured funds to support research on a variety of subjects from pre-history to village economy. Such luminaries of Thai Studies as William Klausner, Lauriston Sharp, Jane and Lucien Hanks, Herb Phillips, William J Gedney and Charles Keyes began their illustrious careers at this time. From this time onward, Thai Studies entered the realm of applied scientific research. Gone were the amateur scholars, having become irrelevant in a world geared towards professionalism. Economic and social changes in the 1960s propelled Thailand into the mainstream of the 20th century. Aided by the United States, it achieved a major economic boom during this decade and early 1970s through cultivation of cash crops, which utilised new technology, mechanisation, fertiliser, pesticides as well as better irrigation and new marketing system. But on the other side of the coin, economic progress brought with it the seeds of discontent that we are witnessing today. Landlessness and large sections of the rural population dependent on wage labour surfaced for the first time. Social justice was sacrificed for short-term economic growth. Unequal distribution of wealth led to the widening of the gap between the rich and the poor as polarisation took root in Thai society. The changes that took place, for better and for worse, at the village level were duly recorded by students of Thai Studies who had adjusted their perspective of Thai culture from the viewpoint of the elite to that of the rural masses. As a response to the flurry of activities on Thai Studies at Cornell University and elsewhere in the United States and the United Kingdom during the 1960s, a group of lecturers in the Faculty of Liberal Arts at Thammasat University, led by M R Kukrit Pramoj and Dr Neon Sanidhvong Na Ayudhya, in 1971 founded the Thai Khadi Research Institute - your host of this 10th International Conference on Thai Studies - with the blessings of the then rector HSH Prince Wan Waithayakon. However, the early 1970s was not a period conducive to the Thai Khadi Research Institute's aims of creating and disseminating the body of knowledge about Thai society and culture, especially the courtly traditional culture. For history was being made right outside its windows in the bloody soccer fields of Thammasat University, as military government gave way to constitutional rule in 1973 and political polarisation between the ''left'' and ''right'' led to a military coup in Theoretically, the former claimed that the backwardness of the Thai economy and society were caused by the Thai feudal system. But in practice the venue of Thai Studies has shifted from the ivory towers of academia to the paddy fields and the harsh realities of rural life. From then on village economy, its culture and society as well as local history and indigenous wisdom came to the forefront of Thai Studies. As students of Thai Studies took on the role of solvers of social problems, some were not content to just being onlookers or chroniclers of events, but themselves became active participants to the causes in which they passionately believed. So the hairline between scholars and social activists became harder to define.
3 The early 1970s also saw the increase of Japanese influence on Thailand's economy as it replaced the United States as her principal aid donor and had the largest foreign capital investment, primarily in trucks, cars and spare parts, textiles, chemical products and glassware. It channelled Thailand into becoming an exporting nation. The growth of manufacturing and service industries not only brought with them migrant workers from the rural areas to the slums of Bangkok, but created a new type of political species - the businessmen politicians. Thai Studies in the 1980s became an inter-disciplinary study. Whether the subject under study was economy or history, it must be studied in relationship with political science, economic, history, anthropology and sociology as, for examples, the works of Chatthip Nartsupha and Nidhi Eoseewongse. The 1980s also witnessed the rise of tourism and related industries. Such hitherto useless subjects as art history suddenly became useful as a required study for tourist guides. Local and regional studies were promoted for the benefit of tourism. The Thai Identity Board was founded by the Office of the Prime Minister so that Thais would be proud of their ''Thai-ness'' and would not succumb to the onslaught of undesirable Western values. The study of Tai minorities in neighbouring countries and farther afield as India, China and Vietnam was encouraged. Thai Studies received a boost with the 1st International Conference on Thai Studies (ICTS) in New Delhi, India in 1981 organised by Professor Sachchidanand Sahai in conjunction with Magadh University, Bodh Gaya, Chulalongkorn University and the Thai Khadi Research Institute, Thammasat University. As befitting the birthplace of Buddhism, Thai Buddhism held the pride of place. Chatsumarn Kabilsingh talked on ''The Buddha and the Status of Women,'' long before she decided to be ordained a bhikkhuni. Although neither the conflict and violence in the three southern provinces, nor Thaksin Shinawatra and his Thai Rak Thai party, was the official theme of the 9th ICTS at Northern Illinois University in 2005, both upstaged other topics offered for discussion - thereby confirming that interest in Thai Studies reflected the prevalent topics of its time. But as scholars were not astrologers, they could not then predict that a military coup would topple the Thaksin government in 2006, only to be resurrected by another name and voted back by popular demand in This shows that Thai Studies will never cease to surprise, because Thai politics defies rational analysis. The 10th ICTS is the second one to have a central theme, namely: Thai Studies in a Transnationalised World ''Transnational,'' according to the Oxford Dictionary, means ''extending beyond national boundaries''. So, strictly speaking, the theme of this meeting refers to Thai Studies in the world beyond the boundaries of Thailand. However, few scholars here would be satisfied with such a narrow and pedantic definition, but would prefer a more flexible and meaningful interpretation that would include different levels of meaning of the word ''transnationalised''. 3
4 4 On one level, transnationalised certainly means the movement of goods and people across the borders, legally or otherwise. The Tai speakers living in different regions of South and Southeast Asia are truly transnationalised people, as are the marginal minorities playing hide and seek with state authorities on both sides of the borders. On another level, some would like to see it as a synonym for globalisation, but transnationalisation does not have the same connotation as globalisation. For whereas the former covers concepts and ideas, the latter deals with concrete materials as, for example, global warming. Globalisation is a worldwide phenomenon that touches every aspect of human life from cradle to cremation. Science and technology, economic developments, information technology and media, tourism, consumerism, mobile phones and supermarkets as well as the US$100 per gallon petrol, are globalised phenomena. How Thailand handles the influence of globalisation that ranges from materialism to militarism and terrorism, is a subject of major concern for students of Thai Studies. A ''Transnationalised World'', on the other hand, is a world where concepts and ideas transcend national boundaries, where the ideal reigns supreme. It is best seen in the influence exerted by religions, whether Christianity, Islam, Buddhism or Hinduism, all of which teach humankind to be loving, charitable, compassionate and good. It can be found in great art movements, such as Classicism that equates goodness with beauty, Impressionism that attempts to catch the fleeting moment and shows us the beauty of dapple sunlight over rippling water, Modernism that celebrates the triumph of function over form and Conceptual Art that puts ideas before contents. Yet a Transnationalised World can refer also to a world where the distortion of truth, ideological domination and censorship by the state are the norm and not the exception. Thailand is not the only country with political corruption and democracy for sale to the highest bidder. But it has its own uniqueness, such as gender inequity that is upheld by Theravada Buddhism, and religion itself is encouraging the sale of amulets. It is overly concerned with its ''Identity'' or ''Thai-ness'' and bent on preserving traditional values, which can be read as hierarchical society and paternalistic government. Thus, Thai Studies can be seen as a study of the particular in a world that upholds more liberating universal values. My own research on Thai Buddha images illustrates this point. For nothing exhibits the quality of Thai-ness better than images of the standing Buddha with both hands offering protection and dressed in the regalia of Thai kings. So much so that they represent the images of the Sayamnikaya sect, or Tantric Theravada, which modern Western scholars of Thai Buddhism refer to as the National Religion. Such images were made by the first three kings of the Chakri dynasty for their own benefit, or who transferred the merit gained by making the images to their immediate family. These images, as you see them in the Convocation Hall of the Temple of the Emerald Buddha, are covered in gold plate and are richly decorated with enamelling and precious stones. The practice of making these images stopped when King Mongkut decided to have life-like images of his predecessors made instead of crowned Buddhas.
5 5 However, he died before the project could begin. So his son and heir, King Chulalongkorn, had the project completed in 1873, as it had been his father's wish. From then on, no more images of the Buddha dressed in royal attire were made. Until the present reign when the government, led by prime minister Chuan Leekpai, presented His Majesty with such an image on the auspicious occasion of his 5th cycle birthday in 1999; that image is now kept in the Hor Phra Monthian Tham in the Temple of the Emerald Buddha. This particular image is the only example of an image of the crowned Buddha ever made by the people, as represented by their government, and given to the King. For His Majesty has earned the love of his people. Through self-sacrifice and hard work, he has achieved that most sought-after of all royal virtues to which most kings have aspired, but few have succeeded, to be called by his people a ''Righteous King'' or Dhammikarat. So Thai Studies - which is the study of a particular, that in this case is an image of the Buddha - demonstrates that in relationship to the universal, His Majesty has lived up to the ideal of a righteous ruler, the Buddhist equivalent of Plato's philosopher king. Today, Thai Studies is more necessary than ever before. Because Thailand is confronted by forces beyond her control. Today, some 400 concerned scholars of Thai Studies, half of whom are Thai, the rest from 20 different countries, are here gathered to offer the fruits of their research to help alleviate the suffering caused by the impact of globalisation on the Thai state and society. We use Thai Studies to evaluate the state's performance as it faces the challenges of a Transnationalised World; to see how far have such universal ideals as the Rights and Freedom of the Individual and Equal Opportunity for All are being served; without which we shall be still yearning a century from now, as did Dr Bradley 99 years ago, for a Thailand united, free and good. NB: With kind permission of Bangkok Post this article is taken from Bangkok Post, January 11, 2008, p. 9.
THAILAND LAND OF SMILES
THAILAND LAND OF SMILES Geography History Government Religion Arts & Culture Transportation Nature Food Thailand Kingdom of Thailand, Land of the Free, formerly known as Siam until 1939 Only Southeast
More informationIndias First Empires. Terms and Names
India and China Establish Empires Indias First Empires Terms and Names Mauryan Empire First empire in India, founded by Chandragupta Maurya Asoka Grandson of Chandragupta; leader who brought the Mauryan
More informationPrior to the Ph.D. courses, a student with B.A. degree or with M.A. degree in a non- related field advised to take prerequisite courses as follows:
COURSES OFFERED Prior to the Ph.D. courses, a student with B.A. degree or with M.A. degree in a non- related field advised to take prerequisite courses as follows: - Foundations of Religious Studies: History
More informationThe design concept and style of contemporary Isan pagodas
The design concept and style of contemporary Isan pagodas Pakorn Pattananurot, Surapone Virulrak and Arkom Sa-ngiamviboon Fine and Applied Arts Research, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-District,
More informationThe Replication Theory: a New Approach to Buddha Image Iconography
The Replication Theory: a New Approach to Buddha Image Iconography Introduction In the past, to classify Buddha images, art historians in Thailand usually relied on the similarity in forms of Buddha images
More informationAS History. The Tudors: England, Component 1C Consolidation of the Tudor Dynasty: England, Mark scheme.
AS History The Tudors: England, 1485 1603 Component 1C Consolidation of the Tudor Dynasty: England, 1485 1547 Mark scheme 7041 June 2017 Version: 1.0 Final Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment
More informationGLOBAL CELEBRATIONS OF BUDDHIST TOURISM
Proposed Ministry of Tourism Govt. of India www.icsiindia.in International Conference - Expo - Cultural Display GLOBAL CELEBATIONS OF BUDDHIST TOUISM December 2018, India www.icsiindia.in About 488 million
More informationThe main branches of Buddhism
The main branches of Buddhism Share Tweet Email Enlarge this image. Stele of the Buddha Maitreya, 687 C.E., China; Tang dynasty (618 906). Limestone. Courtesy of the Asian Art Museum, The Avery Brundage
More informationBuddhism. Ancient India and China Section 3. Preview
Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The Life of the Buddha The Teachings of Buddhism The Spread of Buddhism Map: Spread of Buddhism Buddhism Main Idea Buddhism Buddhism, which teaches people that they can
More informationState and Religious Ideology in Nineteenth-Century Thailand
53 State and Religious Ideology in Nineteenth-Century Thailand 4 Siriporn DABPHET National University of Singapore In Thai society, the monarchy has owned special status for a long time. An influencing
More informationBase your answers to questions 4 and 5 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of social studies.
Frederick Douglass Academy Global Studies 1. Believers of Hinduism are expected to A) fulfill their dharma for a favorable reincarnation B) complete a pilgrimage to Mecca C) obey the Ten Commandments D)
More informationBuddhism Encounter By Dr Philip Hughes*
Buddhism Encounter By Dr Philip Hughes* The Origins of Buddhism About 2500 years ago important changes in religion began occurring in many parts of the world. Between 550 and 450 B.C. many great prophets
More informationFigure 20 S i h i n g B u d d h a i m a g e o n pedestal, Lampang. (Srawut 2544)
Saphao: Lan Na Perception on a Journey Across the Ocean Figure 20 S i h i n g B u d d h a i m a g e o n pedestal, Lampang. (Srawut 2544) Surasawasdi Sooksawasdi the saphao-like Figure 21 Junk boat-like
More informationDESCRIPTION ACADEMIC STANDARDS INSTRUCTIONAL GOALS VOCABULARY. Subject Area: History. Subject Area: Geography
DESCRIPTION Panu, an 8-year-old boy from Bangkok, spends the day with his dad before he becomes an apprentice monk. Panu tells about his family and how they live in a public garden. He and his father visit
More informationSS7G12 The student will analyze the diverse cultures of the people who live in Southern and Eastern Asia. a. Explain the differences between an
SS7G12 The student will analyze the diverse cultures of the people who live in Southern and Eastern Asia. a. Explain the differences between an ethnic group and a religious group. b. Compare and contrast
More informationIslamic banking worldwide what is in it - for All of Us
2 nd International Conference & Exhibition on Islamic Banking and Finance Islamic worldwide what is in it - for All of Us By: Muhammad Ikram Thowfeek THRUST OF THE PRESENTATION: Introduction Market demand,
More informationCrash Course World History: Indian Ocean Basin
Crash Course World History: Indian Ocean Basin Who traded in the Indian Ocean Trade? What made the Indian Ocean Trade? What types of goods were traded throughout the Indian Ocean Basin? What types of technologies
More informationBuddhism and Education in Thai Society
8 Vol. 2 No. 1 (January June 2016) Buddhism and Education in Thai Society PhrakruArunsutalangkarn Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University Nakhonsitham marat Campus. Abstract Historically speaking, Buddhism
More informationTour 1: Ayutthaya and Bang Pa
Tour 1: Ayutthaya and Bang Pa In the early morning, pick-up at your hotel in Bangkok and transfer to River City. From here you will travel by coach to Ayutthaya, the former Thai capital for over 400 years.
More informationICT and Buddhism Thossaphol NORATUS President of the ICT for All Club
ICT and Buddhism Thossaphol NORATUS thossaphol@ictforall.org President of the ICT for All Club The year 2555 B.E. (2012 A.D.) is a Buddha Jayanti 2600 year, the Celebration of 2600 years of Buddha's Enlightenment.
More informationIndia s First Empires
CHAPTER 7 Section 1 (pages 189 192) India s First Empires BEFORE YOU READ In the last section, you read about the influence of ancient Rome. In this section, you will read about the Mauryan and Gupta Empires
More informationFinal Exam: January 23rd and January 24 th. Final Exam Review Guide. Day One: January 23rd - Subjective Final Exam
Final Exam: January 23rd and January 24 th Final Exam Review Guide Your final exam will take place over the course of two days. The short answer portion is Day One, January 23rd and the 50 MC question
More informationPhotos and text by Yong Luo
Photo Essay: Guanyin Worship among the Thai Chinese Photos and text by Yong Luo Introduction Guanyin came to Thailand with Chinese immigrants and has since been worshipped among the Thai-Chinese. Guanyin
More informationMegatrends Where On Earth Are We Going?
Megatrends Where On Earth Are We Going? Tecnon OrbiChem Marketing Seminar at APIC 2012 Kuala Lumpur, 17 May 2012 Roger Lee, Tecnon OrbiChem THE FIRST MEGATRENDS John Naisbitt (1982), Megatrends Ten New
More informationWhich is true about the Ganges River?
ROUND 1 Which is true about the Ganges River? 1. The river is ignored by Indian religious rituals. 2. People do not drink the water because it is so polluted. 3. Many people use the river for transportation
More informationGREENVILLE CHARLESTON
LEXINGTON KY WV VA N GA SC MACON AUGUSTA GREENVILLE CHARLESTON TOP 10 UNREACHED PEOPLE GROUPS IN GREENVILLE 1. ARAB-EGYPTIAN 2. ARAB-LEVANT 3. ARAB-SYRIAN 4. ARAB-YEMENI 5. GUJARATI 6. HAN-MANDARIN 7.
More informationSouth-East Asia comprises two large areas: part of the Asian mainland, and the Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra.
SOUTHEAST ASIA The migration of peoples and ideas from India was the major influence on South-Eastern culture, shaping cultural expression, from art, mythology and written language to religion, mathematics
More informationON this occasion, the exhibition entitled The Lotus Sutra A Message
From the symposium in Spain to commemorate the exhibition The Lotus Sutra A Message of Peace and Harmonious Coexistence Message on the Exhibition Daisaku Ikeda ON this occasion, the exhibition entitled
More informationThe changing religious profile of Asia: Other Religions and the Irreligious
The changing religious profile of Asia: Other Religions and the Irreligious In this final note on the religious profile of Asia, we describe the changing share and distribution of Ethnic Religions, some
More informationCosmopolitan Theory and the Daily Pluralism of Life
Chapter 8 Cosmopolitan Theory and the Daily Pluralism of Life Tariq Ramadan D rawing on my own experience, I will try to connect the world of philosophy and academia with the world in which people live
More informationOverview of Eurasian Cultural Traditions. Strayer: Ways of the World Chapter 5
Overview of Eurasian Cultural Traditions Strayer: Ways of the World Chapter 5 China and the Search for Order Three traditions emerged during the Zhou Dynasty: Legalism Confucianism Daoism Legalism Han
More informationDiscussion Topic: Delhi Sultanate and Mali Table Leaders: Brandon Butterwick Shrey Amin Neel Ambardekar Allie Arasi Andrew Buck
Discussion Topic: Delhi Sultanate and Mali Table Leaders: Brandon Butterwick Shrey Amin Neel Ambardekar Allie Arasi Andrew Buck Questions prepared to Lead or Prompt discussion for the Harkness Discussion.
More informationmonks and the camera Hans Georg Berger Text from: Monks and the Camera Buddhist Photograph in Laos ISBN:
monks and the camera Hans Georg Berger Text from: Monks and the Camera Buddhist Photograph in Laos ISBN: 978-1 - 941811-03 - 090000 Available at: www.ananthabooks.com Hans GeorG BerGer Photographs of Laos:
More informationA study on commodification of religious rituals and social reproduction in contemporary Sri Lanka.
A study on commodification of religious rituals and social reproduction in contemporary Sri Lanka. A Great Transformation?- Global Perspectives on Contemporary Capitalisms International Conference Johannes
More informationCultural Hurdles, Religious & Spiritual Education, Countering Violent Extremism
February 2016, Hong Kong Cultural Hurdles, Religious & Spiritual Education, Countering Violent Extremism By Peter Nixon, author of Dialogue Gap, one of the best titles penned this century - South China
More informationBurial Christians, Muslims, and Jews usually bury their dead in a specially designated area called a cemetery. After Christianity became legal,
Burial Christians, Muslims, and Jews usually bury their dead in a specially designated area called a cemetery. After Christianity became legal, Christians buried their dead in the yard around the church.
More informationKent Academic Repository
Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Milton, Damian (2007) Sociological theory: an introduction to Marxism. N/A. (Unpublished) DOI Link to record in KAR https://kar.kent.ac.uk/62740/
More informationThe changing religious profile of Asia: Buddhists, Hindus and Chinese Religionists
The changing religious profile of Asia: Buddhists, Hindus and Chinese Religionists We have described the changing share and distribution of Christians and Muslims in different parts of Asia in our previous
More informationChina, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan ( ) Internal Troubles, External Threats
China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan (1800-1914) Internal Troubles, External Threats THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE WEST IN THE 19 TH CENTURY A P W O R L D H I S T O R Y C H A P T E R 1 9 The Ottoman Empire:
More informationP9 Unit 4. Model Buddhists
P9 Unit 4 Model Buddhists King Asoka 2 3 King Asoka the Great (232-304 BCE) 3rd King of Mauryan Dynasty Son of King Bindusara and his wife Subhadrangi (or Dharma) King Bundusara had 100 sons and, before
More informationSONNY LEONG CHINESE FOR LABOUR NEW YEAR BANQUET
SONNY LEONG CHINESE FOR LABOUR NEW YEAR BANQUET FEBRUARY 2017 Thank you so much. On behalf of Chinese for Labour, I want to say a very warm welcome and a happy New Year! It is wonderful to be amongst so
More informationStation 1: Geography
Station 1: Geography DIRECTIONS: 1. Make sure to have your PINK Religions packet and stations workbook 2. Read the passage about the geography of Buddhism 3. Shade in Buddhism (with a different color than
More informationThe Path of the Unification Church
The Path of the Unification Church Father gave this sermon on Sunday October 14, 1988, to commemorate thirty eight years having passed since his release from the Hungnam Special Labor Camp. Note: This
More informationEmerging Themes in Mission A survey and summary
Emerging Themes in Mission A survey and summary Author: Jonathan Ingleby is a co-editor of Encounters and Postgraduate lecturer in mission at Redcliffe College. As those of you who have read the Editorial
More informationName Review Questions. WHII Voorhees
WHII Voorhees Name Review Questions WHII.2 Review #1 Name 2 empires of the Eastern hemisphere. Name 3 nations of Western Europe. What empire was located in Africa in 1500? What empire was located in India
More informationCONSULTATION ON EVANGELIZATION AND INCULTURATION
CONSULTATION ON EVANGELIZATION AND INCULTURATION The FABC Office of Evangelization organized a Consultation on Evangelization and Inculturation in collaboration with the National Biblical Catechetical
More informationCommerce and Culture AP World History Notes Chapter 7
Commerce and Culture 500-1500 AP World History Notes Chapter 7 Why Trade? Different ecological zones = natural uneven distribution of goods and resources Early monopolization of certain goods Silk in China
More informationtoday tomorrow together Thailand Partner Conference 2014
today tomorrow together Thailand Partner Conference 2014 VIENTIANE Date Time Event 09:00 am 02:00 pm Arrival and Check in 12:00 pm 02:30 pm Lunch Thursday 15 th May, 2014 03:00 pm 05:00 pm Conference Opening
More informationEconomic Development of Asia
Economic Development of Asia ECON 3355-01 (15713) June 1, 2015 - August 14, 2015 A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century by Charles Holcombe, Cambridge University
More informationLet his forehead glow July, 6, 2005
Let his forehead glow July, 6, 2005 Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet, is 70 years old today. What a remarkable life! At the age of four, he was enthroned as the incarnation of his predecessor,
More informationALLOW me first to offer my sincere felicitations on the holding of
Contemporary Thought on Gandhism and Buddhism Daisaku Ikeda ALLOW me first to offer my sincere felicitations on the holding of the Indo-Japan Joint Symposium co-organized by the National Gandhi Museum
More informationThe designs inspired by Phra Maha Chedi of King Rama I-IV at Wat Phra. Chetuphon Vimolmangklararm Rajwaramahaviharn
Title: The designs inspired by Phra Maha Chedi of King Rama I-IV at Wat Phra Chetuphon Vimolmangklararm Rajwaramahaviharn Author: Faculty: University: Mr. Taechit Cheuypoung Faculty of Fine and Applied
More informationRELIGIOUS STUDIES. Religious Studies - Undergraduate Study. Religious Studies, B.A. Religious Studies 1
Religious Studies 1 RELIGIOUS STUDIES Religious Studies - Undergraduate Study Religious studies gives students the opportunity to investigate and reflect on the world's religions in an objective, critical,
More informationAdlai E. Stevenson High School Course Description
Adlai E. Stevenson High School Course Description Division: Special Education Course Number: ISO121/ISO122 Course Title: Instructional World History Course Description: One year of World History is required
More information1: adapt. 2: adult. 3: advocate. 4: aid. 5: channel. 6: chemical. 7: classic. Appears in List(s): 7a Level: AWL
CELESE AWL Sublist page 1 of 5 1: adapt [related words] adaptability, adaptable, adaptation, adaptations, adapted, adapting, adaptive, adapts 1. The child is finding it hard to adapt to the new school.
More informationCHRISTIAN STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA. Jason T. S. Lam Institute of Sino-Christian Studies, Hong Kong, China. Abstract
CHRISTIAN STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA Jason T. S. Lam Institute of Sino-Christian Studies, Hong Kong, China Abstract Although Christian Studies is a comparatively new discipline in Mainland China, it
More informationRethinking India s past
JB: Rethinking India s past 1 Johannes Bronkhorst johannes.bronkhorst@unil.ch Rethinking India s past (published in: Culture, People and Power: India and globalized world. Ed. Amitabh Mattoo, Heeraman
More informationBHIKKHUNI SANGHA IN THAILAND
BHIKKHUNI SANGHA IN THAILAND Dhammananda Bhikkhuni Prepared for Hamburg U. Map of Thailand Brief history Thailand has been a unified nation in 13 th C.A.D. The Thai sangha originated from Sri Lanka, hence
More informationCENTRE OF BUDDHIST STUDIES
CENTRE OF BUDDHIST STUDIES The Buddhist Studies minor is an academic programme aimed at giving students a broad-based education that is both coherent and flexible and addresses the relation of Buddhism
More informationBringing the Gospel to the unreached, unengaged people groups in the Isaan Region, Thailand.
Frontida Outreach Thailand Kanthararom, Sisaket Province Building bridges for our Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ frontidaoutreach@gmail.com Bringing the Gospel to the unreached, unengaged people groups
More informationBuddhists Who Follow The Theravada Tradition Study A Large Collection Of Ancient Scriptures Called The
Buddhists Who Follow The Theravada Tradition Study A Large Collection Of Ancient Scriptures Called The What is the name for a Hindu spiritual teacher?. Question 27. Buddhists who follow the Theravada tradition
More informationHappiness and the Economy
Happiness and the Economy The Ideas of Buddhist Economics edited by Laszlo Zsolnai Typotex Budapest 2010 Preface 1 Deep Ecology and Buddhism (Knut J. Ims and Laszlo Zsolnai) 2 The "Middle Way" for Market
More informationSeoul Hosts XXII World Congress of Philosophy 2008
FOCUS Seoul Hosts XXII World Congress of Philosophy 2008 The XXII World Congress of Philosophy 2008 was held at Seoul National University July 30-August 5. Some 2,600 scholars of philosophy from 100 countries
More informationTHE FEDERATION OF ASIAN BISHOPS CONFERENCES: TOWARDS REGIONAL SOLIDARITY FOR MISSION
THE FEDERATION OF ASIAN BISHOPS CONFERENCES: TOWARDS REGIONAL SOLIDARITY FOR MISSION Introduction Pacem in Terris (no. 98) provides the background for this discussion: Since relationships between States
More information2. Durkheim sees sacred things as set apart, special and forbidden; profane things are seen as everyday and ordinary.
Topic 1 Theories of Religion Answers to QuickCheck Questions on page 11 1. False (substantive definitions of religion are exclusive). 2. Durkheim sees sacred things as set apart, special and forbidden;
More informationBHUTAN. 30-Day Prayer Guide. South Asian Peoples
South Asian Peoples The greatest concentration of lostness on Earth BHUTAN The Kingdom of Bhutan, a tiny landlocked nation nestled within the folds of the Himalayas between India and China, has been protected
More informationAssessment: The Silk Road
Name Date Mastering the Content Circle the letter next to the best answer. Assessment: The Silk Road 1. At the time of the Han dynasty, which people particularly threatened China from the north? A. the
More informationOttoman Empire ( ) Internal Troubles & External Threats
Ottoman Empire (1800-1914) Internal Troubles & External Threats THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 19 TH CENTURY AP WORLD HISTORY CHAPTER 23A The Ottoman Empire: Sick Man of Europe In the 1800s= the Ottoman Empire went
More informationSAMPLE. Introduction. You are the light of the world. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden. 1
1 You are the light of the world. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hidden. 1 Urbanization is indelibly redrawing the landscape of China, geographically, as well as socially. A prominent feature of
More informationJustin McDaniel 1. 1 Associate Professor, Department of Religious Studies, University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA USA)
Justin McDaniel 1 Spirits of the Place: Buddhism and Lao Religious Culture by JOHN CLIFFORD HOLT. Honolulu: University of Hawai i Press, 2009. pp. 329+xiii. Even though John Holt has been publishing major
More informationIn the name of Allah, the Beneficent and Merciful S/5/100 report 1/12/1982 [December 1, 1982] Towards a worldwide strategy for Islamic policy (Points
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent and Merciful S/5/100 report 1/12/1982 [December 1, 1982] Towards a worldwide strategy for Islamic policy (Points of Departure, Elements, Procedures and Missions) This
More informationCENTRE OF BUDDHIST STUDIES
1 CENTRE OF BUDDHIST STUDIES The Buddhist Studies minor is an academic programme aimed at giving students a broad-based education that is both coherent and flexible and addresses the relation of Buddhism
More informationBuddhism. Webster s New Collegiate Dictionary defines religion as the service and adoration of God or a god expressed in forms of worship.
Buddhism Webster s New Collegiate Dictionary defines religion as the service and adoration of God or a god expressed in forms of worship. Most people make the relationship between religion and god. There
More informationClass XI Practical Examination
SOCIOLOGY Rationale Sociology is introduced as an elective subject at the senior secondary stage. The syllabus is designed to help learners to reflect on what they hear and see in the course of everyday
More information1. Which culture is credited with the development of gunpowder, the abacus, and the compass? A) Chinese B) Persian C) Indian D) Japanese 2.
1. Which culture is credited with the development of gunpowder, the abacus, and the compass? A) Chinese B) Persian C) Indian D) Japanese 2. Which geographic factor directly influenced the early interactions
More informationHeRB: Herb's Research Bulletin Revised October 2011 Number 7 September 2003 (
HeRB: Herb's Research Bulletin Revised October 2011 Number 7 September 2003 (http://www.herbswanson.com/_get.php?postid=23.php#article4) Ministry and Globalisation in Australia Philip Hughes My home is
More information7 the wat pho royal temple
The Spiritual Healing of Traditional Thailand 7 the wat pho royal temple The Thai Temple Perhaps the most visually interesting example of Thailand s varied cultural influences is the Thai temple or wat.
More informationName: Period 3: 500 C.E C.E. Chapter 13: The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia Chapter 14: The Expansive Realm of Islam
Chapter 13: The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia Chapter 14: The Expansive Realm of Islam 1. How is the rise of neo-confucianism related to the increasing popularity of Buddhism? Can you think of other
More informationChapter 18 The Mongols Unify Eurasia
Chapter 18 The Mongols Unify Eurasia p243 China Under the Song Dynasty, 960-1279 Most advanced civilization in the world Extensive urbanization Iron and Steel Manufacturing Technical innovations Printing
More informationHALAL INDUSTRY IN LAOS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
HALAL INDUSTRY IN LAOS: 6 OPPORTUNITIES M R. P H O N E S AVA N H L AT M A N Y JAPAN ALUMNI OF LAOS (JAOL) AND CHALLENGES Halal Industry in Laos PDR: Opportunities and Challenges Presented by: Phonesavanh
More informationAPWH chapter 10.notebook October 10, 2013
Chapter 10 Postclassical East Asia Chinese civilization and Confucianism survived in the Chinese states established after the fall of the Han Dynasty. Buddhism entered China after the fall of the Han,
More informationThe Seminar on "How to Teach Vipassana Meditation to Westerners Organized By
The Seminar on "How to Teach Vipassana Meditation to Westerners Organized By Office of National Buddhism, Mahachula University, Nong khai Campus, the International Buddhist Association in America (IBAA)
More informationSt. Xavier s College-BBA Students Address by Mr. Rakesh Shah, Chairman, EEPC July 1, 2008
St. Xavier s College-BBA Students Address by Mr. Rakesh Shah, Chairman, EEPC July 1, 2008 It is, indeed, a pleasure and privilege for me to be back at my institution to address this distinguished gathering
More informationEL29 Mindfulness Meditation
EL29 Mindfulness Meditation Lecture 2.5: Buddhism moves to the West Quick check: How much can you recall so far? Which of the following countries is NOT a Tantra country? a) India b) Tibet c) Mongolia
More informationBuddhism Notes. History
Copyright 2014, 2018 by Cory Baugher KnowingTheBible.net 1 Buddhism Notes Buddhism is based on the teachings of Buddha, widely practiced in Asia, based on a right behavior-oriented life (Dharma) that allows
More informationthe zen practice of balancing the books
the zen practice of balancing the books The Big Picture on San Francisco Zen Center s Long-Term Financial Sustainability By Robert Thomas, San Francisco Zen Center President, June 2, 2010 Money is a very
More informationBentley Chapter 14 Study Guide: The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia
Name Date Period Bentley Chapter 14 Study Guide: The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia Eyewitness: Xuanzang: A Young Monk Hits the Road (p. 281-282) 1. Who was Xuanzang, what was the purpose of his travels,
More informationTURKEY, SYRIA, LEBANON, JORDAN
TURKEY, SYRIA, LEBANON, JORDAN TURKEY Turkey is a little larger than Texas. It bridges two continents: Europe and Asia The Asian part of Turkey is called Asia Minor. Three rivers separate the European
More informationUK to global mission: what really is going on? A Strategic Review for Global Connections
UK to global mission: what really is going on? A Strategic Review for Global Connections Updated summary of seminar presentations to Global Connections Conference - Mission in Times of Uncertainty by Paul
More informationPresented by. MUSLIM institute. Ramazan 12, 1433 AH / August 01, 2012 AD Best Western Hotel, Islamabad
Presented by MUSLIM institute Ramazan 12, 1433 AH / August 01, 2012 AD Best Western Hotel, Islamabad Profile of Myanmar Muslims in Myanmar Muslims Persecution Current Conflict Conclusion Burma, renamed
More informationBetween Han and Tang: The emergence of Chinese Buddhism and Religious Daoism. October 1, 2013
Between Han and Tang: The emergence of Chinese Buddhism and Religious Daoism October 1, 2013 review What language did the Aryans speak? What is the difference between their early religion and Buddhism?
More informationPeacemaking and the Uniting Church
Peacemaking and the Uniting Church June 2012 Peacemaking has been a concern of the Uniting Church since its inception in 1977. As early as 1982 the Assembly made a major statement on peacemaking and has
More informationDepartment of. Religion FALL 2014 COURSE GUIDE
Department of Religion FALL 2014 COURSE GUIDE Why Study Religion at Tufts? To study religion in an academic setting is to learn how to think about religion from a critical vantage point. As a critical
More informationHHS-World Studies World Religion Review: Belief Systems
HHS-World Studies World Religion Review: Belief Systems Name Date Period Essential Questions -What are the characteristics of major religions? -How are they similar and different? -How have major religions
More informationSignificance & the supernatural A paper delivered to the symposium: (In)significance, at the University of Canberra, 15th May 2015
Significance & the supernatural A paper delivered to the symposium: (In)significance, at the University of Canberra, 15th May 2015 Denis Byrne Institute for Culture and Society, University of Western Sydney
More informationTHE RELIGIOUS WORLD IN JAPAN
Japanese Buddhism and World Buddhism Senchu M urano Editor of the Young East Those who are beginning the study of Japanese Buddhism will soon realize that the sects of Japanese Buddhism are not equivalent
More informationB.A. in Religion, Philosophy and Ethics (4-year Curriculum) Course List and Study Plan
Updated on 23 June 2017 B.A. in Religion, Philosophy and Ethics (4-year Curriculum) Course List and Study Plan Study Scheme Religion, Philosophy and Ethics Major Courses - Major Core Courses - Major Elective
More informationMatt Smith That was a very truncated version of your extensive resume. How well did I do there?
Asia Rising Australian Foreign Policy and Asia Welcome to Asia Rising, the podcast from La Trobe Asia where we discuss the news, views and general happenings of Asian states and societies. I'm your host.
More informationTaking Philosophy Back: A Call From the Great Wall of China. Pankaj Jain, University of North Texas
http://social-epistemology.com ISSN: 2471-9560 Taking Philosophy Back: A Call From the Great Wall of China Pankaj Jain, University of North Texas Jain, Pankaj. Taking Philosophy Back: A Call From the Great
More informationRunning head: PAULO FREIRE'S PEDAGOGY OF THE OPPRESSED: BOOK REVIEW. Assignment 1: Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed: Book Review
Running head: PAULO FREIRE'S PEDAGOGY OF THE OPPRESSED: BOOK REVIEW Assignment 1: Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed: Book Review by Hanna Zavrazhyna 10124868 Presented to Michael Embaie in SOWK
More information