1) Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock.

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1 World History Exam Study Guide You will need to be prepared to answer/discuss any of these questions on the exam in various formats. We will complete this study guide in class and review it. Mesopotamia 1) Mesopotamia comes from the Greek word meaning what? between the rivers 2) What group of people dominated Mesopotamia? Sumerians 3) Mesopotamia was located between two rivers in an area call what? fertile crescent 4) Mesopotamia s economic system was based on what? agriculture 5) What writing system did the Sumerians create? cuneiform 6) Did Mesopotamia have polytheistic or monotheistic beliefs? Polytheism 7) The people in Mesopotamia worshipped in temples called what? ziggurats 8) Hammurabi is credited with creating what? Law Code 9) How many laws were in Hammurabi s Law Code? 282 laws 10) The law system was based on a system of what? the principle of retaliation 11) What was the main idea of the law code? government's job to look after its people 12) What category did the most laws fall under? marriage and the family Egypt 13) Egypt is located on what river? Nile River 14) The rich soil around the river was called Black land, and the dessert was called the Red Land. 15) Were the Egyptians polytheistic or monotheistic? polytheistic 16) Who was the chief Egyptian god (also the god of the sun)? Ra 17) Which god was the judge of the dead? Osiris 18) What did Egyptians call the soul? The Ka 19) Name the three periods in Egyptian history: - The Old Kingdom - The Middle Kingdom - The New Kingdom 20) Who united upper and lower Egypt to make it one kingdom? Menes 21) Egyptian kings are known as what? Pharaohs 22) The pyramids were built during which kingdom? the Old Kingdom 23) What were the pyramids designed to be? tombs for the Pharaoh 24) Why did Egyptians start mummifying people? To preserve the body so that the soul could stay in the afterlife 25) What is the only organ left in the body during mummification? heart 26) What drying agent did the Egyptians pack the mummies in? Natron 27) How did the Middle Kingdom end? with the invasion of a people called the Hyksos 28) Which Pharaoh has one of the only tombs to be found entirely intact? King Tut 29) Who was the Pharaoh during the Exodus? Ramses II 30) Who was the last Pharaoh? Cleopatra 31) What was the Egyptian writing system? Hieroglyphics 32) What allowed archaeologists were to translate hieroglyphics? The Rosetta Stone 33) What three languages were on the stone? Hieroglyphics - Greek - Demotic

2 Zoroastrianism, Phoenicians, and Ancient Hebrews 34) Zoroastrianism was the first example of what? monotheistic religion 35) What was the name given to the Zoroastrian god? Ahura Mazda 36) What is an important Zoroastrian symbol? fire 37) What Phoenician trade good was very valuable and highly desired? Tyrian purple, a dye 38) What was the Phoenician alphabet based on? sound 39) What is important about the Phoenician alphabet? The Greeks eventually adopted this alphabet, which influenced the Latin Alphabet which we use today. 40) Who was the patriarch or father of Judaism? Abraham 41) What did Abraham make with God? covenant (agreement) 42) What were the terms of the agreement that Abraham and God made? in exchange for sole recognition of God as supreme universal authority, Abraham will be the father of a great nation. 43) What was the Exodus? The escape of the Israelites from their captivity in Egypt. 44) Who united the tribes of Israel? King Solomon 45) Define diaspora: the dispersion of any people from their original homeland. 46) How many diasporas did the Jewish people have? two 47) How did the two diasporas end? The first was the Babylonian captivity, which ended when the Persians freed the Jews and the Jews returned to Jerusalem and rebuilt the temple. The formation of the state of Israel by the United Nations in 1948 ended the second Diaspora. 48) What did God promise the Jewish people if they honored the covenant? the Holy land 49) The phrase People of Israel refers to what? descendants of Abraham 50) What is the holy book of the Jewish people? Torah China 1) Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. 2) The Silk Road operated in two principle phases. 3) During the first phase of the Silk Road, it functioned primarily as a relay system with each merchant traveling the full length of the road. 4) While individuals rarely traveled the full length of the trade routes, elements of culture and technology did. 5) The predictable nature of the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean eased open-water navigation and led to the rise of a vast network of exchange between East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China.

3 6) What made it easier to travel and trade over the Indian Ocean? The predictable nature of the monsoon winds 7) The Indian Ocean Maritime System created a separation between the lands bordering the Indian Ocean basin and the South China Sea because trade was opened to other areas. 8) Several of the diasporic communities left a lasting impact of the host culture. 9) Confucianism was founded by? Kongfuzi 10) Confucius stressed the importance of how many relationships? 5 11) Confucius created a/an examination system so all people had the opportunity to get jobs with the government. 12) After years of fighting, the Maurya Empire did what for India? united northern India for the first time 13) Ashoka united his empire with warfare and strict rules, but later Buddhist teachings. 14) Ashoka created what? a system of roads throughout India 15) What is the national religion of India? Hinduism 16) Henotheism means: recognize existence of many gods but believe in only one supreme god 17) The Hindu universal entity is: Brahman 18) Brahman is made up of: Brahma Creator, Vishnu Preserver, Shiva Destroyer 19) What is the term - the soul is reborn into another body after death? reincarnation 20) What is the term - the accumulation of good or bad deeds? Karma 21) What is the term - escaping the terrible cycle and reaching enlightenment? moksha 22) What is the term - duties you are expected to perform, and the ethical way in which you are supposed to behave? Dharma 23) What is the term - nonviolence towards all living things? ahimsa 24) Two important Hindu symbols: Aum (or Om), Swastika 25) China developed along what two rivers? Yangtze and Huang He (Yellow River) 26) The first Chinese dynasty was? The Shang 27) First Chinese dynasty with written language: The Shang 28) Oracle Bones were used during the Shang dynasty to predict the future?

4 29) The Shang religion had two main components: Worship of Shang their multiple gods and Ancestor Worship 30) What is the Mandate of Heaven? Authority granted by heaven to deserving rulers 31) In the feudal system, in China, land was given to vassals in return for loyalty. 32) The last portion of the Zhou dynasty was called what? Warring States Period 33) Why is the Warring States Period considered the golden age of Chinese philosophy? Confucianism was developed during this time, Taoism was developed during this time, Legalism was developed during this time 34) Taoism based on teachings of? Laozi 35) Taoists believe this is the universal force that guides all things: tao 36) Choose the correct term: Humans are evil by nature so leaders should support strict laws and harsh punishments: Legalism 37) Qin was known for what? using a strict legalists form of government 38) These are three achievements of the Qin: standardized the Chinese language, standardized system of measurements and currency, and set up a unified law code for China 39) Zhou is responsible for the Terracotta Army and forming the Great Wall 40) Buddhism was founded by: Siddhartha Gautama 41) Buddha literally means: Enlightened One 42) Hinduism and Buddhism share the beliefs of: Karma (accumulation of good or bad deeds) Dharma (but in this case is the teachings of Buddha telling you how to act/live)

5 Reincarnation (rebirth) 43) Buddha discuss four truths about the world and enlightenment. What are these truths known as? Four Noble Truths 44) Buddhism rejects the caste system. 45) Nirvana means: enlightenment 46) The Middle Way is: move way from extremes and work for moderation 47) Diffusion of Buddhism occurred when Ashoka sent out Buddhist missions to convert other nations, helping the religion spread. 48) Name three of the things from the Eightfold Path: 1) Know truth 2) Resist evil 3) Say nothing to hurt others 4) Respect life 5) Work for the good of others 6) Free your mind from evil 7) Control your thoughts 8) Practice meditation Word bank for question 49: Untouchables Bhramin Vaishya Sudra Kshatriya Academics Landowners Priests Outcasts Merchants Latrine cleaners Commoners Peasants Warriors Kings Street sweepers Servants 49) Fill in the chart on the caste system

6 50) Fill in the chart on Chinese social order landowners peasants merchants Greece 1) Greek civilization developed along the Balkan peninsula. 2) Describe the geography of Greece: Low-lying mountains make up ¾ of the mainland, Long coastline with many harbors, Mild Climate 3) Early civilization arose on the island of Crete. 4) The people who lived on Crete were known as Minoans after the legendary king, Minos. 5) Minoans were concerned with leisure activities and sports. 6) Archaeological evidence shows us that the palaces of Crete were destroyed by a series of great earthquakes and volcanoes. 7) The Mycenaeans entered the Balkan peninsula around 2000 B.C.E. and divided present-day Greece into a number of kingdoms. 8) The Mycenaeans were eventually defeated by the Dorians.

7 9) How were the Dorian s weapons better than the Mycenaeans? iron instead of bronze 10) Who is the most famous Mycenaean? Agamemnon 11) The period of Dorian rule has traditionally been called the Greek Dark Age. 12) Describe some of the negative traits of the Dorian age: Overseas trade stopped Poverty increased Lost ability to write 13) The Ionians eventually overcame the Dorians and culture returned. 14) An ancient Greek city-state can also be called a Polis. 15) What is an Acropolis? Fortress on top of a hill Site of temple Center of city 16) What was an Agora? Public square Sat at foot of acropolis Site of business transactions and political affairs 17) Sparta was located on what peninsula? Peloponnesian 18) What 4 groups made up Sparta s government? Two kings, Council of Elders, Assembly of Citizens, Ephors 19) Who could participate in the Assembly of Citizens? All Spartan men over 30 20) List and describe the 3 levels of society in Sparta: Top - Spartans Middle perioeci Free, but not citizens Bottom helots 21) What age were males taken from the home to begin military training? 7 22) What freedoms did Spartan women have? Could own property and move about the city 23) Athens is located on what peninsula? Attic 24) What kind of government did Athens have? limited democracy 25) Draco wrote the first law code in Athens. 26) The Council of 500 was chosen by lottery amongst all citizens and they carried out the work of the government. 27) Where did Plato teach? the Academy 28) Where did Aristotle teach? the Lyceum 29) Hippocrates is the father of medicine. KNOW THESE THINGS 30) Sparta Peloponnesus Oligarchic gov t Warrior state Population in 430 B.C. = 100,000 Strong Army Militaristic Society VERSES Athens Attica

8 Democratic gov t Trading state Population in 430 B.C. = 140,000 Strong Navy Emphasis on Culture S ocrates absolute truth Taught P lato appearances are deceiving Taught A ristotle trust logic Rome 1) Roman writing was called? Latin 2) Roman s borrowed what aspects of Greek religion? the gods and myths 3) What happened in the Forum in Rome? public gatherings, political discussions, a market 4) Name and describe the three social classes in Rome: patricians = nobles, plebeians = commoners, and the third group was made up of slave and other non-citizens 5) What is a republic? A republic is a form of government in which citizens have the power to elect representatives who make laws for them. 6) How did the government in the Roman Republic work? people would vote for officials, and then those officials would join the Senate and make laws 7) What are the Twelve Tables? Official Roman laws written down and placed in the Forum 8) What was a Roman legion? a group of 5000 Roman soldiers 9) What major power did Rome defeat in the Punic Wars? Carthage 10) What problems occured for the Roman Republic? Generals were becoming more powerful than the Senators 11) Why was Julius Caesar killed? He was a popular dictator who was taking power from the Senate 12) How did Julius Caesar's death change Rome? His death ultimately led to the Roman Empire because the people distrusted the Senate 13) Who was the first emporer during the Roman Empire? Octavian (Agustus) 14) Who had the majority of power in the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire? Roman Republic = Senate and the Roman Empire = Emperor 15) Octavian changed his name to what? Agustus Caesar 16) What was the Pax Romana? The Roman Peace - a time of peace and prosperity 17) Why was the Pax Romana the golden age of Rome? Because there was peace, wealth, and major improvements with infrastructure 18) During this golden age why did emperors build places for entertainment like the Colosseum? Because it was a time of peace and wealth, and so the people needed something to focus on - that was entertainment.

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