APUSH SUMMER PROJECT UNIT 1: Pre-Columbian contacts in North America PERIOD 1:

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1 APUSH SUMMER PROJECT UNIT 1: Pre-Columbian contacts in North America PERIOD 1: Due Date: August 24 th and 25 th (Wednesday/Thursday) (A/B) Essential Question: How did the diversity of peoples, economics, geography and religion help create an American identity in the British colonial regions? Required Readings: Chapter 1 in AMSCO book (United States History: Preparing for the advanced placement examination; an AMSCO Publication; John J. Newman & John M. Schmalback; 2016 Edition) *Required textbook for this course; must be purchased! Primary Sources: Complete a HIPPOS worksheet for each of the following documents. Print out two copies of the HIPPOS and handwrite your responses. 1. Of the Island of Hispaniola; De las Casas 2. Reasons for Raising a Fund to Settle America; Hakluyt

2 HIPPOS Document Analysis Name/description of document: Historical Context: What is the context of this historical document? What was going on in the time period and/or location? Intended Audience: What audience did the author intend this document for? How would that affect what or how they would portray the subject? Point of View: What s the POV of the author? Think about their background and position in society, outlook on the world, etc. Purpose: Why was this document created? What are they trying to convince the reader of? Outside Information: Provide relevant outside information/details/facts regarding the concept of the document (cannot be mentioned in document). Synthesis: Connect and extend the author s argument and its significance to a different historical period, event, or place.

3 Bartolomé de Las Casas, "Of the Island of Hispaniola" (1542) Bartolome de Las Casas served as a Spanish missionary in Latin America. After being ordained as a priest in 1510, he worked to improve the condition of the native peoples and to end their enslavement and forced labor. Las Casas succeeded in converting several tribes, but he failed to establish a model native colony. He subsequently visited Spain to urge government action. He wrote the letter Of the Island of Hispaniola to be read at a forum on Spanish colonization called by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Primarily because of his efforts, in 1542 Spain adopted a humanitarian code known as the New Laws to protect native peoples in Spanish colonies. Unfortunately, later governments so altered the New Laws that they proved ineffective. God has created all these numberless people to be quite the simplest, without malice or duplicity, most obedient, most faithful to their natural Lords, and to the Christians, whom they serve; the most humble, most patient, most peaceful and calm, without strife nor tumults; not wrangling, nor querulous, as free from uproar, hate and desire of revenge as any in the world.... Among these gentle sheep, gifted by their Maker with the above qualities, the Spaniards entered as soon as soon as they knew them, like wolves, tiger and lions which had been starving for many days, and since forty years they have done nothing else; nor do they afflict, torment, and destroy them with strange and new, and divers kinds of cruelty, never before seen, nor heard of, nor read of..... The Christians, with their horses and swords and lances, began to slaughter and practice strange cruelty among them. They penetrated into the country and spared neither children nor the aged, nor pregnant women, nor those in child labour, all of whom they ran through the body and lacerated, as though they were assaulting so many lambs herded in their sheepfold. They made bets as to who would slit a man in two, or cut off his head at one blow: or they opened up his bowels. They tore the babes from their mothers' breast by the feet, and dashed their heads against the rocks. Others they seized by the shoulders and threw into the rivers, laughing and joking, and when they fell into the water they exclaimed: "boil body of so and so!" They spitted the bodies of other babes, together with their mothers and all who were before them, on their swords. They made a gallows just high enough for the feet to nearly touch the ground, and by thirteens, in honour and reverence of our Redeemer and the twelve Apostles, they put wood underneath and, with fire, they burned the Indians alive. They wrapped the bodies of others entirely in dry straw, binding them in it and setting fire to it; and so they burned them. They cut off the hands of all they wished to take alive, made them carry them fastened on to them, and said: "Go and carry letters": that is; take the news to those who have fled to the mountains. They generally killed the lords and nobles in the following way. They made wooden gridirons of stakes, bound them upon them, and made a slow fire beneath; thus the victims gave up the spirit by degrees, emitting cries of despair in their torture....

4 Reasons for Raising a Fund to Settle America On the value of Colonies to England Richard Hakluyt, January 5, 1607 REASONS OR MOTIVES for the raising of a public stock to be employed for the peopling and discovering of such countries as may be found most convenient for the supply of those defects which this Realm of England most requires: 1. All kingdoms are maintained by rents or trade, but especially by the latter, which in maritime places flourishes the most by means of navigation. 2. The Realm of England is an island impossible to be otherwise fortified than by strong ships and able mariners, and is secluded from all corners with those of the main continent; therefore, fit abundance of vessels should be prepared to export and import merchandise. 3. The furniture of shipping consists in masts, cordage, pitch, tar, resin, and that of which England is by nature unprovided; at this present time it enjoys them only by the favor of a foreign country. 4. The life of shipping rests in the number of able mariners and worthy captains, which cannot be maintained without assurance of reward of honorable means to be employed for their adventures. 5. Private sources are cold comforts to adventurers and have ever been found fatal to all enterprises hitherto undertaken by the English because of delays, jealousies, and unwillingness to back that project which did not succeed the first time. 6. The example of the Hollanders is very [germane], for a main backing or stock has effected marvelous matters in trade and navigation in a few years. 7. It is honorable for a state to back an exploit by a public [corporation] rather than a private monopoly. 8. Where colonies are founded for a public-weal, they may continue in better obedience and become more industrious than where private men are absolute backers of a voyage. Men of better behavior and quality will engage themselves in a public service, which carries more reputation with it, than a private, which is for the most part ignominious in the end, because it is presumed to aim at a profit and is subject to rivalry, fraud, and envy, and when it is at the greatest height of fortune can hardly be tolerated because of the jealousy of the state. 9. The manifest decay of shipping and mariners and of many borough and port towns and harbors cannot be relieved by private increase nor amended otherwise than by a voluntary consent of many purses of the public. 10. It is publicly known that trade with our neighbor countries is beginning to be of small request, the game seldom answering the merchants adventure, and foreign states either have already or at this present time are preparing to enrich themselves with wool and cloth of their own which they heretofore borrowed of us, which purpose of theirs is now being achieved in France, as it already has been done in Spain and Italy. Therefore, we must, of necessity, forgo our great showing if we do not wish to prepare a place fit for the vent of our wares and so set our mariners to work, who daily run to serve foreign nations for want of employment and cannot be restrained by any law when necessity forces them to serve in the hire of a stranger rather than to serve at home. 11. That realm is more complete and wealthy which either has the sufficiency to serve itself, or can find the means to export its natural commodities, than if it has occasion necessarily to import, for, consequently, it must ensue that by public consent a colony transported into a good and plentiful climate able to furnish our wants, our moneys, and wares, that now run into the hands of our adversaries or cold friends, shall pass unto our friends and natural kinsmen and from them likewise we shall receive such things as shall be most available to our necessities. This intercourse of trade may rather be called a homebred traffic than a foreign exchange. 12. Foreign nations yearly attempt discoveries in strange coasts, moved thereunto by the policy of the state which affects that gain most which is gotten either without any trick of their neighbor, or at best by the smallest advantage that may turn unto them by their trade.

5 13. Experience teaches us that it is dangerous to our state to enterprise a discovery and not to proceed therein even to the very sifting of it to the utmost. For not only disreputation grows thereby but disability and weak power reveals our own idleness and want of counsel to manage our enterprises, as if the glorious state of ours were rather broached by the virtue of our ancestry than of our own worthiness. 14. The want of our fresh and present supply of our discoveries has in a manner taken away the title which the law of nations gives us unto the coast first found out by our industry, forasmuch as whatsoever a man relinquishes may be claimed by the next finder as his own property. Neither is it sufficient to set foot in a country but to possess and hold it, in defense of an invading force (for want whereof) the king of Denmark intends to a northwest voyage (as it is reported). It is also reported that the French intend to inhabit Virginia, which they may safely achieve if their second voyage proves strong and there does not languish for want of sufficient and timely supplies, which cannot be had but by the means of a large contribution. Source: Alexander Brown, ed., The Genesis of the United States (Boston, 1891) I, 36-42

6 TERMS/IDs/Vocabulary: Complete these terms on loose-leaf paper. You must define each term and explain its significance/relevance in the particular time period/context. TERMS MUST BE NUMBERED! DO THEM IN ORDER. 1) Land bridge 2) Amerindians 3) three sisters: maize, squash, beans 4) semi-sedentary societies 5) Horses 6) Diseases (smallpox, german measles) 7) matrilineal 8) matrilocal 9) Pueblo 10) Anasazi 11) Creek 12) Choctaw 13) Iroquois Confederacy 14) Longhouse 15) conquistadores 16) Hernan Cortés, Aztecs 17) Francisco Pizarro, Inca 18) New Laws of ) Roanoke Island 20) Black Legend 21) St. Augustine 22) New France 23) Samuel de Champlain 24) John Cabot 25) Jacques Cartier 26) Henry Hudson 27) Quebec 28) coureurs de bois 29) voyageurs 30) Jesuits 31) Algonquins 32) Hurons 33) Protestant Reformation 34) Spain 35) Christopher Columbus 36) Henry the Navigator

7 37) Treaty of Tordesillas 38) New Mexico 39) Pueblo Indians 40) Santa Fe 41) Encomienda system 42) Asiento system 43) mission system 44) mestizos 45) slave trade