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6 .i.ii.iii.iv

14 The essential significance of the appearance of Muhammad is the crystallization of a new experience of the divine, which welded all those who shared it into a new kind of community. The effect of this experience on contemporary relationships is evident and unmistakable in both languages and art. (1) (1) Gustave Edmund Von Gr unebaum, Classical Islam: A History,

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54 o...this is the greatest divergence of traditions.

55 There may be unbelievers and half believers among Muslims, but Islamic civilization is essentially a believing civilization and Europe essentially unbelieving. (1) o o (1) Murad Wahbah, Islam and Civilization: Proceedings of the Firs t International Islamic Philos ophy Conference, Ain Shams University Press, 1982, p. 5.

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80 Michael H. Hart The 100, A Ranking of the Most Influential persons in History My choice of Muhammad to lead the list of the world's most influential persons may surprise some readers and may be questioned by others, but he was the only man in history who was supremely successful

81 on both the religious and secular levels despite of humble origins, Muhammad founded and promulgated one of the worlds great religions and became immensely effective political leader. Today, thirteen centuries after his death, his inflence is still powerful and pervasive. It may initially seem strange that Muhammad has been ranked higher than Jesus. There are two principal reasons for that decision. First, Muhammad played a far more important role in the development of islam than that done by Jesus for Christianity Furthermore, Muhammad (unlike Jesus) was a secular as well as a religious leader. In fact, as the driving force behind the Arab conquests, he may well rank as the most inflential political leader of all time. It is this unparalleed combination of secular and religious inflence which I feel entitles Muhammad to be considerd the most influential single figure in human history.

82 A.J. Arberry When he (Muhammad) died in 634, Islam was secure as the paramount religion and political system of all Arabia. (1) From the Atlantic coast, to the borders of China the call to prayer, in the tongue of Macca, rang out from minaret, summoning the faithful to prostrate themselves to the Lord of the world. The rapidity spread of Islam, through extensive provinces which had long been Christian, is a crucial fact of history (1) A.J. Arberry, Aspects of Islamic Civilization, p. 11.

83 which has naturally engaged the speculative allousion of many critical investigator. (1) (1) A.J. Arberry, Aspect of Islamic Civilization, p. 12.

86 26. A. J. Arberry, Aspects of Islamic Civilization.London

87 Gustave Edmund Von Grunebaum, Classical Islam: A History, Murad Wahbah, Islam and Civilization: Proceedings of the First International Islamic Philosophy Conference, Ain Shams University Press, 1982.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. This chapter is introduction that consists of background, statement of problems,

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. This chapter is introduction that consists of background, statement of problems, CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter is introduction that consists of background, statement of problems, research objective, research significance, and definition of key terms. 1.1 Background Prose, one