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1 1 Swachh Bharat is succeeding becausee it combines toilets and waste treatmentt with community mobilisation Date: Melinda Gates, (The writer is co-founder of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.) A little over three years ago, I spent a day in Jharkhand s Khunti district. The reason for my trip didn t have anything to do with sanitation I was there to talk about self-help groups but, as often happens when I m in India, the topic of toilets kept coming up. Anywhere people live without access to safe sanitationn systems, there is a measurablee impact on their lives and communities. Waste-bornee illnesses contribute to the deaths of millions of children every year and leavee millions more with lifelong consequences like stunting. The combined costs of death and dis-ease and lost opportunity due to inadequatee sanitation robs India of more than $106 billion annually. The hamlet I visited had experienced these challenges first-hand. At the time of my trip, the people living there were stilll practising open defecation. However, a few of the women in the self-help group told me that was about to change. They had just learned about Swachh Bharat and were in the processs of applying for their first toilets. Their hamlet was about to becomee a part of Prime Minister Narendra Modi s ambitious vision for making India open defecation free by October 2 next year. Already, India has proven that incredible progress is possible. In 2014, when Swachh Bharat began, only 42% of Indians had accesss to proper sanitation. Today, that number has more than doubled. The country has built more than 85 million toilets, and 21 states have been declared open defecation free. But new toilets are only one part of the sanitation revolution Swachh Bharat is driving. Another crucial component is Swachh Bharat s focus on building systems to safely and effectively dispose of waste. As part of this broad effort, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh are supporting the construction of faecal sludge treatment plants, a key link in the chain of safe sanitation. While these are important steps in the right direction, it s also true that more innovation is needed. Sewer systems are expensive to build, use massive amounts of water, and require constant, costly maintenance. That s why, since 2013, our foundation, together with the science and technology ministry, has invited engineers and entrepreneurs to participate in our Reinvent the Toilet Challenge, which calls on innovators to offer ideas for sustainable sanitation solutions that work withoutt sewers, electricity or running water. In response to this challenge, we ve seen developments across multiple categories of innovation that have the potential to be transformative. Examples include reinvented toilets currently being field tested in Tamil Nadu and an omni processor which converts waste into fertilizer, green energy and even potable water. This week, ministers of water and sanitation from around the world are meeting at the Mahatmaa Gandhi International Sanitation Convention to discuss thesee and other technologies and to learn from India s example. For countries currently lacking sanitationn infrastructure, Indiann innovation holds the

2 2 promise of billions of dollars and millions of lives saved. For countries still relying on inefficient sewer systems, solutions developed in India have the potential to become the new gold standard. Another reason for Swachh Bharat s successes is that the country is combining toilet and waste treatment technologies with community mobilisation. Sanitation initiatives often fail when they focus only on building new infrastructure or on changing human behaviour. India is succeeding because it addresses both. Swachh Bharat has enlisted Bollywood stars, cricket players and everyday ambassadors to amplify the same safe sanitation messages brandished everywhere from public toilets to giant billboards to the currency that passes through their hands. The data proves that Indians are responding, and that Swachh Bharat is truly a people s movement. That is also the case for the families I met in Khunti. I m told that, by 2016, every home in the hamlet had a toilet of its own. While the area doesn t yet have piped water, both men and women are now in the habit of carrying water to the toilets even though carrying water was once a chore reserved for women. This break with tradition reflects an increasingly widespread belief that a clean India is everyone s business, and that toilets make life better not only for women and girls but for all of us. ऐ तह सक फ सल क य पक असर Date: स जय ग त, (ल खक द नक ज गरण क प रध न स प दक ह ) उ चतम य य लय क म ख य य य ध श द पक म क सद यत व ल प ठ क ओर स ह ल म एक क ब द एक ज अन क फ सल दए गए उनम स अ धकतर क र तक र म न ज रह ह त इस लए क व सम ज और र जन त क प रभ वत करन व ल ह इनम सबस प रम ख ह सबर म ल म दर म सभ उम र क म हल ओ क प रव श क अन म त द न क फ सल यह द रग म मह व व ल फ सल ह यह फ सल न क वल त र -प ष क ब च भ दभ व पर वर म लग त ह, ब क इस द कय न स स च क भ ख रज करत ह क म सक धमर क द र न म हल ए म दर ज न क य ग य नह ह त आज क य ग म इस स च क लए क ई थ न नह ह सकत और म दर म त ब क ल भ नह आ खर ई वर क क ई भ प त र -प ष म क ई भ द क स कर सकत ह? ज ल ग इस फ सल स सहमत नह उ ह इसस प र चत ह न च हए क ह द धमर वय म सतत स ध र क लए ज न ज त ह इस क स थ उ ह इस पर वच र करन च हए क आ खर द व म न ज न व ल त र क ई वर क घर य न म दर म ह अन दर करन व ल पर पर क सह क स ठहर य ज सकत ह?

3 3 स प र म क टर क एक अ य मह वप णर फ सल समल गक स ब ध क अपर ध म नन व ल ध र 377 क अ धक श ह स क ख रज करन क रह यह क न न अ ग र ज श सन क समय बन थ समय क स थ इस तरह क क न न ब रट न सम त अ य कई द श म रद कए गए भ रत म भ इसक म ग ह रह थ ब त दन स प र म क टर न ब लग क ब च सहम त स समल गक स ब ध क म यत प रद न कर द ह ल क सम ज क एक बड़ वगर समल गक स ब ध क एक वक त म नत ह, ल कन यह भ एक स च ई ह क इस ध रण क समथर न मल रह ह क समल गकत य क त वश ष क अपन य न अ भ च ह और इस वक त नह कह ज सकत च क भ रत म सम ज क एक बड़ वगर समल गकत क एक तरह क वक त म नत ह इस लए र जन तक दल और सरक र उस पर क छ कहन स बचत रह, ल कन इसक अनद ख नह क ज सकत क म द सरक र न समल गकत क वर ध करन क बज य यह कह क उस स प र म क टर क फ सल म य ह ग समल गकत क अपर ध म नन व ल ध र क ख म करन क ब द स प र म क टर न एक अ य ब र टशक ल न क न न क ध र 497 क ख म कय स प र म क टर न वव ह तर स ब ध क स म जक ब र ई क प म द ख और उस तल क क आध र भ म न, ल कन उस अपर ध म नन स इ क र कर दय ज स तम म ल ग ध र 377 क ख म करन स ख श नह व स ह ध र 497 ख म करन स भ इतन बड़ द श म ऐस ह न व भ वक ह, ल कन यह न कषर ठ क नह क स प र म क टर न वव ह तर स ब ध क म यत द द ह ब त दन स प र म क टर न ल ग क मन म अस स क ध रह इस सव ल क भ जव ब दय क आध र क क य ह ग? उसन आध र क व ध नकत पर म हर लग कर सरक र क एक बड़ र हत त द, ल कन क छ म कल भ खड़ क आध र क प रक पन क प छ सरक र स व ओ और स सड क सम ज क उस वगर तक सह तरह स पह च न थ ज वक स स व चत ह न क स थ नधर नत स ग र त ह, ल कन म द सरक र न नज क प नय क भ आध र क इ त म ल करन क अन म त प रद न कर द इसक चलत आध र क ववरण जसम ल ग क अ ग लय और प त लय क छ प भ ह त ह, कई ऐस जगह पर भ इ त म ल कय ज न लग जह पहल नह ह त थ, ज स क ल द खल, म ब इल सम खर दन, ब क ख त ख लव न और पर क ष ओ म ऐस इस लए कय ज न लग त क य क त वश ष क सह पहच न ह सक इस पर क ग र स, व मप थ दल और ब द धज वय क एक वगर न ऐस आर प लग न श कर दए क सरक र ल ग क ज स स करन च हत ह यह भ कह ज न लग क आध र क ड ट ब स म स ध लग ई ज सकत ह य आर प इस लए ग भ र नजर आन लग, क य क क छ ल ग क आध र क ववरण स वर ज नक ह गय थ उ चतम य य लय न आध र क व ध त कर र दय, ल कन कई स व ओ म उसक इ त म ल क अम य कर र द त ह ए नज क प नय क भ उसक प रय ग करन स मन कर दय आम त र पर इसक व गत कय गय, ल कन इसक अनद ख नह क ज सकत क नज क प नय क प स ल ग क पहच न स बत करन क व स क ई प ख त उप य नह ज आध र जतन भर स म द ह ब हतर ह ग सरक र आध र क ड ट ब स क स र क षत करन क प ख त उप य करक उ चतम य य लय स नए सर स इसक अन म त म ग क ब क क स थ नज क प नय क आध र क इ त म ल करन क इज जत द ज ए और अगर ल ग नज क प नय क समक ष आध र क अपन पहच न पत र क त र पर प श करन च ह त उ ह इसक व क त द ज ए स प र म क टर न सम ज क स थ र जन त पर य पक असर ड लन व ल एक और फ सल यह दय क म जद म नम ज म मल क अय य वव द स क ई ल न -द न नह इस फ सल क चलत अय य म मल क दन प र त दन स नव ई क र त स फ ह गय क छ मह न पहल जब उसक स नव ई श ह ई त स न

4 4 वक फ ब डर क वक ल न इस पर ज र द न श कर दय क पहल 1994 क उस म मल पर नए सर स वच र कय ज ए जसम कह गय थ क नम ज क लए म जद इ ल म क ज र ह स नह यह अ छ ह आ क स प र म क टर न अय य म मल म अड़ ग ब ज करन व ल क हत स हत कय एक समय क ग र स न त एव वक ल क पल स बल क ओर स द गई यह दल ल अड़ ग ब ज ह त थ क अगल आम च न व तक अय य म मल क स नव ई ट ल द ज ए र जन त और सम ज क कह गहर तक प रभ वत करन व ल अय य म मल क स नव ई म और द दर क क ई औ च य नह,, ल कन अभ भ द ख ज न च हए क यह म मल आपस ब तच त स क स स लझ? आपस ब तच त स इस मसल क हल करन क क शश इस लए ह न च हए, क य क स प र म क टर क फ सल जस भ पक ष क खल फ ह ग वह उस आस न स व क र नह कर ग और इसक चलत स म जक समरसत प रभ वत ह सकत ह और स थ ह इस मसल पर नए सर स सम ज क ब टन व ल र जन त भ ह सकत ह स न वक फ ब डर और ब बर म जद एक शन कम ट ज स स गठन क च हए क व अय य म भगव न र म क म दर बनन पर अपन सहम त द कर समरसत क एक नय इ तह स लख इसक अप क ष इस लए क ज त ह क र म भ रत क अ मत क प रत क ह और य द उनक ज म थ न पर उनक म त म म दर नह बन सकत त और कह बन सकत ह? अय य वव द पर स प र म क टर क फ सल त आ ज एग, ल कन इसम स द दह ह क उसक ब द र जन तक दल इस मसल क आड़ म वभ जनक र र जन त ब द कर द ग इस र जन त स बचन क एक ह उप य ह -सबक सहम त स र म म दर क नम र ण भ दभ व क व द ध स प दक य Date: श यद क ई भ स य सम ज व स म यत क समथर न नह कर ग, जसक तहतत कस ध मर क ग त व ध य ई वर क प र त आ थ क अ भ य क त म म द स म जक वग क ब च भ दभ व कय ज त ह ल कन क रल क प तनम तट ट जल म थत सबर म ल म दर म जस तरह लगभग आठ स स ल स दस स पच स स ल क ब च क म हल ओ क प रव श पर प ब द लग ह हई थ, उस ई वर क प ज करन क म मल म त र -प ष क ब च घ र भ दभ व क प म द ख ज सकत ह ह ल क पत स त मक म य स स च लत इस पर पर पर सव ल उठ और इस ख म करन क लड़ ई ल ब समय स ज र थ अब इस मसल पर स प र म क टर क प च य य ध श क प ठ न बह मत स श क रव र क सबर म ल म दर म ज र वषमत क प र तरह स ख रज कय और सभ उम र क म हल ओ क वह ज कर प ज र -अचर न क इज जत द द ह ल क इस प ठ म स ज टस इ द म ह त र न अपन असहम त दजर क और ध मर क रव यत क ब च म य यक ह तक ष ष प क ग रज र बत य ल कन ब क च र जज न इस मसल पर ज र य ज हर क, उसक अप क ष कस भ प रग तश ल सम ज क ह ग अद लत न स फत र पर कह क सभ क बन कस भ दभ व क म दर म प ज करन क अन म त मलन च हए; ज वक आध र पर कस क भ म दर म प रव श स नह र क ज सकत

5 5 यह अपन आप म एक व चत र ब त ह क जस धमर म आ थ रखन व ल ल ग क त द द इतन बड़ ह, उसक न तकत क फ सल च द ल ग कर अगर कस धमर क स च लक एक सम द य क त र -प ष क अपन अन य य म नत ह त उ ह अपन आ थ क अ भ य क त क लए सबक एक सम न अ धक र क व क र करन च हए ल कन प वर ग रह क वजह स ल ग क ब च भ दभ व क क यम रखन य फर बढ़ व द न अम नव य म य क व क त द न ह सव ल ह क क य धमर -त त र क एक स च लक क प म सबर म ल क प ज र और वह क प रब धन इस तरह क वषमत क बढ़ व द रह थ! ह र न क ब त यह ह क अब तक द नय भर म त र -प ष सम नत क लए चल आ द लन क वजह स आए तम म बदल व क ब वज द सबर म ल म दर प रब धन स ल कर वह ध मर क ग त व धय म श मल ल ग क इस पर पर पर प न वर च र करन क ज रत महस स नह ह ई क क स यह म हल ओ क खल फ भ दभ व क ट क ज रए सम नत क म य क वर ध म ह दरअसल, ध मर क म मल क इतन स व दनश ल बन दय गय ह क उनम कस प रथ पर सव ल उठ न एक ज खम स कम नह ह त ह सबर म ल क तरह द श क कई म दर म अलग-अलग वजह स म हल ओ क प रव श व जर त म न ज त रह ह ह ल क ध मर क म यत ओ और उसस ज ड़ प रल कक ध रण ओ क म मल म ऐस भ दभ व क भ सहजत स व क र कय ज त ह और इन पर आप त जत न कस पर पर क क थत प वत रत क भ ग करन क तरह द ख ज त ह जब क ई वर म व व स और आ थ क अ भ य क त क अ धक र सबक लए सम न ह न च हए य भ, अगर क ई ध मर क यव थ अपन अन य यय क ब च भ दभ व क पर पर क क यम रखत ह, त उस कस आध र पर सम नत और य य क व हक म न ज एग! अ छ यह ह क ह ल क वष म म हल ओ और क छ अ य स म जक वग क ब च इस मसल पर ज ग कत बढ़ ह और उ ह न ऐस भ दभ वपरक पर पर ओ क खल फ आव ज उठ ई ह इस लह ज स द ख त स प र म क टर न अपन त ज फ सल म सम नत क उ ह वर क व धत द ह और यह व गतय ग य ह Date: Dumping an archaic law The Supreme Court decision to decriminalise adultery is a step in the right direction Shonottra Kumar,(Shonottra Kumar is a legal researcher at Nyaaya, an initiative of the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy) Following a series of landmark judgments delivered by the Supreme Court this month, it passed yet another remarkable decision on Thursday. It decriminalised the offence of adultery by holding Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) unconstitutional. As of few days ago, India was one of the few countries in the world that still considered adultery an offence. The appalling attribute of the Indian definition of this crime was that it did not punish the erring spouses, but instead punished the adultering man, or rather the outsider, for having extra-marital

6 6 relations with a woman who he knows to be married. It was only an offence if the husband had not consented to this relation, implicitly suggesting that the wife was the property of her husband. Hence, the husband was considered to be the victim of adultery and could file a case. The same recourse was, however, not available to the wife. Moral wrong as crime For any act to be a crime, it has to be committed against society at large. The main argument for retaining the criminal provision was that the outsider should be punished for breaching the matrimonial unit and that the law should mandate punishment for such a moral wrong. This violation was seen as a crime against the institution of marriage, thus justifying it to be a breach of security and well-being of society. Thankfully, and rightly so, this argument was unanimously dismissed by the bench. The court observed that the issue of adultery between spouses was a private matter, and could be a ground for divorce under civil law. It did not warrant the use of criminal sanction against any party involved. Moreover, no justification can be given by the state for penalising people with imprisonment for making intimate and personal choices. Further, addressing the issue of making the penal provisions of adultery gender neutral, the court held that even then the matter was private, and anything otherwise would be a grave intrusion into the privacy of individuals. In simple terms, as the law previously stood, in this offence, the victim would be the husband alone, whose property (i.e. the wife) was trespassed upon. Dismissing this regressive patriarchal notion of women being chattels of their husband, the court held that Section 497, as it existed, denied women ownership of their sexuality and agency over their own relationships. The court even relied on K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India to explain this deprivation of autonomy as a violation of their right to privacy and to live with dignity, thus violating their fundamental rights under Article 21 of the Constitution. The adultery provision also violated the right to equality guaranteed under Article 14. The court observed that women were treated as passive entities, and possessions of their husband. The fact that the commission of the offence would have been in the absence of the husband s consent proved the inequality between the spouses. Section 497 consumed the identity of a wife, as an individual with rights as an equal partner to the marriage, tipping the scales to favour the husband. The court further explained: Marriage in a constitutional regime is founded on the equality of and between spouses. Each of them is entitled to the same liberty which Part III [of the Constitution] guarantees. Therefore, not affording both parties to a marriage equal rights and opportunities would be discriminatory and a violation of their right to equality. Previous challenges to this provision claimed that exempting women under Section 497 from prosecution and being prosecuted was protecting them and was in consonance with Article 15(3) of the Constitution that allowed the state to make laws for the benefit of women and children. This provision was made when bigamy was prevalent and Lord Macaulay, the drafter of the IPC, did not find it fair to punish one inconsistency of the wife when the husband was allowed to marry many others. However, a fallacy in this reasoning was pointed out by the court the law that takes away the right of women to prosecute, just as her husband had the right to proceed against the other man, could not be considered beneficial and was, in fact, discriminatory. In step with the rest

7 7 It is surprising to see that even after the verdict many have opposed this decision of the Supreme Court, most countries around the world have done away with this practice. While the struggle for equality in many other spheres still continues, the decision to scrap this archaic law is definitely a step in the right direction. Freedom to pray With its Sabarimala verdict, the SC underlines the Constitution s transformative power. EDITORIAL Date: The Constitution protects religious freedom in two ways. It protects an individual s right to profess, practise and propagate a religion, and it also assures similar protection to every religious denomination to manage its own affairs. The legal challenge to the exclusion of women in the age group from the Sabarimala temple in Kerala represented a conflict between the group rights of the temple authorities in enforcing the presiding deity s strict celibate status and the individual rights of women to offer worship there. The Supreme Court s ruling, by a 4:1 majority, that the exclusionary practice violates the rights of women devotees establishes the legal principle that individual freedom prevails over purported group rights, even in matters of religion. The three concurring opinions that form the majority have demolished the principal defences of the practice that Sabarimala devotees have constitutionally protected denominational rights, that they are entitled to prevent the entry of women to preserve the strict celibate nature of the deity, and that allowing women would interfere with an essential religious practice. The majority held that devotees of Lord Ayyappa do not constitute a separate religious denomination and that the prohibition on women is not an essential part of Hindu religion. In a dissenting opinion, Justice Indu Malhotra chose not to review the religious practice on the touchstone of gender equality or individual freedom. Her view that the court cannot impose its morality or rationality with respect to the form of worship of a deity accorded greater importance to the idea of religious freedom as being mainly the preserve of an institution rather than an individual s right. Beyond the legality of the practice, which could have been addressed solely as an issue of discrimination or a tussle between two aspects of religious freedom, the court has also sought to grapple with the stigmatisation of women devotees based on a medieval view of menstruation as symbolising impurity and pollution. The argument that the practice is justified because women of menstruating age would not be able to observe the 41-day period of abstinence before making a pilgrimage failed to impress the judges. To Chief Justice Dipak Misra, any rule based on segregation of women pertaining to biological characteristics is indefensible and unconstitutional. Devotion cannot be subjected to the stereotypes of gender. Justice D.Y. Chandrachud said stigma built around traditional notions of impurity has no place in the constitutional order, and exclusion based on the notion of impurity is a form of untouchability. Justice Rohinton F. Nariman said the fundamental rights claimed by worshippers based on custom and usage must yield to

8 8 the fundamental right of women to practise religion. The decision reaffirms the Constitution ss transformative character and derives strength from the centrality it accords to fundamental rights. Date: Opening The Gates The verdict allowing women devotees to enter Sabarimala is a powerful message for gender equality, constitutional morality. EDITORIAL The Supreme Court, in a 4:1 judgment, has ruled that women of all ages should be allowed the visit the Sabarimala shrine and stuck down the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship (Authorisation of Entry) Rules 1965, which prohibited entry of women aged between 10 and 50 in Sabarimala, as unconstitutional. The majority also found that the exclusionary practice at the Sabarimala shrine did not passs the essential practices doctrine test or the principle of constitutional morality; the court also ruled that Ayyappa devotees will not constitute a separate religious denomination. It was held that the heart of the matter lies in the ability of the Constitution to assert that the exclusion of women from worship is incompatible with dignity, destructive of liberty and a denial of the equality of all human beings. Thesee constitutional values stand above everything else as a principle which brooks no exceptions, even when confronted with a claim of religious belief. Hence, it was concluded that a claim for the exclusion of women from religious worship, even if it be founded in religious text, is subordinate to the constitutional values of liberty, dignity and equality and exclusionary practices are contrary to constitutional morality. The verdict is in with the spirit of the times and expands the rights and freedoms guaranteed in the Constitution. However, the powerful majority of four should not be read as a sanctionn to ignore Justice Indu Malhotra s lone dissenting view, which asks for a nuanced reading of constitutional rights and morality. It is ironic that the dissent on a matter projected as an issue of the rights and freedoms of women has come from a woman judge itself. Justice Malhotra has problematised the manner in which matters of faith, tradition and custom are tested against the rationality embedded in the Constitution. The equality doctrine enshrined under Article 14 does not override the Fundamental Right guaranteed by Article 25 to every individual to freely profess, practise and propagate their faith, in accordance with the tenets of their religion, writes Justice Malhotra, who had recently ruled against Section 377 and the adultery law. Accordingly, constitutional morality in a secular polity would imply the harmonisation of the fundamental rights, whichh include the right of every individual, religious denomination, or sect, to practise their faith and belief in accordance with the tenets of their religion, irrespective of whether the practise is rational or logical. At a time when the Supreme Court, by its own admission, is underlining the very importance of constitutional morality, Justice Malhotra s words are a cautionary reminder that it may need more than a judicial pronouncement to enable social reform.

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