Information Credibility Assessment of Islamic and Quranic Information on the Web

Transcription

1 Information Credibility Assessment of Islamic and Quranic Information on the Web Rita Zaharah Wan-Chik Malaysian Institute of Information Technology Universiti Kuala Lumpur ABSTRACT This research studies the user s assessment on the information credibility of Islamic and Quranic information retrieved from the Web. Thirty one interviews were given to various groups of online users regarding their assessment process when retrieving Islamic, particularly those of Quranic-related, information on the Web. Interview data were transcribed and then analysed inductively to identify emergent themes using inductive content analysis. The data analysis focused on extracting common themes, patterns and concepts from the transcripts which were coded by categories that emerged as the process continued. The participants interviewed discussed the assessment process which includes verification and cross-checking with other resources, online and offline. The findings provide important insights on user s assessment process when retrieving for Islamic and Quranic information on the Web. It can serve to give Web designers and content providers on what the users are actually concerned with to better adjust their services according to the needs of end users. Categories and Subject Descriptors H.3.4: World Wide Web (WWW) General Terms Verification Keywords Web information search, assessment, information credibility, verification, Islamic information, Quran, user study 1. INTRODUCTION Historically, Islamic information begun to appear on the Internet in the early 1980s in the form of scanned translations of the Quran and the Hadith collections (reports of statements or actions of prophet Muhammad, or of his tacit approval or criticism of something said or done in his presence). These were placed online by technically skilled Muslim students [1]. By 1999, Egypt s Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from Permissions@acm.org. oldest Islamic university, al-azhar University, with its renowned religious and authoritative establishment, went online with its own university Web page, offering religious guidance, counselling and rulings with actively engaged scholars to answer questions on life s problems posted by users [1]. Soon after, the use of the Internet to disseminate and search for Islamic information was picked up by the rest of the Muslim community and non-muslims alike, facilitated by the advancement of Information Technology [2]. Nowadays, there is a large number of Islamic on the Internet, which then raised the question of how such sites helped in disseminating a true understanding of Islam and its teachings and also raised the issue of misleading information, information overload as well as the ability of one finding or knowing where to search for information about Islam on the Web that are true and accurate [3]. There are many Islamic websites found to contain misleading content (i.e., fabricated Quranic verses or ideologically-biased interpretations of the verses) which may present a genuine risk of exerting undesirable influence to the inexperienced or less knowledgeable users and that there is no easy way to censor or control such [4]. Some information is also controversial which can distort the teachings of Islam [5]. Furthermore, in a later study, the presence of Islamic information on the Internet had not been archived, recorded and studied scientifically enough, with so many activities to be observed [6]. There are various types of anti-islam and anti-muslim on the Web that may give out inaccurate (i.e., distorted in any ways) Islamic information [7] and there are also various different branches or sects in Islam (e.g. Sunni, Shia, Sufi, Nation of Islam) each having their own perspective on Islam which may offer information that is biased to their own understandings or ideologies. Internet users should not need to be caught in an online ideological war between these groups or between Islam and other religions, when what is needed is merely general information about Islamic beliefs and practices [8], [9]. There are various kinds of Islamic information (e.g., Qur an translations, recitations, opinions, sermons, fatwas and discussions) on the Web with various intentions, such as promoting or against the religion [3], [10]. IMCOM '15, January , BALI, Indonesia Copyright 2015 ACM /15/01 $15.00

2 1.1 Information quality and availability The main issue for Islamic information on the Web is about the authoritativeness of the information which could affect the quality perceived by users [4]. Other issues, in relation to the quality of Islamic contents on the Web, which have been discussed in the literature, are that Islamic lacked metadata for efficient and effective discovery and retrieval [11]; existence of inconsistent usage of Islamic identity and traits which could lead to misrepresentation of Islam [12]; the Internet is not a reliable source to obtain reputational Islamic Management literature [13]; lack of authority and credibility on the Islamic content on the Internet [14]; elements of truth, lawful, identification, ethics, expertise, and validity are the determinants of legitimate Islamic information [15]; and there are scarce amounts of Islamic Management materials on the Internet [13]. 1.2 Trust It was found in a study that users indicated the importance of third-party seals and overall site presentation in mediating trust on an Islamic Website [15]. They also listed these elements which could affect user s trust on the Website content: seals of approval/trusted third party; overall site presentation; security and authenticity; benevolence; brand and reputation; and content and credibility. Meanwhile, the factors affecting the user s trust on an Islamic Website, which in this case is no trust, are found to be the uncertain nature of the Web; unreliable and inauthentic websites; poor design of the ; and content reliability and validity [15]. 1.3 Assessing the information and assessment method On assessing Islamic information on the Web, comparisons and verifications of the information with primary sources or with more knowledgeable people, and of the contributing scholar s identity and the Web host s reliability, are needed [16]. Especially for novice users and specifically for Hadith, users need to: regularly compare and verify the contents with primary sources; verify the reliability of the Web host; identify the contributing scholars; verify the content through proper citation of the original source and the grading (Hadith); and consult with more knowledgeable people [17]. To have better Islamic content on the Web, this has been proposed [4]: Increased introspection inside the Muslim communities and communication style. Better support for information verification process. A common standard for Islamic (content structure and metadata) and content. Improvements in information quantity, legitimacy and quality. Improvements in content management. Other than that, for Islamic information to retain its credibility on the Web, it should consider having these five discriminant aspects: authentic source, visual appeal, writer s reliance, sourcewriter relationship, and writer s integrity [18]. Specifically for Hadith, it was suggested that proper assessment of the accuracy of the Website content is needed by confirming these criteria: the web hosting is good; the information/content is well organized; list of contributing scholars is provided; detail information about hadith s grade and sanad is provided; sufficient explanation on hadith meaning is provided; and list of references is provided [17]. 2. RESEARCH DESIGN A user study was chosen to explore Web searcher s experience on searching for Islamic and Quranic information. Interviews were conducted with users who have experienced accessing Islamic materials on the Web and they were asked to speak about their experience. The research question for this study is: What are the criteria used to assess the search results when searching for Islamic information and Quranic materials on the Web? This research question seeks to determine how people choose relevant results and what are the criteria used to assess these search results. This study used homogeneous sampling, which involves the selection of participants from a particular subgroup for in-depth study [19]. invitations were sent out to several selected groups around the UK such as Muslim societies and cultural societies including Chaplaincy centres and Islamic student groups in two UK universities. Invitations were also broadcasted to similar groups and societies via the online social network, Facebook, and to the two universities research mailinglists. In total, 31 people agreed to participate in the study. The interview process lasted from January 2011 until June There was a good mix of participants with regards to their background. All of the participants were, at the time of the interview period, living in the UK. Apart from six British participants who had been living in the UK since birth (19%), the rest of the participants came from 15 other countries but had lived in the UK between four months and 25 years. The participants country of origin includes Algeria (1), Bangladesh (1), France (1), Germany (1), Indonesia (1), Jordan (1), Kashmir (1), Kuwait (1), Malaysia (9), Morocco (1), Netherlands (1), Pakistan (3), Philipines (1), Sudan (1), Syria (1), and UK (6). There were 14 males and 17 females and their ages were between 18 to 69. There were four non-muslim participants (Atheist (1), Christian (1), other (2)) and out of the 27 Muslims participants, three of them were Muslim converts. Their occupations include Student (20), Academician (2), Housewife (2), Faith Advisor (2), Computer Programmer (2), Manager (1), and Self-employed (2). With a wide variety of reference groups, it was hoped that any interesting differences or similarities might be discovered between the groups. The purposive sampling approach used in this study however, has resulted in simultaneous over-representation and underrepresentation of demographic groups for several variables racial identity, age, religious belief, and Internet user/experience. Although the study participants were overwhelmingly Muslims, Asians, and heavy Internet users, those were actually the most relevant participants for this research since all of them had the experience of searching for Islamic and Quranic information on the Web as what is required in this research. Due to the time and resource constraints, it was impossible to find a balanced number of participants for each occupation section, country of origin section, occupation section, and religious belief. Because of

3 interesting answers retrieved from those participants in the smaller section (e.g.; only four non-muslims as compared to 27 Muslims and only nine non-academics as compared to 22 academics), which similar answers may not be retrieved from the bigger sections, it was decided to include those participants in this research. If the research was done entirely on Muslims or academicians/students only, some valuable insights from those not in these two groups would be missed. The results from the interviews were never meant to be used to generalise for the UK population but to show the experience of a sample of selected people in the UK as a study of this kind has never been conducted before. Voice recordings were made of the interviews, which were then subsequently transcribed and analysed inductively to identify emergent themes [20] using inductive content analysis [21]. The data analysis focused on extracting common themes, patterns and concepts from the transcripts that were coded by categories that emerged as the process continued. The codes were helpful in making comparisons between participants, comparing data from the same participants with themselves, and comparing categories with other categories. This technique offers the development of rich thematic description of the entire interview data set based on the emergent categories [22]. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Result Selection and Verification From the interview, it was found that there are two levels of results selection and verification. The first level of verification process is done when users are making the selection from the list of search results. As listed in the Table 1, the process involves reading the results snippets, checking the URLs, checking the Website names and checking the author s name. Once the user has decided which result hit to select, the process will continue to the second level of verification process which includes checking the authenticity and relevance in the content and also checking the overall look of the selected Website (see Table 2). scholars, fellow Muslims, friends, and the Quran itself or with a credible Quran Website (i.e., the tafsir.com website as it contained the tafseer by Ibn Kathir, which is widely believed among Muslims to be authentic and accurate). Hadith verses were sometimes cross-checked with IslamicChannel, which is a Hadith software package downloaded from the Web. Website/content verification Checking authenticity and relevance in content Checking overall look Table 2: Content verification (level 2) Website Description check the authenticity and relevance of the content of the Website check the Website s whole appearance including the foreground, the content and the background Users sometimes cross-checked with more than one source to be certain of avoiding misunderstandings, as well as misguided teachings and would also check if the information was consistent with other resources they had used previously such as books, journals and also other. They trusted University to be more accurate. Other than the content, the background of the authors of the Website will also be investigated and verified. This is to make sure that the author has the proper background and authority to write on Islamic or Quranic-related contents. The cross-check process is summarized in Table 3. Cross-check processes Table 3: Cross-check processes (level 3) Verify Quran/Hadith verses with other sources (scholars, fellow Muslims, friends, the Quran/Hadith itself or Quran/Hadith ) Verify references with other sources Investigate author s/website s background Results selection Reading the brief descriptions (snippets) Checking the URLs Table 1: Search results selection (level 1) Checking the Website names Checking the authorship Description to learn at a glance what the Website was about and if it was relevant to their needs provide evidence as to whether the Website is owned by an established organisation (e.g.,.org or.edu) the name may suggest whether the Website is from a trustable source and is worth checking in detail whether the author is famous or somebody trustworthy For contents containing Quranic verses and/or Hadith, users will go through another process of verification, a third level, which are to cross-check the verses with other sources. The references listed in the Website will also be verified. These other sources include The cross-check processes identified in this study are consistent with information verification activities in [17] when assessing Hadith on the Web: Regularly compare and verify the contents with primary sources. Verify the reliability of the Web host. Identify the contributing scholars. Verify the content through proper citation of the original source and the grading (Hadith). Consult with more knowledgeable people. From the result selection and cross-check processes above, it can be seen that when compared with general information verification, some of the processes discussed above matched with some of [23], [24] s verification criteria (i.e., accuracy, and authority). The criteria are shown in Table 4:

4 Accuracy Authority Table 4: Verification criteria ([23], [24]) Seek out other sources to validate the information Check to see who the author of the Website is Look for an official stamp of approval or a recommendation for that person or organization is provided on the site Verify the author s qualifications or credentials The processes identified in this study s first and second levels of verification fall under the authority factor, while the processes in cross-checking fall under both accuracy and authority (see Table 4). The focus of the participants in this study during the first and second level of verification was entirely based on the authoritativeness of the information contained in. This will continue in the cross-checking process on the selected content which then they will also look at the accuracy of the information by verifying it with another source. These verification efforts shown by the users to validate the information are important indicators of users behavior [25]. 3.2 Assessment Criteria Table 5 and 6 show the emergent criteria associated to trust, credibility, authenticity, reliability, and relevance of retrieved results as indicated by the participants. Table 6: Information Assessment (relevant information) Criteria Relevant info Content matches user s prior knowledge 3 Author s background 1 Quranic verses or its references in the content As can be seen from the Table 5, the familiar/popular authors or criteria is mentioned the most while the least mentioned are efficient Website admin, location of user, author s background, language/tone of language use, and cue in the content (each mentioned once). This show that different user verify different criteria for different variables (i.e., trust, credibility, authenticity, etc.). The variable trust is matched with six criteria (the most matched) followed by reliability (four matches) and authenticity (also four matches). From the interview, it was found that one third of the participants had little trust in the information they retrieved from the Web where almost all of the were deemed to be suspect. Many of them have been doing cautious reading on the Web, and have only used information from trusted. Content in Arabic or those with Quranic verses were also not a guarantee for it to be trusted completely. 1 Table 5: Information Assessment (trust, credible, authentic, reliable information) Criteria Familiar/popular authors or Language/tone of language used Recommended Trust in info Cue in the content 1 Website s identity and affiliation Balance in the content Referenced or verified content Credible info Authentic info Reliable info Reputable sources 2 3 Content matches user s prior knowledge Efficient Website admin Location of user 1 1 The assessment criteria for credibility, matched with five of [26] s aspects for credible as shown in Table 7. However, other criteria from this study which is not listed in [26] s study is balance in content. Table 7: Website s credibility aspects Website credibility aspects [26] Name recognition & reputation Tone in writing Accuracy of information Affiliations Identity of site sponsor This study (Criteria from Table 5) Familiarity/popularity of Website author, Reputable sources, Author s background Language/tone of language used Referenced or verified content Website s identity and affiliation Website s identity and affiliation If compared with [15] s elements affecting trust on the Website content, three elements matched with the criteria of trust identified in this study as shown in Table 8. However, there are two trust elements mentioned by the users: Language/tone of language used and Recommended which are not listed by [15]. On the other hand, the six criteria identified for assessing trust in this study matched five out of seven from [27] s factors influencing content trust decision. This is shown in Table 9.

5 Table 8: Criteria of trust on Website content Elements affecting trust on the Website content [15] Security and authenticity This study (Criteria from Table 5) Referenced or verified content, Brand and reputation Reputable sources and Familiar/popular authors or Content and credibility Referenced or verified content, Cue in content, and Familiar/popular authors or Table 9: Factors influencing content trust decisions Factors influencing content trust decisions [27] This study (Criteria from Table 5) Popularity of the resource Familiar/popular authors or Reputation by direct experience Association by other trusted resources (citations) Agreement with other resources Recognized authority of associations Referrals by other users Reputable sources Referenced or verified content Referenced or verified content Familiar/popular authors or Recommended Provenance and pedigree Language/tone of language used 3.3 Quality of Information and Information Availability When asked to describe the quality of information they have retrieved from the Web, the participants felt that although there was good quality information on the Web, some of it was definitely poor. They discussed and listed a number of the poor qualities of the information they had retrieved as disorganized, confusing, irrelevant, incorrect, misinformation, deceiving, misleading, incomplete, sectarian, and untrue. They also mentioned that some of the information found was likely to discredit Islam and had bad translations with some were experiencing unreliable searches. For issues on information availability, the participants mentioned three issues. They felt that there was insufficient English Islamic information on the Web as compared to information in Arabic. In terms of the topics covered, information on seerah and asbabul nuzul of the Quran was insufficient. Overall, they thought that there was a limited amount of information on the Web, especially detailed information which is consistent with [13] s suggestion that there are scarce amount of Islamic materials on the Web (see Section 2.5). Some even thought that there was information only available in certain countries which is consistent with suggestions by [29], [30], and [5] that Internet blocking and information censorship which are taking place in many Muslim countries are affecting user s information needs. Some participants were frustrated when they have to pay or need to be a member for the requested information. Table 11: Information quality criteria Table 10 summarizes all the related criteria found from this study for: credibility, authenticity, reliability and relevance. The various ways that the criteria is associated with (i.e., trust, credibility, authenticity, etc.) is somehow due to the fact that the Web has no specific authority being identified for this credibility matter, thus users validate and contents using their own criteria and judgments [28]. Credibility Table 10: Criteria of credibility, authenticity, reliability and relevance familiar/popular/reputable websites/authors/affiliations, tone of language used Information quality criteria [31] Accessibility Accuracy Relevancy Information quality (this study) Inaccurate Irrelevant or unrelated Information availability (this study) Insufficient information on the Web Only available in certain countries Need payment Authenticity Reliability Relevance familiar/popular/reputable websites/authors, recommended websites, well referenced contents well referenced contents, reputable websites/authors, efficient Web administration, user location Quran verses, match prior knowledge, author s identity Completeness Representation Incomplete Disorganised Table 11 shows the quality issues identified in this study that matched with five criteria from [31] s Web information quality criteria. It shows from this study that the quality and availability of Islamic and Quranic information on the Web have so much to be improved. As suggested by [17], proper assessment of the

6 accuracy of the Islamic content on the Web is needed by confirming to these criteria: That Web hosting is good. The information/content is well organized. List of contributing scholars is provided. Detail information about hadith s grade and sanad is provided. Sufficient explanation on hadith meaning is provided. List of references is provided. 3.4 Recommendation from Others and Prior Knowledge on Islam or the Quran It was found from the interview that the participants only searched for which were recommended by friends of similar mind-set, scholars or other learned Muslims. With this recommendation, one could go directly to the as recommended, and thus not have to search around. Another way of getting good Website recommendations is by referring to the Islamic or any cultural society s mailing list, that one is subscribed to, and also from established Islamic. To use recommendations from others is one of the major ways that could help people to find a good religious Website which include recommendations from family member, friends or church publications [32]. The participants were asked to discuss how prior knowledge of Islam, the Quran and Hadith affected the results retrieved and have agreed that prior knowledge helps them to search for their needed information or for previously-known information. Some of the participants only searched for known information and not for new knowledge as they thought the credibility of most information on the Web was questionable. They explained that when they search for known knowledge, they were actually retrieving a small part of the information, like checking for some verses or Hadith which they only half-remembered. It was more to confirm known knowledge. Other than that, many of the participants believed that previous knowledge could help them to evaluate the retrieved information by helping to differentiate correct from incorrect information, thus helping them to select more relevant information according to their needs and allowing them to make better choices. However, prior knowledge of Islam, and especially the Quran and Hadith, would greatly help the search process especially when it comes to evaluating the retrieved information. 4. CONCLUSION This research studies the user s assessment on the information credibility of Islamic and Quranic information retrieved from the Web. From the results discussed in the previous sections show that the evaluation process would often include information verification of the affiliations of the website or the author, the references, and most importantly, verifying the Quranic verses. Verification of the retrieved information played an important role to determine the credibility, authenticity, reliability and relevance of the information. Prior knowledge on Islam and Quran subjects, as well as the author s background and belief, also played a heavy role to determine if the retrieved information can be trusted. However, those with less knowledge on Islam or the Quran did not find verifying the retrieved information with other sources as important as those with more knowledge. The participants in this study found it to be a great challenge to find credible Islamic information or Quranic materials on the Web especially for specific topics or subjects in the Quran or Hadith as it was time consuming. They also mentioned that there is a need to have prior knowledge on Islam or the Quran for one to be able to better evaluate the retrieved information. 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