APUSH/Unit I. Unit I Terms To be turned in the day of the unit test.

Transcription

1 APUSH/Unit I Unit I Terms To be turned in the day of the unit test. Columbian exchange Treaty of Tordesillas encomienda system mestizo, mulatto, criollos (creoles) Roanoke Richard Hakluyt joint stock company Jamestown John Smith starving time House of Burgesses indentured servant headright royal or crown colony proprietary colony Separatist / Puritan William Bradford John Winthrop Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson Thomas Hooker William Penn James Oglethorpe yeoman mercantilism Navigation Acts Bacon s Rebellion Dominion of New England middle ground Pueblo Revolt American Enlightenment 1 sst Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield itinerant preachers Commonwealthmen Fort Necessity Albany Plan French & Indian War William Pitt salutary neglect conquistadores protestant reformation Amerigo Vespucci Bernal Diaz del Castillo Sir Walter Raleigh antinomianism quakers Mayflower Compact headright system mercantilism Unit I Pacing Guide This guide is to keep you on track for your daily reading. Along with daily reading you will be expected to complete other coursework such as essays, additional reading, preparation for tests and quizzes, group and individual presentations and projects. Tuesday, September 4 pages questions page 15 Wednesday, September 5 pages up to French Claim Canada pages English Enter the Competition to Irish Rehearsal Thursday, September 6 pages Friday, September 7 pages up to Corruption and Reform Monday, September 10 pages up to limits of Religious Dissent Tuesday, September 11 pages questions page 49, up to Quakers in America Wednesday, September 12 pages Thursday, September 13 pages up to Chesapeake Environment Friday, September 14 pages 69-71, Monday, September 17 pages 74-75, questions page 75, up to Colonial Factions Tuesday, September 18 pages Wednesday, September 19 pages Thursday, September 20 pages 100, up to Benjamin Franklin Friday, September 21 pages up to Clash of Political Cultures Monday, September 22 pages up to King George s War Tuesday, September 23 pages Wednesday, September 24 review and finish notecards Thursday, September 25 Unit I Test -1-

2 APUSH Chapter 1 - New World Encounters Native American Histories Before Conquest 20,000 years ago Siberian hunters became inhabitants These Paleo-Indians did not suffer from many communicative The Environmental Challenge: Food, Climate, and Culture Native Americans enjoyed an abundant supply of Some suggest they over-hunted and caused extinction of several large species probably played a much bigger role 5000 years ago Crops included maize, squash, and beans Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to permanent villages or large cities Mysterious Disappearances Anasazi culture Chaco Canyon Sophisticated Well-built for transportation Adena and Hopewell peoples Ohio Valley Large ceremonial Extensive network Cahokia Mississippi Valley Large ceremonial mounds Far-flung trade network Aztec Dominance settled valley of Mexico Center of large, powerful Highly organized and structure Ruled through and Eastern Woodland Cultures Atlantic coast of North America Native Americans lived in smaller bands Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering Likely were the first natives encountered by settlers A World Transformed Whites profoundly native cultures The rate of change Native traditions changed radically for cultural

3 -2- Cultural Negotiations Diversity of groups, ethnicities Place in society defined through Diplomacy, trade, war organized around relationships Confederacies of Eastern North America Huron southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and Erie Iroquois central New York Powhattan Chesapeake Threats to Survival: Trade Native Americans were for European trade They became on, and indebted to, Europeans Threats to Survival: Disease Contact brought population among American Indians Cause: lack of resistance to epidemic Smallpox Measles Influenza Rate as high as % Beginnings of the Slave Trade Fifteenth-century charted sea lanes from Europe to Africa Native rulers sold of war to Portuguese as slaves How Many Slaves? Seventeenth century ca Africans per year Eighteenth century 5.5 million transported to the Americas By 1860 ca. 11 million Before 1831, more than Europeans came to the Americas Europe on the Eve of Conquest Tenth century Leif Ericson settled Vinland Late fifteenth century conditions for overseas settlement attained Rise of -states Spread of new Spread of old 1492 initiated large-scale European colonization -3-

4 Building New Nation-States Population growth after 1450 New forged nations from scattered provinces Spain France England class a new source of revenue Powerful forces deployed Imagining a New World the first European nation to achieve successful colonization Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella 1492 Jews and Muslims Conquest of Islands provided rehearsal for colonization Myths and Reality Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella to westward expedition to Cathay 1492 initial voyage/three subsequent voyages to find cities of China 1506 died clinging to belief he had reached the Made possible Spanish in America The Conquistadores Independent commissioned by crown to subdue new lands By 1512 major Caribbean islands decimated By 1521 Cortés destroyed Aztec empire de Soto explored Southeast Coronado explored Southwest From Plunder to Settlement System rewarded Conquistadors Large grants Indian inhabitants provided Church Protected Indian rights Performed mass conversions By 1650, half million Spaniards in New World Unmarried males intermarried population emerged -4-

5 The French Claim Canada 1608 Samuel de founded Québec French empire eventually included French crown makes little effort to foster settlement trade underpinned economy Indians became valued trading The English Enter the Competition Claimed New World territory under Henry VIII (r ) England achieved preconditions for colonization under Elizabeth I Birth of English Protestantism Protestant played a major role in England s rise to dominance 1517 Martin Luther sparked reform in Germany 1536 John Calvin s Institutes published in Geneva Reformation pitted European against The English Reformation Tudor monarchs brought unity Reformation under Henry Vlll (r ) Crown Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r ) Death of Mary I (r ) cut short English Catholic Counter-Reformation Elizabeth I (r ) consolidated English Reformation Militant Protestantism Lutheran Reformation God speaks through, not through Pope or priests Justification by alone for salvation Calvinist Reformation John Calvin stressed God s omnipotence some persons chosen by God for salvation Calvinist Christianity expanded in northern Europe France Huguenots Scotland Presbyterians England Puritans -5-

6 Religion, War, and Nationalism Spanish made Elizabeth the symbol of English, Protestant nationhood seizure of Spanish treasure made them English heroes Elizabeth s subjects Spain s American empire 1588 Spanish defeated Irish Rehearsal for American Settlement English experiences in Ireland how they would conquer the New World To the English, the Irish were wild and barbaric They would view the same way English Conquest of Ireland Ireland was a laboratory for English colonization Irish viewed as backward English under Elizabeth seized Irish land English Brutality English English employed brutal methods, such as massacring women and children, to crush frequent Irish resistance English adventurers compared Native Americans with wild Irish An Unpromising Beginning: Mystery at Roanoke Sir Walter established colony in 1584 He named the region after the Virgin Queen The colony and Raleigh tried again in 1587 The colonists disappeared without a trace and their fate remains a mystery Campaign to Sell America By 1600, no English settlements in New World Richard Hakluyt advertised of American colonization Claimed that England needs American colonies -6

7 This drawing depicts a trade encounter between the Indians and the English. Theodor de Bry was a Frankfurt goldsmith, engraver, and seller of prints and books. He was most famous for his series chronicling many of the earliest expeditions to the New World. Each volume in the series included illustrations of the events, often produced from firsthand observations. De Bry's work was important because earlier accounts of life in the New World contained either very crude drawings or no illustrations at all. De Bry, however, relied on European interpretations of "refined Europeans" and "savage Indians" in his drawings. (Source: Library of Congress) A P P A R T S -7-

8 APUSH APPARTS This format will be used throughout the year to analyze pictures, cartoons, documents, letters and other primary sources. * Author - Who created the source? What is their point of view? * Place and Time -Where and when was the source produced? * Prior Knowledge - What do you already know that would further your understanding of this sources? * Audience - For whom was the source created? Does this affect the reliability of the source? * Reason - Why was this source produced at the time is was produced? * The Main Idea - What is the source trying to convey? * Significance - Why is this source important? -8-

9 Bartolome de Las Casas, "Of the Island of Hispaniola" (1542) Bartolomé de las Casas (c July 1566) was a 16th-century Spanish Dominican priest and writer. As a settler in the New World he witnessed, and was driven to oppose, the poor treatment of the Native Americans by the Spanish colonists and advocated before King Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor on behalf of rights for the natives. Originally having proposed to replace the slave labor of the natives with the importation of slaves from Africa, he eventually recanted this stance as well, and became an advocate for the Africans in the colonies. God has created all these numberless people to be quite the simplest, without malice or duplicity, most obedient, most faithful to their natural Lords, and to the Christians, whom they serve; the most humble, most patient, most peaceful and calm, without strife nor tumults; not wrangling, nor querulous, as free from uproar, hate and desire of revenge as any in the world.... Among these gentle sheep, gifted by their Maker with the above qualities, the Spaniards entered as soon as soon as they knew them, like wolves, tiger and lions which had been starving for many days, and since forty years they have done nothing else; nor do they afflict, torment, and destroy them with strange and new, and divers kinds of cruelty, never before seen, nor heard of, nor read of..... The Christians, with their horses and swords and lances, began to slaughter and practice strange cruelty among them. They penetrated into the country and spared neither children nor the aged, nor pregnant women, nor those in child labour, all of whom they ran through the body and lacerated, as though they were assaulting so many lambs herded in their sheepfold. They made bets as to who would slit a man in two, or cut off his head at one blow: or they opened up his bowels. They tore the babes from their mothers' breast by the feet, and dashed their heads against the rocks. Others they seized by the shoulders and threw into the rivers, laughing and joking, and when they fell into the water they exclaimed: "boil body of so and so!" They spitted the bodies of other babes, together with their mothers and all who were before them, on their swords. They made a gallows just high enough for the feet to nearly touch the ground, and by thirteens, in honour and reverence of our Redeemer and the twelve Apostles, they put wood underneath and, with fire, they burned the Indians alive. They wrapped the bodies of others entirely in dry straw, binding them in it and setting fire to it; and so they burned them. They cut off the hands of all they wished to take alive, made them carry them fastened on to them, and said: "Go and carry letters": that is; take the news to those who have fled to the mountains. They generally killed the lords and nobles in the following way. They made wooden gridirons of stakes, bound them upon them, and made a slow fire beneath; thus the victims gave up the spirit by degrees, emitting cries of despair in their torture

10 Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Indians of the Rio Grande ( ) Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (ca. 1490/1507 ca. 1557/1559) was a Spanish explorer of the New World, one of four survivors of the Narváez expedition. He is remembered as a proto-anthropologist for his detailed accounts of the many tribes of Native Americans, first published in 1542 as La Relación They are so accustomed to running that, without resting or getting tired, they run from morning till night in pursuit of a deer, and kill a great many, because they follow until the game is worn out, sometimes catching it alive. Their huts are of matting placed over four arches. They carry them on their back and move every two or three days in quest of food; they plant nothing that would be of any use.they are very merry people, and even when famished do not cease to dance and celebrate their feasts and ceremonials. We remained with the Avavares Indians for eight months, according to our reckoning of the moons. During that time they came for us from many places and said that verily we were children of the sun. Until then Donates and the negro had not made any cures, but we found ourselves so pressed by the Indians coming from all sides, that all of us had to become medicine men. I was the most daring and reckless of all in undertaking cures. We never treated anyone that did not afterwards say he was well, and they had such confidence in our skill as to believe that none of them would die as long as we were among them.... The women brought many mats, with which they built us houses, one for each of us and those attached to him. After this we would order them to boil all the game, and they did it quickly in ovens built by them for the purpose. We partook of everything a little, giving the rest to the principal man among those who had come with us for distribution among all. Every one then came with the share he had received for us to breathe on it and bless it, without which they left it untouched. Often we had with us three to four thousand persons. And it was very tiresome to have to breathe on and make the sign of the cross over every morsel they ate or drank. For many other things which they wanted to do they would come to ask our permission, so that it is easy to realize how greatly we were bothered. The women brought us tunas, spiders, worms, and whatever else they could find, for they would rather starve than partake of anything that had not first passed through our hands. -10-

11 Principal Mainland Colonies -11- When founded and by whom Virginia Reason Key Facts Colony Type New York Plymouth New Hampshire Massachusetts Maryland Connecticut

12 When founded and by whom Reason Key Facts Colony Type Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina South Carolina New Jersey Pennsylvania Georgia -12-

13 COLONIAL STOCK PRESENTATION PURPOSE: Students will work in groups to create a stock prospectus that presents information about the founding, development, and growth of the three colonial regions of 17 th and 18 th century America. GROUPS: New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. Each group must choose a head broker who is in charge of organizing the group, assigning parts, taking phone numbers, and making sure that all is done and all members will be in class on the day of the presentation. DIRECTIONS: Each group is responsible for selling a colonial stock portfolio in which each of the colonies is a stock. Your goal is to convince investors to support further colonization and investment in your region of the colonies. Your presentation should include some of the downside of your region, but should emphasize what is strong about your region. All members of your group must participate in the presentation. When presenting your information, your group should organize your presentation as if it were a research paper or essay. Each group should have a thesis statement for their presentation. To support your thesis, your group should formulate three body paragraphs or major arguments that would encourage investors to send money to your region. Topics for body paragraphs should come from the following list: 1. Founding, founders, and purposes for settlement 2. Geography and town development 3. Types of government with specific examples 4. Primary economic endeavors 5. Ethnic, religious, education issues 6. Social indicators (family, leisure, food) 7. Significant events, people 8. Cultural arts Though the body paragraphs that you choose for your presentation will emphasize the strengths of your region, groups are REQUIRED to produce a pamphlet that will cover significant information about all of the topics on the list above. The pamphlet is designed to educate prospective buyers about the region you are trying to sell. Groups must have enough copies of the pamphlet for the whole class. After all of the presentations are finished, the class will rate the three regions as to which is the most solid investment and which region has the best future (taking into account only what we know from the presentations not what we know in hindsight). Creative presentations that include slideshows, overheads, posters, drawings, songs, or other creative ideas used to sell your region are encouraged. The more lively, organized, creative, and prepared the presentation is, the better it will do. However, be careful that you don t put style over substance (your goal is to educate and convince buyers). Groups that make an entertaining presentation that does not fully address the issue will be penalized. You are also encouraged to do research about other regions and ask questions to other presenters. This will be a good time to have other groups address weaknesses that work in your favor. REMINDERS: This presentation deals with the region as a whole. Do not limit yourself to going through the area colony by colony. You are asked here to do some analysis and draw some conclusions about each region, using each colony as support for your conclusions. Your presentation should be linked to your thesis and to the information presented on the study guide. No late presentation will be allowed. Absenteeism will take potentially take away from the whole group s grade and definitely the individual. -13-

14 Reminders: - All group members must participate. - You must include a paper with a thesis statement and three main body paragraphs from which you will base you argument. - You must have a pamphlet of no more than one page front and back selling your area. This needs to be turned in prior to your presentation. - This project will be due and will be worth 100 points. - Although you will have some class time to work on this project you will be expected to spend time on this outside of class. Group Work and Cohesiveness of 15 Each member makes a considerable contribution to the presentation; it is obvious that the group has gotten together before class or communicated considerably to plan the presentation. Clarity and Persuasiveness of Information of 10 Team does a thorough job of explaining how the regions were different from each other. Clear analysis is given to the question of to what extent (how much) they were different and why that made their region a good investment Quality of Information Presented of 15 Team does extensive work to tie in people, places, and events and explicity displays how they were responsible for the evolution of the region. Visuals of 15 Visual aids are well-done and add to the class understanding of the ideas presented. of 15 Pamphlet Pamphlet is professional, well written and organized and ready on time. of 15 Presentation Presentation is well organized, makes good use of time, interesting and informative. of 15 Thesis Statement and paper Is paper well written, clearly organized, typed and used as a basis for entire argument of

15 Unit I Writing Assignment Were the Puritans Puritanical? Assignment: One to two page essay using information from the reading, text and class notes using one of the prompts below. Due: Prompt One Discuss the reality of the widely held belief that Puritan society was grim, colorless, bigoted and repressed. Prompt Two How did the Puritans belief in their duty to God influence their view of the responsibility of themselves and to society? Prompt Three What have been the lasting influences of the Puritans belief in their duty to God on current day American attitudes? Reminders: Use a thesis statement. Establish three main points. Use supporting statements. Use turn it in. -15-

16 Agreement Between the Settlers at New Plymouth (Mayflower Compact) The Pilgrims enjoy almost mythic status in American history. These brave refugees crossed the cold Atlantic in search of religious liberty, signed a democratic compact aboard the Mayflower, landed at Plymouth Rock, and gave us our Thanksgiving Day. As with most legends, this one contains only a core of truth. The Pilgrims were not crusaders who set out to change the world. Rather, they were humble English farmers. IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a Voyage to plant the first Colony in the northern Parts of Virginia; Do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually, in the Presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid: And by Virtue hereof do enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions, and Officers, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience. IN WITNESS whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape-Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord King James, of England, France, and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth, Anno Domini;

17 John Winthrop, "A Model of Christian Charity" (1630) When the first settlers came to Virginia they were faced with numerous hardships that nearly devastated their entire venture. In contrast, when the Puritans settled in Massachusetts in 1630 they experienced few major difficulties and grew into a thriving community. The major difference between these two colonies was in their leadership and organization. Specifically, the strict religious beliefs and firm authority of the Puritans leader, John Winthrop, and the established order he created before arriving in America enabled the Puritans to meet the challenges of c olonization better than the Virginia colonists did. On board the ship Arabella, Winthrop delivered the following sermon, called A Model of Christian Charity, as a final dedication for the Puritans and their cause in the New World. Notice how Winthrop portrays their purpose in America as a divine mandate to serve as an example for the rest of the world. God almighty in His most holy and wise providence hath so disposed of the condition of mankind, as in all times some must be rich, some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity, others mean and in subjection. Reason: First, to hold conformity with the rest of His works, being delighted to show forth the glory of His wisdom in the variety and difference of the creatures and the glory of His power, in ordering all these differences for the preservation and good of the whole. Reason: Secondly, that He might have the more occasion to manifest the work of His spirit. First, upon the wicked in moderating and restraining them, so that the rich and mighty should not eat up the poor, nor the poor and despised rise up against their superiors and shake off their yoke. Secondly, in the regenerate in exercising His graces in them, as in the great ones, their love, mercy, gentleness, temperance, etc., in the poor and inferior sort, their faith, patience, obedience, etc. Reason: Thirdly, that every man might have need of other, and from hence they might all be knit more nearly together in the bond of brotherly affection. From hence it appears plainly that no man is made more honorable than another, or more wealthy, etc., out of any particular and singular respect to himself, but for the glory of his creator and the common good of the creature, man. Thus stands the cause between God and us. We are entered into covenant with Him for this work, we have taken out a commission, the Lord hath given us leave to draw our own articles we have professed to enterprise these actions upon these and these ends, we have hereupon besought Him of favor and blessing. Now if the Lord shall please to hear us, and bring us in peace to the place we desire, then hath He ratified this -17-

18 covenant and sealed our commission, [and] will expect a strict performance of the articles contained in it, but if we shall neglect the observations of these articles which are the ends we have propounded, and dissembling with our God, shall fall to embrace this present world and prosecute our carnal intentions seeking great things for ourselves and our posterity, the Lord will surely break out in wrath against us, be revenged of such a perjured people, and make us know the price of the breach of such a covenant. Now the only way to avoid this shipwreck and to provide for our posterity is to follow the counsel of Micah, to do justly, to love mercy, to walk humbly with our God. For this end we must be knit together in this work as one man, we must entertain each other in brotherly affection, we must be willing to abridge ourselves of our superfluities for the supply of others' necessities, we must uphold a familiar commerce together in all meekness, gentleness, patience, and liberality, we must delight in each other, make others' conditions our own, rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always having before our eyes our commission and community in the work, our community as members of the same body So shall we keep the unity of the spirit in the bond of peace. The Lord will be our God and delight in all our ways, so that we shall see much more of His wisdom, power, goodness, and truth than formerly we have been acquainted with. We shall find that the God of Israel is among us, when ten of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies, when He shall make us a praise and glory, that men shall say of succeeding plantations, the Lord make it like that of New England. For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and byword throughout the world, we shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God and all professors for God's sake, we shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us till we be consumed out of the good land whither we are going. And to shut up this discourse with that exhortation of Moses, that faithful servant of the Lord in His last farewell to Israel, Deut. 30., Beloved there is now set before us life and good, death and evil, in that we are commanded this day to love the Lord our God, and to love one another, to walk in His ways and to keep His commandments and His ordinance, and His laws, and the articles of our covenant with Him that we may live and be multiplied, and that the Lord our God my bless us in the land whither we go to possess it. But if our hearts shall turn away so that we will not obey, but shall be seduced and worship other Gods, our pleasures, our profits, and serve them, it is propounded unto us this day we shall surely perish out of the good land whither we pass over this vast sea to possess it. Therefore let us choose life, that we, and our seed, may live, and by obeying His voice, and cleaving to Him, for He is our life and our prosperity. -18-

19 APUSH Massacre at Mystic Name Studyguide questions 1. How would you describe relationships between the Puritan settlers and the Pequot before the Pequot War? Why do you think these relationships changed so quickly? 2. Before the arrival of the British, what was the status of the Pequot in the Connecticut River Valley? How would you describe their relationships with other Native American tribes? 3. Why did the Puritans travel to the New World? What were their intentions upon arrival? 4. Compare and contrast Puritan and Pequot ideas about the following: land and property division of labor and gender warfare 5. In this program, one commentator suggests that the Dutch colonists favored trade, while the British prioritized land. How did the difference in focus shape their interactions with Native Americans, and their goals in the New World? 6. Why were British settlers unhappy with the way the Pequot organized their economy and relationship to the land? Do you think there was any validity to their concerns? Who do you think, if anyone, ultimately had the right to decide who should control the land? 7. Why do you think the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes fought with the Puritans against the Pequot? Were you surprised by their actions? Why or why not? -19-

20 CHAPTER 3 Putting Down Roots - Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society Sources of Stability: New England Colonies of the Seventeenth Century New Englanders replicated traditional social order Contrasted with experience in other English colonies Explanation lies in development of families Immigrant Families and New Social Order Puritans believed ordained the Reproduced patriarchal English family structure in New England Huge population growth caused by life expectancy more than high fertility Greater longevity in New England resulted in invention of Commonwealth of Families Households their own needs and surpluses New England were collections of interrelated households provided by the family Women s Lives in Puritan New England Women s roles - Farm labor, although not necessarily same tasks as men - Often outnumbered men 2:1 in church membership Women could not control Divorce difficult for a woman to obtain Both genders accommodated themselves to roles they believed God ordained Social Hierarchy in New England Absence of very rich necessitated creation of new social order New England social order: - Local of prominent, pious families - Large population of independent loyal to local community - Small population of, servants, poor Only moderate disparities of wealth was more an apprenticeship The Challenge of the Chesapeake Environment Despite similarities in background and timing with New England, Chesapeake settlements were very different High most important source of distinctiveness of Chesapeake Family Life at Risk Normal family life impossible in Virginia - Mostly young male - Most immigrants soon died rates so high that without immigration, population would have declined -20-

21 Women in Chesapeake Society Scarcity gave some women bargaining power in marriage market Childbearing extremely dangerous Chesapeake women died twenty years earlier than women in New England The Structure of Planter Society: The Gentry the basis of Chesapeake Large landowners had to have under their Great planters few but - Arrived with to invest in workers - Amassed huge tracts of - Gentry intermarried and become colony s leaders The Structure of Planter Society: The Freemen The class in Chesapeake society Most freed at the end of indenture Lived on the edge of The Structure of Planter Society: Indentured Servants Servitude a temporary status but regarded as Conditions Planters feared The Structure of Planter Society: Post-1680s Stability Before 1680, the rank of gentry was open to people with capital Demographic shift after 1680 created Ownership of consolidated planter wealth and position Freemen found advancement more difficult The Structure of Planter Society: A Dispersed Population Large-scale tobacco cultivation required - Great - Ready access to -borne commerce Result: population dispersed along great tidal Virginia a rural society of system was seen as unnecessary and got little attention Race and Freedom in British America Indians decimated by indentured servant pool waned after 1660 Enslaved filled demand for labor -21-

22 Roots of Slavery First Africans came to Virginia in 1619 Status of Africans in Virginia unclear for fifty years black population in Virginia after 1672 prompted slave laws - Africans defined as slaves for - Slave status passed on to - White masters possessed total of slave life and labor - Mixing of races not tolerated Constructing African American Identities: Geography s Influence Slave experience from colony to colony 60% of South Carolina population black Nearly half Virginia population black/blacks much less numerous in New England and the Middle Colonies Constructing African American Identities: African Initiatives Older black population tended to look down on recent arrivals from All Africans participated in creating an African American culture - Required an imaginative of African and European customs. Constructing African American Identities: Slave Resistance Armed resistance such as South Carolina s Rebellion of 1739 a threat Black mariners linked African American communities and brought news of outside world to American slaves Rise of a Commercial Empire English leaders colonies until 1650s Restored monarchy of recognized value of colonial trade passed to regulate, protect, glean revenue from commerce Response to Economic Competition - One country s gain is another country s loss - Countries gain by control of world s scarce resources English trade regulations more ad hoc responses to particular problems than coherent mercantilist policy Varieties of motivation - Crown wanted - English merchants wanted to exclude - Parliament wanted stronger encouraged domestic shipbuilding industry - Most people preferred more exports, less imports Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1660 Ships engaged in English colonial trade - Must be made in (or America) - Must carry a crew at least English Enumerated goods only to English list included tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, dyes, ginger -22-

23 molasses, rice, naval stores also Effects - Encouraged ship building in - Made it harder for to get certain goods - Generated for the crown Regulating Colonial Trade: The Navigation Act of 1663 The Act Goods shipped to English colonies must pass through Increased price paid by colonial Regulating Colonial Trade: Implementing the Acts Navigation Acts aimed at removing Dutch role in English commerce Planters by Navigation Acts New England merchants laws English revisions tightened loopholes Navigation Acts eventually colonial merchants Colonial Factions Spark Political Revolt, English colonies experienced at the end of the seventeenth century Unrest not social revolution but a contest between gentry ins and outs Winners gained legitimacy for their rule Civil War in Virginia: Bacon s Rebellion Beginnings Discontent with Governor rule Green Spring faction controlled lucrative economic activity Frontier population felt that Berkeley did not them from Native Americans Nathaniel united this discontent into rebellion in 1676 Rebellion allowed small farmers, blacks and women to join, demand reforms Civil War in Virginia: Bacon s Rebellion Outcome Rebels burned capital, caused great disorder Governor William Berkeley regained control, but was recalled to England Rebellion collapsed after Bacon s death Gentry recovered positions and united over next decades to oppose royal governors The Glorious Revolution in the Bay Colony: King Philip s War Population divided by trade 1675 led Wampanoag-Narragansett alliance against colonists Colonists struggled to unite, to Indians Deaths totaled Indians and colonists -23-

24 The Glorious Revolution in the Bay Colony: The Dominion of New England 1684 King James II established Dominion of New England - Colonial charters - Colonies from Maine to New Jersey 1689 news of James II s overthrow sparked rebellion in Massachusetts The Glorious Revolution in the Bay Colony: Outcomes Andros deposed when word of revolution in England reached New England Dominion of New England split up in 1691 William III and Mary II gave Massachusetts a new charter incorporated Plymouth rights based on property and wealth, not church membership Contagion of Witchcraft Charges of witchcraft - Accused witches thought to have made a compact with the devil Salem panic of 1691 much larger in scope than previous accusations - Twenty victims dead before trials halted in late summer of 1692 Ministers outside Salem condemned practice of using Evidence in trials Causes included factionalism, jealousy, and fear of Native American attack The Glorious Revolution in New York Underlying tension between older Dutch elite and newly wealthy Anglo-Dutch merchants 1689 news of James II s overthrow prompted crisis of authority in New York Jacob seized control through 1690 March 1691 Governor Henry Sloughter arrested and executed Leisler The Glorious Revolution in Maryland 1689 news prompted John Coode to lead revolt against Catholic governor Coode s rebellion approved by King William Maryland as Royal colony - Maryland taken from Calvert control - Anglican official church; Catholics barred from office 1715 proprietorship restored to the Protestant fourth Lord Baltimore Local Aspirations within an Atlantic Empire By 1700, England s attitude toward the colonies had changed dramatically Sectional differences within the colonies were profound They were all part of Great Britain but had little to do with each other -24-

25 Richard Frethorne was a young Englishman who came over to the New World in 1623 as an indentured servant and settled in Virginia, near the Jamestown colony. Other than the three letters to his parents included here, there is no historical record of his life. The letters, however, provide an illuminating picture of the hardships of colonization in the early seventeenth century, especially for the class of indentured servants. LOVING AND KIND FATHER AND MOTHER: My most humble duty remembered to you, hoping in god of your good health, as I myself am at the making hereof. This is to let you understand that I you child am in a most heavy case by reason of the country, [which] is such that it causeth much sic kness, [such] as the scurvy and the bloody flux and diverse other diseases, which maketh the body very poor and weak. And when we are sick there is nothing to comfort us; for since I came out of the ship I never ate anything but peas, and loblollie (that is, water gruel). As for deer or venison I never saw any since I came into this land. There is indeed some fowl, but we are not allowed to go and get it, but must work hard both early and late for a mess of water gruel and a mouthful of bread and beef. A mouthful of bread for a penny loaf must serve for four men which is most pitiful. [You would be grieved] if you did know as much as I [do], when people cry out day and night Oh! That they were in England without their limbs and would not care to lose any limb to be in England again, yea, though they beg from door to door. For we live in fear of the enemy every hour, yet we have had a combat with them and we took two alive and made slaves of them. But it was by policy, for we are in great danger; for our plantation is very weak by reason of the death and sickness of our company. For we came but twenty for the merchants, and they are half dead just; and we look every hour when two more should go. Yet there came some four other men yet to live with us, of which there is but one alive; and our Lieutenant is dead, and [also] his father and his brother. And there was some five or six of the last year s twenty, of which there is but three left, so that we are fain to get other men to plant with us; and yet we are but 32 to fight against 3000 if they should come. And the nighest help that we have is ten mile of us, and when the rogues overcame this place [the] last [time] they slew 80 persons. How then shall we do, for we lie even in their teeth? They may e asily take us, but [for the fact] that God is merciful and can save with few as well as with many, as he showed to Gilead. And like Gilead s soldiers, if they lapped water, we drink water which is but weak. And I have nothing to comfort me, nor is there nothing to be gotten here but sickness and death, except [in the event] that one had money to lay out in some things for profit. But I have nothing at all no, not a shirt to my back but two rags (2), nor clothes but one poor suit, nor but one pair of shoes, but one pair of stockings, but one cap, [and] but two bands [collars]. My cloak is stolen by one of my fellows, and to his dying hour [he] would not tell me what he did with it; but some of my fel lows saw him have butter and beef out of a ship, which my cloak, I doubt [not], paid for. So that I have not a penny, nor a penny worth, to help me too either spice or sugar or strong waters, without the which one cannot live here. For as strong beer in E ngland doth fatten and strengthen them, so water here doth wash and weaken these here [and] only keeps [their] life and soul together. But I am not half [of] a quarter so strong as I -25-

26 was in England, and all is for want of victuals; for I do protest unto y ou that I have eaten more in [one] day at home than I have allowed me here for a week. You have given more than my day s allowance to a beggar at the door; and if Mr. Jackson had not relieved me, I should be in a poor case. But he like a father and she li ke a loving mother doth still help me. For when we go to Jamestown (that is 10 miles of us) there lie all the ships that come to land, and there they must deliver their goods. And when we went up to town [we would go], as it may be, on Monday at noon, and come there by night, [and] then load the next day by noon, and go home in the afternoon, and unload, and then away again in the night, and [we would] be up about midnight. Then if it rained or blowed never so hard, we must lie in the boat on the water and have nothing but a little bread. For when we go into the boat we [would] have a loaf allowed to two men, and it is all [we would get] if we stayed there two days, which is hard; and [we] must lie all that while in the boat. But that Goodman Jackson pitied me and made me a cabin to lie in always when I [would] come up, and he would give me some poor jacks [fish] [to take] home with me, which comforted me more than peas or water gruel. Oh, they be very godly folks, and love me very well, and will do anything for me. And he much marvelle d that you would send me a servant to the Company; he saith I had been better knocked on the head. And indeed so I find it now, to my great grief and misery; and [I] saith that if you love me you will redeem me suddenly, for which I do entreat and beg. An d if you cannot get the merchants to redeem me for some little money, then for God s sake get a gathering or entreat some good folks to lay out some little sum of money in meal and cheese and butter and beef. Any eating meat will yield great profit. Oil a nd vinegar is very good; but, father, there is great loss in leaking. But for God s sake send beef and cheese and butter, or the more of one sort and none of another. But if you send cheese, it must be very old cheese; and at the cheesemonger s you may bu y very food cheese for twopence farthing or halfpenny, that will be liked very well. But if you send cheese, you must have a care how you pack it in barrels; and you must put cooper s chips between every cheese, or else the heat of the hold will rot them. And look whatsoever you send me be in never so much look, what[ever] I make of it, I will deal truly with you. I will send it over and beg the profit to redeem me; and if I die before it come, I have entreated Goodman Jackson to send you the worth of it, who hath promised he will. If you send, you must direct your letters to Goodman Jackson, at Jamestown, a gunsmith. (You must set down his freight, because there be more of his name there.) Good father, do not forget me, but have mercy and pity my mis erable case. I know if you did but see me, you would weep to see me; for I have but one suit. (But [though] it is a strange one, it is very well guarded.) Wherefore, for God s sake, pity me. I pray you to remember my love to all my friends and kindred. I hope all my brothers and sisters are in good health, and as for my part I have set down my resolution that certainly will be; that is, that the answer of this letter will be life or death to me. Therefore, good father, send as soon as you can; and if you send me any thing let this be the mark. -26-

27 Nathaniel Bacon's Declaration (July 30, 1676) Nathaniel Bacon was a tobacco farmer from the frontier in western Virginia. He was also a member of a group that appealed to Governor William Berkeley in Jamestown in 1676 to raise an expedition against the Susquehannock Indians, who had been periodically attacking the farmers. Berkeley denied the request and refused to hear the farmers grievances. In response Bacon led a group of 500 farmers first against the native populations in West Virginia and then against the government in Jamestown. Bacon s men were victorious over both targets, slaughtering numerous Indians and burning Jamestown before British troops could be called in to subdue the rebellion. Before the military could capture Bacon, however, he passed away from illness. This excerpt is from "Declaration of Nathaniel Bacon in the Name of the People of Virginia, July 30, 1676," a list of grievances to King Charles II on behalf of the frontier settlers. For having, upon specious pretenses of public works, raised great unjust taxes upon the commonalty for the advancement of private favorites and other sinister ends, but no visible effects in any measure adequate; for not having, during this long time of his government, in any measure advanced this hopeful colony either by fortifications, towns, or trade. For having abused and rendered contemptible the magistrates of justice by advancing to places of judicature scandalous and ignorant favorites. For having wronged his Majesty's prerogative and interest by assuming monopoly of the beaver trade and for having in it unjust gain betrayed and sold his Majesty's country and the lives of his loyal subjects to the barbarous heathen. For having protected, favored, and emboldened the Indians against his Majesty's loyal subjects, never contriving, requiring, or appointing any due or proper means of satisfaction for their many invasions, robberies, and murders committed upon us. For having, when the army of English was just upon the track of those Indians, who now in all places burn, spoil, murder and when we might with ease have destroyed them who then were in open hostility, for then having expressly countermanded and sent back our army by passing his word for the peaceable demeanor of the said Indians, who immediately prosecuted their evil intentions, committing horrid murders and robberies in all places, being protected by the said engagement and word past of him the said Sir William Berkeley, having ruined and laid desolate a great part of his Majesty's country, and have now drawn themselves into such obscure and remote places and are by their success so emboldened and confirmed by their confederacy so strengthened that the cries of blood are in all places, and the terror and consternation of the people so great, are now become not only difficult but a very formidable enemy who might at first with ease have been destroyed. And lately, when, upon the loud outcries of blood, the assembly had, with all care, raised and framed an army for the preventing of further mischief and safeguard of this his Majesty's colony. For having, with only the privacy of some few favorites without acquainting the people, only by the alteration of a figure, forged a commission, by we know not what hand, not only without but even against the consent of the people, for the raising and effecting civil war and destruction, which being happily and without bloodshed prevented; for having the second time attempted the same, thereby calling down our forces from the defense of the frontiers and most weakly exposed places. For the prevention of civil mischief and ruin amongst ourselves while the barbarous

28 enemy in all places did invade, murder, and spoil us, his Majesty's most faithful subjects. Of this and the aforesaid articles we accuse Sir William Berkeley as guilty of each and every one of the same, and as one who has traitorously attempted, violated, and injured his Majesty's interest here by a loss of a great part of this his colony and many of his faithful loyal subjects by him betrayed and in a barbarous and shameful manner exposed to the incursions and murder of the heathen. And we do further declare these the ensuing persons in this list to have been his wicked and pernicious councilors, confederates, aiders, and assisters against the commonalty in these our civil commotions. And we do further demand that the said Sir William Berkeley with all the persons in this list be forthwith delivered up or surrender themselves within four days after the notice hereof, or otherwise we declare as follows. That in whatsoever place, house, or ship, any of the said persons shall reside, be hid, or protected, we declare the owners, masters, or inhabitants of the said places to be confederates and traitors to the people and the estates of them is also of all the aforesaid persons to be confiscated. And this we, the commons of Virginia, do declare, desiring a firm union amongst ourselves that we may jointly and with one accord defend ourselves against the common enemy. And let not the faults of the guilty be the reproach of the innocent, or the faults or crimes of the oppressors divide and separate us who have suffered by their oppressions. These are, therefore, in his Majesty's name, to command you forthwith to seize the persons abovementioned as traitors to the King and country and them to bring to Middle Plantation and there to secure them until further order, and, in case of opposition, if you want any further assistance you are forthwith to demand it in the name of the people in all the counties of Virginia. Nathaniel Bacon Document Analysis What major accusations do Bacon and his followers make against the colonial government of Virginia? What elements of class conflict (among government, planters, freemen, and indentured servants) can be found in this statement? -28-

29 APUSH/Growth and Diversity in the Colonies (pages ) Identify key elements associated with each group and their settlement between Include locations, settlements, reasons for immigration, successes and failures along with people, terms and dates. Scots-Irish Germans Convicts Native Americans Spanish Borderlands -29-

30 APUSH Chapter 4 Focus Questions Name 1. What might explain the rapid growth rate in the colonies in the mid to late 18th C and what were some results of this growth? 2. Explain the differences of Scotch-Irish and German settlement and discuss how these difference created problems in the region. 3. Determine the nature of and problems relating to the Spanish North American empire. 4. Describe the influence of the Great Awakening on American religion, education, and "nationality." 5. Explain the rise of the colonial assemblies and the governing problems they faced. 6. Summarize the "fruits of victory" for the British and also possible seeds of discontent and distrust in Britain's relationship with the colonies. -30-

31 Jonathan Edwards from "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" (1741) Jonathan Edwards, one of the greatest American-born revivalist preachers, delivered the sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God to a Northampton, Massachusetts, audience in Renowned as one of his most moving and monumental works, Sinners repeatedly elicited excited responses as Edwards preached it to other congregations of Americans seeking religious revival in the mid-18th century. In his sermon, Edwards describes an angry God who alone holds the fate of sinners in his hands: No amount of good works could save one whom God had not chosen.... This that you have heard is the case of every one of you that are out of Christ. That world of misery, that lake of burning brimstone, is extended abroad under you. There is the dreadful pit of the glowing flames of the wrath of God; there is hell's wide gaping mouth open; and you have nothing to stand upon, nor any thing to take hold of; there is nothing between you and hell but the air; 'tis only the power and mere pleasure of God that holds you up. You probably are not sensible of this; you find you are kept out of hell, but don't see the hand of God in it, but look at other things, as the good state of your bodily constitution, your care of your own life, and the means you use for your own preservation. But indeed these things are nothing; if God should withdraw his hand, they would avail no more to keep you from falling, than the thin air to hold up a person that is suspended in it. Your wickedness makes you as it were heavy as lead, and to tend downwards with great weight and pressure towards hell; and, if God should let you go, you would immediately sink, and swiftly descend and plunge into the bottomless gulf; and your healthy constitution, and your own care and prudence, and best contrivance, and all your righteousness, would have no more influence to uphold you and keep you out of hell, than a spider's web would have to stop a falling rock.... The God that holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider or some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is dreadfully provoked. His wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy of nothing else but to be cast into the fire. He is of purer eyes than to bear you in his sight; you are ten thousand times as abominable in his eyes as the most hateful, venomous serpent is in ours. You have offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his prince, and yet 'tis nothing but his hand that holds you from falling into the fire every moment.... O sinner! Consider the fearful danger you are in! 'Tis a great furnace of wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of fire and of wrath that you are held over in the hand of that God whose wrath is provoked and incensed as much against you as against many of the damned in hell. You hang by a slender thread, with the flames of Divine wrath flashing about it, and ready every moment to singe it and burn it asunder.... It would be dreadful to suffer this fierceness and wrath of Almighty God one moment; but you must suffer it to all eternity. There will be no end to this exquisite, horrible, misery.... How dreadful is the state of those that are daily and hourly in danger of this great wrath and infinite misery! But this is the dismal case of every soul in this congregation that has not been born again, however moral and strict, sober and religious, they may otherwisebe. Oh! that you would consider it, whether you be young or old! -31-

32 The Great Awakening The Great Awakening was a watershed event in the life of the American people. Before it was over, it had swept the colonies of the Eastern seaboard, transforming the social and religious life of land. On the frontier, the settled parish system of England-- which was employed by Puritan and Anglican alike--proved difficult to transplant. Unlike the compact communities of the old world, the small farms and plantations of the new spread out into the wilderness, making both communication and ecclesiastical discipline difficult. Because people often lived great distances from a parish church, membership and participation suffered. In addition, on the frontier concern for theological issues faded before the concern for survival and wrestling a living from a hard and difficult land. As a result, by the second and third generations, the vast majority of the population was outside the membership of the church. The First Signs of Awakening The sparks of revival were struck in New England as early as And after that, periodic revivals would occur and then die out. One of the reasons they would be extinguished was the smothering influence of the Enlightenment. The result was a growing emphasis on man and his morality, with religion becoming more rational and less emotional. One of the principle figures in the Great Awakening was Jonathan Edwards. In his sermon, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.", he used the image of a spider dangling by a web over a hot fire to describe the human predicament. His point was that at any moment, our hold on life could break and we'd be plunged into fires of eternal damnation. Jonathan Edwards The new generations had inherited the Puritan theocracy, but had begun to forget it, and the older generation was gravely concerned about this development. They had come to this country to found a biblical commonwealth, but their vision did not seem to be shared by community's youth. Despite the response to his preaching, Edwards did not remain popular forever. His downfall occurred when a group of young people got hold of an obstetrics book, and looked at the illustrations of the female anatomy. George Whitefield George Whitefield was an itinerant preacher who had a loud voice, and it is said one conversion occurred 3 miles from where he was preaching. He was a dramatic man who it was said could pronounce the word "Mesopotamia" in such a way that it could melt an audience. Whitefield traveled up and down the eastern seaboard carrying the Awakening with him, and he offered a new quality to the prevailing view of how one gains citizenship in the Kingdom of God. The key test of one's election, Whitefield asserted, was whether one had had an emotional experience of conversion. -32-

33 Some Results of the Great Awakening (1) Unify Americans in a common understanding of the Christian faith and life. (2) Dissent and dissenters enjoyed greater respect than ever before. Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians--all non-established groups--took root and grew. (3) Great emphasis came to be placed on education. George Whitefield founded the school that would latter become the University of Pennsylvania, and UNC was originally a Presbyterian effort. (4) A greater sense of responsibility for Indians and Slaves emerged from the revival. George Whitefield, for instance, was among the first to preach to Blacks. The evangelical experience was common to both whites and blacks, making both aware that the ground level at foot of cross. This led most evangelicals to denounce slavery as sinful, and at the first General Conference of Methodism, slave holding was viewed as grounds for immediate expulsion from the society. (5) The Awakening reinterpreted the meaning of the covenant between God and his creature. In Puritan theology the focus was on what God has done for us. In the aftermath of the Awakening, the new emphasis was on what man can do in response to God's great gift. The responsibility for salvation is not God's but man's. (6) There was a break down in theological consensus. The New Lights (the revivalists) versus the Old Lights (traditional orthodox). Those who wanted to adapt the faith to changing times and circumstances versus those who wanted to hang on the old order. (7) The Awakening responded--like the English Puritans of the 16 and 17th centuries--to needs of the people for reassurance and direction, to give them release from anxiety. (8) It served to revived a sense of religious mission. Everyone believed there was some greater purpose behind the revivals, that God's Kingdom must be near. -33-

34 Albany Plan of Union Benjamin Franklin's Albany Plan envisioned the formation of a Grand Council, made up of elected delegates from the various colonies, to oversee matters of common defense, western expansion, and Indian affairs. A President General appointed by the king would preside. Franklin's most daring suggestion involved taxation. He insisted the council be authorized to collect taxes to cover military expenditures. First reaction to the Albany Plan was enthusiastic. To take effect, however, it required the support of the separate colonial assemblies as well as Parliament. It received neither. The first political cartoon to appear in an American newspaper was created by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 to emphasize the importance of the Albany Plan. A P P A R T S -34-