STANDARD 2 PART 2 NOTES

Transcription

1 STANDARD 2 PART 2 NOTES DAYS 1-7 Empires (Man v. Competition) o How does a city-state become an empire? Take someone else s stuff! Sargon of Akkad first emperor in history (Akkadians in Middle East) Middle Eastern Empire Chain o Akkadians Babylonians (Hammurabi) Hittites Assyrians Babylonians (Nebuchadnezzar) Persians (Cyrus the Great/Darius I) Exert social, economic, political, or cultural domination over others Aztecs, Alexander the Great (Macedonians), Inca, Rome, Aryans/Mauryans/Guptas in India o What are the challenges of becoming a large empire? Managing conquered people (Aztecs, Romans) Economic Differences (Persia) Organizing Territory (Inca) o How have various empires treated conquered peoples? Forced cultural assimilation (absorbing ideas) Alexander the Great Required tributes/taxes/human capital Aztecs, Romans, Assyrians Moral justice Mauryans Respect for local customs (changing the name on the door) Persians o What are the positive and negative effects of imperialism? Positive Secures resources and power/influence for the ruling country. Can stabilize trade in unstable regions Negative Oppression of native peoples socially, culturally, economically (Assyrians, Aztecs) Eventually gets too big to maintain (Rome) o What are the various strengths and weaknesses of imperial rulers throughout this period? Strengths Fair (Cyrus the Great, Hadrian, Asoka) Charismatic (Alexander the Great, Pericles, Julius Caesar) Organized (Wudi, Augustus, Diocletian, Chandragupta Maurya) Weaknesses Harsh (Shi Huangdi, Hammurabi, Ashurbanipal) Poor Leaders (Nero, Caligula) o What are the factors that have led to the rise and collapse of various empires?

2 Middle Eastern Empires (Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Persians, etc.) Rose due to control of the river region Fell due to conquest by other peoples in the region Indian Empires (Mauryas, Guptas) Rose because of organized governments and stability Fell due to poor leadership, invaders Chinese Dynasties (Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han) Rose through a strong central figure overthrowing a previous government or uniting several groups Fell due to crises of invaders, disharmony with the leadership Athens (Greek City-State) * Rose in the wake of the Persian Wars through cultural, economic domination Fell after losing the Peloponnesian War with Sparta Macedonians Rose through conquests by Philip II, Alexander the Great Fell after the death of Alexander Rome (Kingdom) Republic Empire Collapse Rose through military force in the Mediterranean Fell due to economic struggles, invaders Aztec/Inca Rose through conquests and alliances Fell to invasion by the Spanish in the 1500 s o How does trade impact the rise of empires? Domination of trade networks can increase an empire s profile Rome controlled the Mediterranean after defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars Despite the legends, many historians agree the Trojan War was over control of sea trade The Hans gained influence through the opening of the Silk Road, and its western half was under Persian control for most of this period. o What cultural consequences can result from imperial conquest? Assimilation Hellenistic culture in the wake of Alexander s conquests Cultural Domination Athens Spread of ideas Indians/Chinese with the West o What impact have various empires had on history? Romans Cultural influence, government structures Athens Philosophy, theater, democracy Indians Spread of Buddhism

3 Religion (Man v. Eternity) o What do people seek in a religion? Peace against fear of death Moral/Ethical Principles Inward Reflection/Improvement Explanation of the unexplainable o What is the difference between Eastern religions and Western religions? Eastern Religions Mostly polytheistic Focused on the journey to spirituality Destination is a higher plane of existence/knowledge (moksha in Hindusm/nirvana in Buddhism) Less political Western Religions Mostly monotheistic Focused on following a higher power Destination is a literal place of rest/reward (Heaven) More political o What is the chief difference between monotheistic and polytheistic religions? Number of gods worshipped Monotheistic: One Polytheistic: Many o How can belief systems unite and/or divide people? Unity Common bonds within followers Principles of ethical behavior/love/kindness Division Disagreement between belief systems Cause of exclusionary policies, practices o How have the fundamental beliefs of various religions affected different areas of the world? Ancient Polytheistic Religions Religion depended on relationship with the environment o Sumerians: fatalistic, ugly afterlife o Egyptians: peaceful, beautiful afterlife Zoroastrianism State religion of Persia Ideas of Judgment Day, Sin, Heaven and Hell Guided behavior among Persians Judaism Jewish Diaspora: Jews move to parts of different empires, stay in close-knit groups and observe traditions together Hinduism Influenced the caste system, used to divide Indians socially

4 Buddhism Belief in a peaceful existence Members mostly co-exist with other religions Don t seek to convert people Christianity Christianity starts out as underground religion, eventually becomes state religion of Rome Christianity grows to become the dominant force in Europe in later periods Islam (doesn t emerge until later periods) Islam spreads out from Arabian Peninsula Strong emphasis on trade facilitates growth and expansion into Africa, Middle East o How are Christianity, Islam and Judaism similar and different? Similar: Trace their lineage back to Abraham Monotheistic Believes in Heaven and Hell Strong emphasis on faith Different: Disagree about the role of Jesus of Nazareth (Jesus Christ) o Christians: He s the Messiah o Muslims: He was a prophet only o Jews: He s not the Messiah Variances in strictness of daily routine Each religion has a variety of sects (different groups within a religion) o What is the role of missionaries, traders and conquerors in the spread of religion? Bring new ideas through their faith or business Push the religion on conquered people or make them subject to it o What are the holy books of the various religions? Islam Qu ran Christianity Bible Judaism Torah Trade (Man v. Resources) o What is a traditional economy? Economy based on habit, custom or ritual. o What is the purpose of economics? To manage unlimited wants with limited resources. o What is the difference between a barter economy and a money economy? Money economies involve a currency that is given in exchange for a good or service. Barter economies involve trading of goods for other goods. o What are the positives and negatives of a monopoly?

5 Positives: Price stability Negatives: Price could be too high o What problems does a surplus create? Getting value out of it Protecting it o What geographical features are more conducive to trading? Water routes, flat land routes, roads DAY 8 Social Class (Man v. Others) o How is a philosophy different from a religion? A philosophy is only concerned with life and ways to live, and a religion involves the afterlife as well. o How have religious beliefs affected the social roles in various groups? India: Caste system dictates social status and mobility is limited Priests (Brahmins) Warriors (Kshatriyas) Merchants (Vaishas) Laborers (Shudras) Untouchables Jewish societies are typically patriarchal due to the strong male roles in the Torah. o What other themes of history affect social status? Political: Based on political power Economics: Based on wealth o What affect can social roles have on a culture? Prejudice Honor Culture (Man v. Choices) o How have science and technology helped people meet their needs and wants? Made tasks easier, simpler o What do the unique features of cultures reveal about them? Lifestyles (Greek architecture/outdoor activity) Religious Beliefs (Mummification in Egypt) Organization (Roads in Incan Empire) o How can writing develop outside of an economic context? Preservation of memories Peace treaties, letters, artwork o How did the life of Socrates affect his later pupils? Socrates death led to future pupils distrusting authority because he was sentenced to death for challenging authority.