Humanities 4: Lectures 7-8. Voltaire s Candide
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1 Humanities 4: Lectures 7-8 Voltaire s Candide
2 Voltaire s Candide Intellectual Background Historical Context Biographical Sketch Candide - Literary Form - Official topic (optimism) - Targets of its criticism - Positive causes
3 Intellectual Background Pierre Bayle Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz French Enlightenment: The Philosophes
4 Pierre Bayle Dictionnaire historique et critique (Historical and Critical Dictionary) Skeptical Atheist or Fideist?
5 Gottfried Leibniz Universal genius As a philosopher - monadology - Principle of Sufficient Reason - Free will & determinism - Theodicy (1710)
6 Leibniz s Optimism Claim: This is the best of all possible worlds. Argument - God is omniscient. - God is omnipotent. - God is omnibenevolent. - Thus, God created the best possible world. Objection: Why, then, does evil exist? - moral vs. natural evil free will privation and permission
7 French Enlightenment Anti-cleric and anti-establishment The Philosophes - Montesquieu ( ) - Diderot ( ) & D Alembert ( ) - La Mettrie ( ) & D Holbach ( ) Salons and Literacy
8 Historical Context: 18th Cent. France, Ancien Régime Political structure of the Ancien Régime - Absolutism: Louis XIV ( ) & Louis XV ( ) - Three Estates Economic structure - Taxes for military purposes & court at Versailles - Taxes obtained in inefficient and arbitrary ways Military Conflicts - War of Austrian Succession & Seven Years War
9 Voltaire s Life ( ) European-wide residencies Occupations Relationships Literary Range Temperament Lisbon earthquake
10 Candide as a Literary Work Satire - Definition: a literary technique that exposes the follies of its subject (individuals, organizations, or states) to ridicule, often as an intended means of provoking or preventing change. Picaresque novel - Definition: a subgenre of usually satiric prose fiction that depicts in realistic, often humorous, detail the adventures of a roguish hero living by his or her wits in a corrupt society.
11 Candide s Main Characters Candide Pangloss Martin Cunégonde Cacambo
12 Candide s Literary Structure Several possible divisions: -Three Parts: Old World (Chs. 1-10), New World (11-20), Old World (21-30), or -Two Parts: before and after Eldorado, or -Entrance & Exit of Candide s companions: Pangloss, Cunegonde, Cacambo, Martin, or -Quest: Quester, Place to go, Stated Reason, Challenges, Real Reason (Self-Knowledge) Accelerated Plot Resurrections Conclusion - work our land
13 Candide: The Official Topic Optimism Possible Philosophical Consequences - Atheism? - Pessimism? - Denial of the relevance of philosophy? Rhetorical device - Foil for criticisms of particular issues
14 Voltaire s Targets Organized Religion (I and II) - Clergy (various orders) - Inquisition - Muslims - Jews The State The Military Man
15 V s Targets: Organized Religion The Clergy - Having sex (repeatedly) & passing on syphilis (e.g., 8) - Pope Urban X fathering a child (who becomes the old woman helping C & C) (20) - Orders: Franciscan friar steals Cunegonde s diamonds (19) and informs on C & C s travels when caught (29) Benedict. friar buys C & C s horse at bargain price (19) Jesuits in Paraguay encourage tribes to resist the kings of Spain and Portugal (19, 29) - Theological debate in Europe is likened to syphilis (9) - Monks teach, argue, rule, conspire and burn people who don t agree with them (39) & Parisian abbot (53-5) - BUT, Jacques, the Anabaptist (6-7) is generous.
16 V s Targets: Org. Religion II The Inquisition - Auto-da-fé. To prevent further earthquakes, Pangloss and C. are punished, the first for having spoken, and the second for having listened with an air of approval (13). - Inquisitor shares Cunegonde with Issachar (16), BUT C kills the Inquisitor. Muslims - Fight vicious civil war, but still pray 5 times a day (23) and other absurd judgments (73-74) Jews - Religious views aren t target, financial deals are.
17 Voltaire s Targets: The State Courts inefficiency and cost (45) Police corruption (57) Policies (58) Deposed royalty at dinner in Venice (68)
18 Voltaire s Targets: The Military C s time in the Bulgar army (pp. 4-6) Cunegonde s treatment (15) Various atrocities justified by the law war (25) or international law (22) Knowing the Bulgar drill is sign of special expertise (19, 28-9) Plymouth Execution (58-59)
19 Voltaire s Targets: Man public miseries vs. secret sufferings : envy, anxiety, disquiet (47) Power relations: - weak loathe the powerful, while cringing before them, and the powerful treat them like sheep whose wool and meat go to market - A thousand assassins organized in regiments run from one end of Europe to another, carrying out murder and robbery Three main preoccupations: - love, speaking ill of each other, and talking nonsense (48)
20 Voltaire s Positive Causes The treatment of women -The old woman (20ff.) -Paquette (60) Work (menial labor) -To relieve boredom? -To avoid theorizing?
21 Voltaire & the Enlightenment Highly critical of prevalent institutions - Esp. church in all of its forms Satire as his method presupposes rational standards No clear, positive proposal for progress
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