SYLLABUS THE JESUIT ENTERPRISES, John W. O Malley

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1 I. Course Description: History 444 SYLLABUS THE JESUIT ENTERPRISES, John W. O Malley The Jesuits were involved in virtually every facet of early modern culture almost around the globe, and they left behind an extensive paper trail, much of it relatively unexamined. In the past fifteen years scholarship on them before their suppression in 1773 by Pope Clement XIV has exploded, inaugurating a trend described as the new historiography. In that historiography the Jesuits have been freed from the old stereotypes of agents of the Counter Reformation and agents of Catholic Reform and moved into more expansive categories. The seminar will situate Jesuits in the traditional mode as agents of the Counter Reformation, of course, but more so in the new approaches that see them as cultural agents on a massive scale in a variety of enterprises. The Jesuits were, for instance, theologians, polemicists, political theorists, astronomers, dramatists, pharmacists, architects, engineers of city fortifications, governors of Amerindian settlements, cartographers, musicians, and, above all, missionaries and schoolmasters. They were, moreover, active in virtually every country of Europe and Latin America, in many countries of Asia, and even in a few in Africa. They are thus an ideal subject for a seminar because participants have a wide range of areas of research to choose from. II. Requirements and procedures: As mentioned, the course is a seminar. It requires, therefore, active participation, which will take different forms for graduate and undergraduate students. Limited to 20 students. For undergraduates some background in early modern history is a prerequisite. The class sessions will consist in a certain amount of lecture but also discussion of primary and secondary sources and in students presentations of them. For graduate students: 1. Active participation in class discussion. 2. A book review of some 800 to 100 wds, as if submitted to a professional journal in your field of specialization. I will provide further details. Due early 3. Building on the book review, a short review of literature on topic of choice. Due mid-term. 4. A final research paper, another review of literature building on the previous two assignments, due at the end of the course.

2 For undergraduates: 1. Active participation in class discussion. 2. Weekly paper of 150 words on the readings assigned for the class. Indicate on paper the number of words used. 3. Presentations in class of articles pertinent to the topic of the day. (Number of presentations will depend on number of students enrolled.) 4. Final written assignment, to be determined in consultation with me. GEORGETOWN RESOURCES. We are fortunate in that the Woodstock Library and the Special Collections of Lauinger Library have rich holdings of rare books pertaining to the Society of Jesus, and the Woodstock Library possesses a wonderful collection of supporting literature. These resources, plus the library of CUA and the Library of Congress, make Georgetown an almost ideal place to pursue research on Jesuit-related topics. III. Course goals: Presupposition: The Jesuits are worth learning about in themselves because of their impact on religion and culture especially in the West but also worldwide. They provide, moreover, a window into almost every aspect of early modern history, and for that reason they are worth studying by students who do not have an interest in them as such. Graduate students: besides opening for students the basic landscape of Jesuit history and early modern religion, the course is meant to provide introductions to various facets of those histories that might be pursued in a dissertation. The exercises in book review and review of literature are meant to train students for tasks they will certainly later be called upon to perform as professionals. For undergraduates: also for them the course is aimed at opening the basic landscape to enable them to situation themselves and their culture in a broader perspective. It also wants to excite their imagination with examples of the remarkable ingenuity of the Jesuits as they went about their enterprises. The exercises with primary texts are meant to sharpen students critical skills and ability to interpret documents, whether from the past or from the present. IV. TEXTS: 1. O Malley, John W., The First Jesuits, paperback, bookstore. Please buy it because valuable throughout the course. 2. Bangert, William V., A History of the Society of Jesus. Unfortunately, available only in hard cover, bookstore. Maybe you could share it with another student. Again, it is a book that will be valuable

3 throughout the course. 3. Ignatius of Loyola, The Spiritual Exercises, paperback, bookstore. There are plenty of copies floating around campus, which you can maybe borrow or buy. We need it for only one course, but it is too long for Everything else will be on Blackboard or be otherwise provided. V. Calendar 1. January 11. Introduction. (January 16: Holiday) 2. January 23. THEIR PLAN OF LIFE AND ITS EXPANSION A. Discuss: The First Jesuits, pp B. Discuss: TEXT Formula and The Rule of St Francis C. Discuss: Five Missions of the Jesuit Charism (Blackboard) Question for the weekly paper: compare and contrast Formula and Francis 3. January 30. HOW THEY WERE TO GOVERN THEMSELVES A. Discuss: The First Jesuits, pp. 200 to end. B. Discuss TEXT: 1. Jesuit (selections) and Carmelite Constitutions 2. Decrees of First General Congregation C. Student presentation: Governance in the Society of Jesus, : Its Methods, Critics, and Legacy Today Question: compare and contrast Jesuit and Carmelite Constitutions 4. February 6. THEIR BASIC SPIRITUAL PROGRAM A. Discuss: First Jesuits, pp , B. Discuss: TEXT, Spiritual Exercises C. Discuss: TEXT, Directory to the Spiritual Exercises, 1599 D. Student presentation: Early Jesuit Spirituality: Spain and Italy Question: compare and contrast Exercises and Directory 5. February 13: WHY AND HOW THEY ENGAGED IN EDUCATION A. Discuss: 1. O Malley, Mastering the Art of Jesuit Education 2. Hufton, Funding a Jesuit College 3. O Keefe, The Pedagogy of Persuasion

4 4. Loach, Revolutionary Pedagogues? B. Discuss: Text, Ratio Studiorum (Plan of Studies) 1599 C. Student presentations 1. Grendler, The Jesuit Education of Benedetto Pamphilij at the Collegio Romano 2. McKevitt, Jesuit Schools in the USA, 1814-c.1970" Question: How does the Ratio stack up in light of the four articles we have read? (February 20: holiday) 6. February 27: THE JESUITS AND THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (Guest Professor: Kathryn M. Olesko, Georgetown University) A. Discuss: Harris, Confession Building, Long-Distance Networks, And the Organization of Jesuit Science B. Discuss: Harris, Jesuit Scientific Activity in the Overseas Missions, " C. Discuss: Wallace, Jesuit Influences on Galileo s Science (Blackboard) D. Student presentation: Teaching Mathematics in Jesuit Schools: Programs, Course Content, and Classroom Practices Question: What, if anything, was special about the Jesuits relationship to natural philosophy ( science )? 7. March 12: EXPANSION, EUROPE AND LATIN AMERICA A, Discuss: Bangert, History, pp B. Discuss: TEXT, Ruiz de Montoya, Spiritual Conquest (selection) C. Discuss: 1. Gutiérrez and Viñuales, Artistic and Architectural Legacy 2. O Brien, Utopia in the Midst of Oppression? D. Student presentation: Martínez-Serna, Procurators and Atlantic Network Question: Relate Ruiz de Montoya either to Jesuit spirituality or science 8. March 19: EXPANSION, FAR EAST A. Discuss: 1. Ross, Valignano 2. Standaert, Jesuit Corporate Culture as Shaped by the Chinese 3. Bailey, Jesuit Art and Architecture in Asia B. Discuss: TEXT, Letters from the Mogul Court C. Student presentation: 1. Summers, The Jesuits in Manila

5 2. Colombo, From Fez to Heaven Question: What features of Jesuit methods and mind-set on their missions to do the letters reveal? 9. March 26: JESUIT THEATER IN ITALY (Guest Professor: Anthony Del Donna, Georgetown University) A. Discuss: 1. Oldani and Yanitelli, Jesuit Theater in Italy 2. Zanlonghi, The Jesuit Stage in Milan 3. Filippi, The Orator s Performance B, Student presentation; Zampelli, Jesuits and Theater (from the Underside) Question: TBA 10. April 2: FURTHER ARTS A. Discuss: 1. O Malley, Saint Ignatius and the Cultural Mission of the Society of Jesus 2. Höltgen, Henry Hawkins, Emblematist 3. Rondón, Sung Catechisms and Opera in Chile 4. Knaap, Meditation, Ministry, and Visual Rhetoric 5. Davidson, The Jesuit Garden E. Student presentation: Rock, Baroque Dance on the Jesuit Stage Question: What, if anything, is common ground in these different artistic/cultural engagements of the Jesuits? (April 9: holiday) 11. April 16: WOMEN A. Discuss: 1. Fullam: Juana, S.J., Status of Women in the Society of Jesus 2. Rhodes, Join the Jesuits, See the World 3. Ward, Jesuit, Too: Women in Japan 4. Fraschina, A Jesuit Beata B. Discuss: TEXT. Ignatius, Letters (to women) C. Student presentation: TBA Question: How do Ignatius s letters to women relate to Jesuit practice as revealed in the articles we have read? 12. April 23: THE JESUITS ENEMIES

6 A. Discuss: Pavone, Between History and Myth B. Discuss: TEXT, The Monita Secreta C. Discuss; TEXT, Pascal, The Provincial Letters (selections) Question: Relate the Monita to the sections of the Constitutions we read. 13. April 30: THE SUPPRESSION OF THE SOCIETY OF JESUS A. Discuss: 1. O Malley, The Suppression of the Society of Jesus 2. Bangert, History, pp Fumaroli, Rigorist Hammer and Deist Anvil B. Discuss: TEXT, Brief of Pope Clement XIV suppressing Jesuits C. Student presentation: 1. Alden, The Gang of Four in Brazil 2. Schafly The Post-Suppression Society: Russia and USA Question: Compare Fumaroli and the papal Brief.

7 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Sources Cordaro, Giulio Cesare, On the Suppression of the Society of Jesus: A Contemporary Account, trans and ed. John P. Murphy (Chicago: Loyola Press, 1999) Favre (Faber), Pierre, The Spiritual Writings, trans. Edmond C. Murphy, et al, (St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1996). For Matter of Greater Moment: The First Thirty Jesuit General Congregations, ed. John W. Padberg, et al. (St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1994). Francisco de Borja, San, Diario Espiritual ( ), ed. Manuel Ruiz Jurado (Bilbao: Mensajero, nd). Gonçalves da Câmara, Luis, Remembering Iñigo, Glimpses of the Life of Saint Ignatius of Loyola: The Memoriale of Luis Gonçalves da Câmara, trans. Alexander Eaglestone and Joseph A. Munitiz (St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2004). Ignatius of Loyola, The Constitutions of the Society of Jesus, ed. and trans. George E. Ganss (St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1969) , Letters and Instructions, ed. Martin E. Palmer, et al. (Saint Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2006) , Personal Writings, ed. Joseph A Munitiz and Philip Endean (London: Penguin Books, 1996). Jesuit Writings of the Early Modern Period, , ed. and trans. John Patrick Donnelly (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2006). Palmer, Martin, ed.,on Giving the Spiritual Exercises: The Early Jesuit Manuscript Directories and the Official Directory of 1599 (St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources) Polanco, Juan de, Year by Year with the Early Jesuits ( ): Selections from the Chronicon of Juan de Polanco, trans. John Patrick Donnelly (St. Louis: The

8 Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2004) Xavier, Francis, The Letters and Instructions of Francis Xavier, trans. Joseph Costelloe (St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1992). Monumenta Historical Societatis Iesu About 155 volumes of documents, principally correspondence, of the first fifty years of the Society of Jesus, critical editions in the original languages (for the most part, Latin, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese). Research Tools: Diccionario Histórico de la Compañía de Jesús, ed. Charles E. O Neill and Joaquín M. Domínguez, 4 vols. (Rome and Madrid: Institutum Historicum Societatis Jesu and Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 2001). Echarte, Ignacio, ed., Concordantia Ignaciana: An Ignatian Concordance (Bilbao and Saint Louis: Ediciones Mensajero and Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1996). Thomas McCoog, A Guide to the Jesuit Archives (St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2001). Polgár, László, ed., Bibliographie sur l histoire de la Compagnie de Jésus, , 3 vols. in 6 (Rome: Institutum Historicum Societatis S.I., 1981), continued and brought up-to-date annually in the Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu. Sommervogel, Carlos, et al., Bibliothèque de la Compagnie de Jésus, 12 vols. (Brussels Paris, Toulouse, ). The Writings of Saint Ignatius of Loyola, CD-Rom search engine, Saint Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, c Secondary Works: Aldama, António M. de, The Formula of the Institute: Notes for a Commentary (St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1990) , An Introductory Commentary on the Constitutions, trans. Aloysius J. Owen (St. Louis: the Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1989).

9 Bangert, William V., A History of the Society of Jesus (St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1972). Feingold, Morechai, ed., Jesuit Science and the Republic of Letters (Cambridge, MA, 2003). Giard, Luce, and Louis de Vancelles, ed., Les jésuites à l âge baroque, (Grenoble, 1996) Giard, Luce, ed., Les jésuites à la Renaissance: Système éducatif et production du savoir (Paris, 1995). Guibert, Joseph de, The Jesuits; Their Spiritual Doctrine and Practice, trans. William J. Young (St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1964). McCoog, Thomas M., ed., The Mercurian Project: Forming Jesuit Culture, (St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2004). O Malley, John W., and Gauvin Alexander Bailey, ed., The Jesuits and the Arts, (Philadelphia: St. Joseph s University Press, 2005) et al., The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999) et al., The Jesuits II: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006). O Malley, John W., The Historiography of the Society of Jesus: Where Does It Stand Today? in Jesuits, ed. O Malley et al. (1999), pp Pavone, Sabina, The Wily Jesuits and the Monita Secreta: The Forged Secret Instructions of the Jesuits, trans. John P. Murphy (St. Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2005). Plazaola, Juan, ed., Ignacio de Loyola y su tiempo: Congreso internacional de historia (Bilbao: Mensajero, c.1992). Worcester, Thomas, ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Jesuits (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

10 SUGGESTIONS FOR SUBJECTS FOR REPORTS ART: Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Art on the Jesuit Missions Gauvin Alexander Bailey, Between Renaissance and Baroque: Jesuit Art in Rome, DANCE: Judith Rock, Terpsichore at Louis-le-Grand: Baroque Dance on the Jesuit Stage in Paris SCIENCE: Marcus Hellyer, Catholic Physics Modechai Feingold, ed., Jesuit Science and the Republic of Letters Florence C. Hsia, Sojourners in a Strange Land: Jesuits and their Scientific Missions in Late Imperial China Volker R. Remmert, Picturing the Scientific Revolution ETHICS: Robert Maryks, Saint Cicero and the Jesuits: The Influence of The Liberal Arts on the Adoption of Moral Probabilism POLITICS: Robert Bireley, The Jesuits and the Thirty Years War: Kings, Courts and Confessors Paul Shore, Jesuits and the Politics of Religious Pluralism in Eighteenth-Century Transylvania: Culture, Politics, And Religion, Eric Nelson, The Jesuits and the Monarchy: Catholic Reform and Political Authority in France ( ) Thomas M. McCoog, The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, : Our Way of Proceeding

11 EDUCATION: Paul F. Grendler, The University of Mantua, the Gonzagas, And the Jesuits, Robert Emmett Curran, A History of Georgetown University 3 vols. (Vol. 1 or 2) CONFRATERNITIES: Lance Gabriel Lazar, Working in the Vineyard of The Lord: Jesuit Confraternities in Early Modern Italy Louis Chatellier, The Europe of the Devout: The Catholic Reformation and the Formation of a New Society CULTURE: Paul Shore, The Eagle and the Cross: Jesuits in Late Baroque Prague CIVILIZING: Jennifer D. Selwyn, A Paradise Inhabited by Devils: The Jesuits Civilizing Mission in Early Modern Naples ENEMIES: Sabina Pavone, The Wily Jesuits and the Monita Secreta Dale K. Van Kley, The Jansenists and the Expulsion of the Jesuits From France, JEWS: Robert Maryks, The Jesuit Order as a Synagogue of Jews: Jesuits of Jewish Ancestry and Purity-of-Blood Laws In the Early Society of Jesus PREACHING JUSTICE; Thomas F. Cohen, Fire of Tongues: Antonio Vieira and the Missionary Church in Brazil and Portugal MISSIONS, GENERAL: Luke Clossey, Salvation and Globalization in the Early Jesuit Missions MARYLAND: Robert Emmett Curran, The Maryland Jesuits, Robert Emmett Curran, American Jesuit Spirituality: The Maryland Tradition, AMERICAS: Nicholas P. Cushner, Why Have You Come Here? The Jesuits And the First Evangelization of Native America (includes

12 Canada and Maryland, as well as Latin America) SPANISH AMERICA: Claudio Burgaleta, José de Acosta, S.J. ( ) *lots more in Spanish! VIETNAM: Peter C. Phan, Mission and Catechesis: Alexandre de Rhodes and Inculturation in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam CHINA: Mary Lavin, Mission to China: Matteo Ricci and the Jesuit Encounter with the East George Minamiki, The Chinese Rites Controversy: From Its Beginning to Modern Times Liam Brockey, Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, Hsia, R. Po-chia, A Jesuit in the Forbidden City: Matteo Ricci ( ) JAPAN: Neil S. Fujita, Japan s Encounter with Christianity: the Catholic Mission in Pre-Modern Japan Ward, Haruko Nawata, Women Religious Leaders in Japan s Christian Century Proust, Jacaques, Europe through the Prism of Japan