Science and the Enlightenment
|
|
- Dale Jeffery Greer
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Science and the Enlightenment explorable.com /science-and-enlightenment While the Renaissance, with its roots in Christian art and doctrine, created solid foundations for the flourishing of art, architecture, philosophy, science and mathematics, free thought was still restricted. This period of restriction continued until the Enlightenment, a period where, free of the shackles of religious dogma, free thinkers could expand human knowledge at a rate never before seen. The Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution The Biblical worldview of the Renaissance held sway and any scientific findings deviating from this were regarded as bordering upon blasphemy. Copernicus and Galileo the two foremost casualties of theological interference, with Galileo placed under house arrest by the notorious Inquisition. This period of restriction continued until the Enlightenment. The evidence building up against religious doctrine, irrefutably contradicting the Biblical timeline, burst forth in an unstoppable torrent, aided by the work of scholars and philosophers across Europe. This Scientific Revolution, which began during the 17 th century, became a catalyst for a new philosophy, one that permeated every level of human society and placed the emphasis for change on humanity rather than intangible gods. The Age of Enlightenment, a phrase coined by the German philosopher, Immanuel Kant (22 April February 1804), represents the change from antiquity to modernity, the period in history where the modern world began and science replaced superstition. When Was the Age of Enlightenment? It is extremely difficult to state exactly where the Age of Enlightenment began, because it blended into the Renaissance and varied from discipline to discipline, but many historians point to the Scientific Revolution of the 17 th Century as the precursor. The later half of this century saw minds such as Descartes, Newton, Leibniz, and Galileo begin to change scientific thought, their views even trickling downwards to the common man. For the intents of this article, we will begin the Enlightenment at the time of Newton s publication of Principia (1687), and end it with the French Revolution of 1789, a time of social change in continental Europe, and a period when the Industrial Revolution of England had gathered momentum. Isaac Newton (4 January March 1727) devised a physical model of the universe that tore apart the intricate models created by the Ancient Greeks, building his system upon gravity and mechanics and fuelling an explosion of humanistic thought. Science, the Enlightenment and Religion Isaac Newton, peinted by Godfrey Kneller (Public Domain) This change in thought coalesced around the philosophy of minds such as Newton and John Locke ( ), and it was based upon transforming society and describing knowledge in terms of human experience rather than Biblical tenets. 1/3
2 Western Europe, largely due to the wealth flowing in from colonialism, moved away from agrarian economies, and underwent a rapid process of urbanization. Not only did this population migration generate wealth, but urbanization also allowed academics and thinkers to congregate and share ideas, with cities such as London, Paris, and Edinburgh becoming strongholds of Enlightenment thought. Away from Catholicism, England flourished and began to produce some of the greatest philosophers, scientists, engineers, and fomented the Industrial Revolution, as wealth flowed from the New World and Asia. During this Age of Reason, scholars adopted empiricism, proposing the idea that theories should be based upon human observations and experience. The universe operated like a soulless machine, without the hand of God behind every unexplained phenomenon, although many scholars, even John Locke, portrait by Godfrey Kneller (Public Domain) Newton, felt that there was room for a creator, the Uncaused Cause of Aristotle. This new definition of knowledge permeated every aspect of human society, including art and culture, and the rapid accumulation of knowledge, free from religious overtones, saw science start to split into separate disciplines as the age of the great polymaths ended. Scholars and philosophers rebelled against the restrictions of Christianity and used science and metaphysics to question and probe the universe. Reflecting the politics of the time, Europe became much more secular and science, in turn, tore apart the roots of Biblical literalism and absolutism. Philosophers, such as Descartes (31 March February 1650), had already questioned the nature of the soul and envisioned a purely physical and mechanical universe, postulating that animals and the body were automatons, with only the soul elevating humanity. Money began to flow into research, and the easy availability of such inventions as the microscope, telescope, and barometer gave scholars the means to make accurate observations, conducting experiments as they refined the scientific method into its modern form. Books were cheaper than ever before, and the improvement in roads and transportation allowed ideas to flow freely, with men such as Newton and Leibniz (July 1, 1646 November 14, 1716) conducting fierce debates by letter. Scientific societies sprang up, offering places to share and refine ideas, as well as give some semblance of peer review and criticism. Science, the Enlightenment and Social Reform The overarching goal of the Enlightenment thinkers was social reform, and they provided the first real challenge to the autocracy and theocracy that had dominated society for so long, with science one of the foremost tools for promoting change. Trade and commerce replaced agriculture, which largely became outsourced to the colonies and the New World. Europe, after the earlier deprivations of plague, famine and war, transformed into rich and abundant societies, with more time devoted to the pleasures of life. As was the case with the Greeks and Islamic scholars, this allowed resources to be channeled into academia and research. The Age of Enlightenment was characterized by optimism, a feeling that humanity could change the world and rectify any mistakes of the past. Rather than Aristotelian metaphysics and abstract musings about the philosophical framework of the universe, philosophers began to look at the nature of knowledge itself, throwing out theology and understanding that humanity could influence nature rather than be subject to the whims of fickle Gods. Knowledge served humanity, not 2/3
3 religion, and the ideas of original sin and asceticism declined. According to the Rene Descartes (Public Domain) Enlightenment philosophers, man was governed by Natural Law, not archaic commandments written in a pre-historic book, and science expanded, away from the strongholds of physics, astronomy, natural science and alchemy/chemistry into economics, social science and political science. This trend was an offshoot of the belief that anything could be studied and broken down by science, that explanations were available through observation and experimentation rather than philosophy. The Legacy of the Age of Enlightenment This idea of a mechanistic framework for human society and for the universe itself became the bedrock of modern society, with Francis Bacon ( ), Isaac Newton and John Locke becoming the founding fathers of the Enlightenment, possibly the biggest change in human society of all time, the transition from the ancient into the modern world. The science of man became the dominating force. 3/3
4 Science and the Enlightenment (PART II) explorable.com /science-and-enlightenment-2 By the start of the 18th Century, the hold of the Catholic Church had begun to slip and scholars found that the Protestant Churches, on the whole, were less inclined to impose their views. The Catholics still attempted to ban heliocentrism and were quick to criticize the findings of geologists that conflicted with the Bible, but this politically guided influence was waning. Scientific Advances During the Enlightenment Natural philosophy, as espoused by Newton and Descartes, began to spread, built upon the idea that mathematics was the new universal language. Aristotelian thought became replaced by better and more accurate observations, as scientists tried to explain phenomena rather than devise complex theories and try to fit the findings to those. In medicine, the old idea of humors was gone and physicians began to develop ways of looking at the body and physiology in functional ways rather than try to apply theories, aided by the discovery of the microscope. Alchemy had lost most of its mystical and occult symbolism, and the alchemists became chemists and physicists. The influence of astrology declined, due to the twin attack by Newtonian physics and the invention of the telescope, and it became astronomy, taking on a much more pragmatic role in trying to explain the universe. This new approach to knowledge fueled the Industrial Revolution as geologists and engineers began to find coal and metal ores and provide the machines for mass production. The Renaissance was largely centered on Catholic Southern Europe; by contrast, the Age of Enlightenment was the time of Northern Europe, with France, Britain, Germany, and Holland becoming the real powerhouses, partly aided by wealth from empires dominating foreign lands. The Enlightenment and Geography The Shift of Knowledge During the early Enlightenment, England and Germany were the dominant forces, but France started to play a much larger role, becoming the wealthiest European state during the 18 th Century. Scientific academies and societies sprang up across Paris and French became the preferred language of scientific communication, as the largely secular French government protected scientists from the influence of the Catholic Church, especially after the revolution in In the middle of the 18 th Century, France and Great Britain became engaged in a scientific and cultural war, the French buoyed by wealth and their excellent academic apparatus, the British by their excellence in manufacturing scientific instruments. Other nations contributed Scotland began to produce renowned scientists and inventors, from the Royal Society of Edinburgh and its excellent universities, and Sweden produced botanists such as Linnaeus. Largely, the Renaissance belonged to Spain and Italy, whereas the Enlightenment saw the shift in power towards Northern Europe and the first glimmerings of the United States as a force in science and Royal Society Edinburgh ( Creative Commons) technology. Bacon, Newton and Locke The Fathers of the Enlightenment Francis Bacon ( ), followed on from Galileo in proclaiming that the universe was a machine, operating 1/3
5 upon entirely predictable laws. He criticized the approach of previous scholars, pointing out that observation and experience was far more important than reading books, a subtle and correct swipe considering that Aristotle and Galen had been given prominence even where their ideas were patently wrong and did not match reality. Bacon advocated throwing out classical dogma and looking for new knowledge based upon reality rather than churning out the same, tired theories. However, he did believe that Aristotle s inductive method, of observing phenomena and attempting to propose general principles to explain them was a sound basis for gathering knowledge. He proposed that this was much more appropriate than the deductive approach of Plato, where general principles are proposed and these theories are applied to phenomena for, as Ptolemy s epicycles showed, this led to the futile pursuit of inherently flawed models. This laid down the foundations for the Scientific Revolution. Isaac Newton (4 January March 1727), a philosopher as well as an astronomer, was another member of the triumvirate of thinkers that defined the Scientific Revolution and created a framework for the Enlightenment. In his text, the Principia Mathematica (1687), he laid down some fundamental arguments stating his belief that mathematics could describe the innermost workings of the universe. 1. Mathematics and mathematical models are sufficient to describe the universe. Portrait of Francis Bacon (Public Domain) 2. The mechanical universe is predictable, given enough data, following the mathematics used to describe it 3. Theology, religion, and Gods make no difference to the smooth operation of the machine that is the universe 4. Gravity is one of the mathematical laws that defines how the planets move, and explains the orderly motion of heavenly bodies. Although better known for his work concerning political systems, John Locke (29 August October 1704) was instrumental in directing the course of the Enlightenment, his philosophy shaping science, defining the nature of knowledge, and forming the basis of modern psychology. His most famous work, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, was published in 1689, cementing his place as the first important philosopher of the Enlightenment. He built upon the work of the scientists, such as Newton and Galileo, arguing that they were true philosophers, building knowledge from experience and analysis rather than pure reason alone. In the second book of the essay, he discussed the difference between ideas and physical objects, arguing that perception via the senses lay at the root of knowledge, producing the ideas that represent the ideas in the mind. This line of thought became critical in the development of empirical psychology. The Enlightenment, Society and Ethics Newton used his principles to describe the universe in Treatises of Government, by John Locke (Public Domain) 2/3
6 terms of astronomy and physics, but Enlightenment thinkers began to apply these laws to fields as diverse as economics and politics. Importantly, the removal of religion from the equation needed a redefinition of ethics, and scholars such as David Hume (7 May August 1776) and Jeremy Bentham ( ) increasingly looked to quantify ethics rather than seeing them as a phenomenon derived from holy scripture. This is a sub discipline that pervades culture and, especially for social scientists, medicine and psychologists, is one of the most important facets of the Enlightenment, dictating how they can and cannot behave. The Enlightenment The Beginning of the Industrial Revolution and Modern Society These great thinkers defined the Enlightenment and created the mechanistic principles that would lead through the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, forming the basis of modern, largely secular society. It also gave scholars the means to gather information and try to fit it into a coherent body of knowledge, rather than adopt the piecemeal approach of the Renaissance and before. Knowledge became systematized and, while increased specialization carried some risks, namely that scientists ran the risk of immersing their studies so far into one field that they did not realize discoveries in other areas, the establishing of scientific societies and journals helped to bridge these divides, part of the fluid, urban, university culture that sprang up across Europe. During this period, Europe was undergoing a period of political, social, and philosophical changes, moving away from absolutist monarchs and ushering the modern age, based around innovation and capitalism. The Enlightenment scholars drew inspiration from Republican Rome rather than Classical Greece, looking towards secularism and moving society away from religious doctrine and control. In terms of science, the 18th century can be seen as an extension of the Scientific Revolution of Newton and Descartes, as a continuation of their work. Portrait of David Hume (Public Domain) 3/3
APEH Chapter 6.notebook October 19, 2015
Chapter 6 Scientific Revolution During the 16th and 17th centuries, a few European thinkers questioned classical and medieval beliefs about nature, and developed a scientific method based on reason and
More informationAP Euro Unit 5/C18 Assignment: A New World View
AP Euro Unit 5/C18 Assignment: A New World View Be a History M.O.N.S.T.E.R! Vocabulary Overview Annotation The impact of science on the modern world is immeasurable. If the Greeks had said it all two thousand
More informationWelcome back to WHAP! Monday, January 29, 2018
Welcome back to WHAP! Monday, January 29, 2018 Turn your PERIOD 4 MAPS into the tray! We are studying the Scientific Revolution today. Be ready to take some notes. -> Choose an identity for tomorrow s
More informationAPEH ch 14.notebook October 23, 2012
Chapter 14 Scientific Revolution During the 16th and 17th centuries, a few European thinkers questioned classical and medieval beliefs about nature, and developed a scientific method based on reason and
More informationSupplemental Material 2a: The Proto-psychologists. In this presentation, we will have a short review of the Scientific Revolution and the
Supplemental Material 2a: The Proto-psychologists Introduction In this presentation, we will have a short review of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment period. Thus, we will briefly examine
More informationThe Renaissance. The Rebirth of European Progress
The Renaissance The Rebirth of European Progress The Collapse of Rome and the Middle Ages When the western portion of the Roman Empire collapsed, much of the European continent entered a period of disunity
More information1. Base your answer to the question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.
1. Base your answer to the question on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies. Which period began as a result of the actions shown in this cartoon? A) Italian Renaissance B) Protestant
More informationA Quick Review of the Scientific Method Transcript
Screen 1: Marketing Research is based on the Scientific Method. A quick review of the Scientific Method, therefore, is in order. Text based slide. Time Code: 0:00 A Quick Review of the Scientific Method
More informationEmergence of Modern Science
Chapter 16 Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution and the Learning Objectives Emergence of Modern Science In this chapter, students will focus on: The developments during the Middle
More informationEuropean Culture and Politics ca Objective: Examine events from the Middle Ages to the mid-1700s from multiple perspectives.
European Culture and Politics ca. 1750 Objective: Examine events from the Middle Ages to the mid-1700s from multiple perspectives. What s wrong with this picture??? What s wrong with this picture??? The
More informationA. True or False Where the statement is true, mark T. Where it is false, mark F, and correct it in the space immediately below.
AP European History Mr. Mercado (Rev. 08) Chapter 18 Toward a New World-View Name A. True or False Where the statement is true, mark T. Where it is false, mark F, and correct it in the space immediately
More informationTeacher Overview Objectives: European Culture and Politics ca. 1750
Teacher Overview Objectives: European Culture and Politics ca. 1750 Objective 1. Examine events from the Middle Ages to the mid-1700s from multiple perspectives. Guiding Question and Activity Description
More informationThe Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment By History.com, adapted by Newsela staff on 10.13.17 Word Count 927 Level 1040L A public lecture about a model solar system, with a lamp in place of the sun illuminating the faces
More informationChapter 17 - Toward a New World View
Chapter 17 - Toward a New World View Name I. Major Breakthroughs of the Scientific Revolution a. Scientific Thought in 1500 What was natural philosophy? Explain the "Aristotelian" view of the universe
More informationOutline Map. Europe About Name Class Date
W N S E Name Class Date Outline Map Europe About 1600 Directions: Locate and label the following cities and countries that were important during the Reformation: Scotland, England, Spain, France, Norway,
More informationIn 730, the Byzantine Emperor banned the use of icons. The Pope was outraged to hear that the Byzantine Emperor painted over a painting of Jesus.
1 In 730, the Byzantine Emperor banned the use of icons. The Pope was outraged to hear that the Byzantine Emperor painted over a painting of Jesus. The Byzantine Emperor and the Pope continued to disagree
More informationChapter 13. Reformation. Renaissance
Renaissance " French for rebirth" Developed after the crusades when the ideas of humanism created an environment of curiosity and new interest in the individual Chapter 13 Renaissance and Reformation,
More informationNAME DATE CLASS. The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Lesson 1 The Scientific Revolution. Moscow
Lesson 1 The Scientific Revolution ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do new ideas change the way people live? GUIDING QUESTIONS 1. How were the scientific ideas of early thinkers passed on to later generations? 2.
More informationScientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. Mrs. Brahe World History II
Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Mrs. Brahe World History II Objectives Describe how the Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind's place in the universe Discuss how
More informationName: Date: Period: Chapter 17 Reading Guide The Transformation of the West, p
Name: Date: Period: Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Reading Guide The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 p.380-398 Using the maps on page 384 (Map 17.1) and 387 (Map 17.2): Mark Protestant countries with a P
More informationMini-Unit #2. Enlightenment
1 Mini-Unit #2 Enlightenment (new ideas) Assessment: Determine which 2 Enlightenment thinkers had the most impact on the rights of people. Defend your choices with specific evidence from the background
More informationUnderstanding the Enlightenment Reading & Questions
Understanding the Enlightenment Reading & Questions The word Enlightenment refers to a change in outlook among many educated Europeans that began during the 1600s. The new outlook put great trust in reason
More informationChapter 16 Reading Guide The Transformation of the West, PART IV THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, : THE WORLD SHRINKS (PG.
Name: Due Date: Chapter 16 Reading Guide The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 PART IV THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 1450-1750: THE WORLD SHRINKS (PG. 354-361) 1. The title for this unit is The World Shrinks
More informationAP World History 12/9/2014. Chapter 17: The Transformation of the West Chapter Notes
AP World History Chapter 17: The Transformation of the West Chapter Notes The Italian Renaissance: Starts Italy due to independence of Italian City-states, there was a Northern Renaissance as well (based
More information2/8/ A New Way of Thinking: The Birth of Modern Science. Scientific Revolution
Robert W. Strayer Ways of the World: A Brief Global History First Edition CHAPTER XVI Religion and Science 1450 1750 Scientific Revolution A New Way of Thinking: The Birth of Modern Science The Scientific
More informationPOLI 342: MODERN WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT
POLI 342: MODERN WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT THE POLITICS OF ENLIGHTENMENT (1685-1815) Lecturers: Dr. E. Aggrey-Darkoh, Department of Political Science Contact Information: eaggrey-darkoh@ug.edu.gh College
More informationWhat did we just learn? Let s Review
What did we just learn? Let s Review Key Features of the Renaissance rise of humanism ( focus on ancient Greek and Roman civilization and the dignity and worth of the individual). independence and individualism
More informationWorld Civilizations. The Transformation of the West. The Transformation of the West. The Global Experience AP* Sixth Edition
World Civilizations The Global Experience AP* Sixth Edition Chapter 17 The Transformation of the West, 1450-1750 The Transformation of the West The Transformation of the West I. The Renaissance II. The
More informationWhat. A New Way of Thinking...modern consciousness.
A New Way of Thinking...modern consciousness. What The Renaissance and the Reformation facilitated the breakdown of the medieval worldview. The physical world could be managed and understood by people.
More informationPhilippe Aries. Francesco Petrarch
Philippe Aries Wrote Centuries in Childhood Argued that pre-modern Western children were treated differently then modern children Art begin portraying children as active participants in the family Francesco
More informationWorld History Grade: 8
World History Grade: 8 SOC 220 World History I No graduation credit 5 days per week; 1 school year Taught in English This is a required course for 8th grade students in the Mexican/U.S. Programs. This
More informationIntermediate World History B. Unit 7: Changing Empires, Changing Ideas. Lesson 1: Elizabethan England and. North American Initiatives Pg.
Intermediate World History B Unit 7: Changing Empires, Changing Ideas Lesson 1: Elizabethan England and North American Initiatives Pg. 273-289 Lesson 2: England: Civil War and Empire Pg. 291-307 Lesson
More informationThe evolution of the meaning of SCIENCE. SCIENCE came from the latin word SCIENTIA which means knowledge.
Chapter 2 The evolution of the meaning of SCIENCE SCIENCE came from the latin word SCIENTIA which means knowledge. ANCIENT SCIENCE (before the 8 th century) In ancient Greece, Science began with the discovery
More informationBackground to Early Modern Philosophy. Philosophy 22 Fall, 2009 G. J. Mattey
Background to Early Modern Philosophy Philosophy 22 Fall, 2009 G. J. Mattey Modern Philosophy The modern period in Western philosophy began in the seventeenth century In its primary sense, modern philosophy
More informationChapter 4: The Exchange of Ideas (Pg. 78)
Chapter 4: The Exchange of Ideas (Pg. 78) Inquiry question: How did the Renaissance spark the growth and exchange of ideas across Europe???? Chapter Overview You will learn the influence that the exchange
More informationMcFARLAND SCHOOL DISTRICT SOCIAL SCIENCE GRADE SEVEN. Benchmarks One Two Three Four
1 9 Weeks Roman Empire 7.1.1 Study the early All-In-One Tet Book Chapter Islam strengths and lasting contributions of Rome (e.g., Teaching Resource Interactive Reader Safari Montage significance of Roman
More informationRENAISSANCE: A CHANGING SOCIETY
RENAISSANCE: A CHANGING SOCIETY SOCIETY AND THE ARTS The ARTS LITERATURE TOO!! REVIEW: - In the early Renaissance, writers focused on translating the works of Romans and Greeks and copying their styles.
More informationWednesday, April 20, 16. Introduction to Philosophy
Introduction to Philosophy In your notebooks answer the following questions: 1. Why am I here? (in terms of being in this course) 2. Why am I here? (in terms of existence) 3. Explain what the unexamined
More informationA New World of Reason and Reform ( ) The Scien=fic Revolu=on and the Enlightenment
A New World of Reason and Reform (1600-1800) The Scien=fic Revolu=on and the Enlightenment Merely Connect 1. To restore order in Europe in the 17 th century, European na=ons devised two new poli=cal systems:
More informationSocial Studies World History Unit 05: Renaissance and Reformation,
Social Studies World History Unit 05: Renaissance and Reformation,1450 1750 2012 2013 1 Use the quote and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question. "All around us in Florence,
More informationThe Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution
The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution CHART #1: EVOLUTION OF ASTRONOMY YEARS THEORY RELIGIOUS IMPACT PTOLEMY COPERNICUS BRAHE KEPLER GALILEO Chart #2: Breakthroughs in Medicine
More informationThe Renaissance. Chapter 15
The Renaissance Chapter 15 How did Petrarch influence the Renaissance? He encouraged people to study the philosophy and literature of the past and to speak and write thoughtfully. What practices of the
More informationThe Renaissance and Reformation Chapter 13
The Renaissance and Reformation 1300-1650 Chapter 13 13-1 The Renaissance in Italy (pg 224) What was the Renaissance? (pg 225-226)! A New Worldview Renaissance it was a rebirth of political, social, economic,
More informationEMPIRICISM & EMPIRICAL PHILOSOPHY
EMPIRICISM & EMPIRICAL PHILOSOPHY One of the most remarkable features of the developments in England was the way in which the pioneering scientific work was influenced by certain philosophers, and vice-versa.
More informationSocial Studies High School TEKS at School Days Texas Renaissance Festival
World History 1.d Identify major causes and describe the major effects of the following important turning points in world history from 1450 to 1750: the rise of the Ottoman Empire, the influence of the
More informationPOLITICAL SCIENCE 3102 (B) Sascha Maicher (Fall 2014)
FSS 7010 (Wednesdays 1PM-3PM) Course Evaluations: POLITICAL SCIENCE 3102 (B) Sascha Maicher (Fall 2014) 30% Three assigned summaries. Each should be 3 pages long, double spaced. There should be two pages
More informationSmall Group Assignment 8: Science Replaces Scholasticism
Unit 7: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment 1 Small Group Assignment 8: Science Replaces Scholasticism Scholastics were medieval theologians and philosophers who focused their efforts on protecting
More informationAdlai E. Stevenson High School Course Description
Adlai E. Stevenson High School Course Description Division: Special Education Course Number: ISO121/ISO122 Course Title: Instructional World History Course Description: One year of World History is required
More informationThe Dark Side of the Enlightenment
The Dark Side of the Enlightenment By Yoram Hazony, May 6, 2018 A lot of people are selling Enlightenment these days. After the Brexit vote and the election of President Trump, David Brooks published a
More informationLecture 16: The Beginnings of Modern Science and Philosophy
Lecture 16: The Beginnings of Modern Science and Philosophy I. INTRODUCTION The Renaissance From French meaning "rebirth It was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century. It
More informationCHAPTER 17 The Transformation of the West
CHAPTER 17 The Transformation of the West 1450-1750 CHAPTER SUMMARY This chapter is about big changes in western Europe during the early modern period. The core areas of Western civilization changed dramatically
More informationRené Descartes ( ) PSY 3360 / CGS 3325 Historical Perspectives on Psychology Minds and Machines since Descartes
PSY 3360 / CGS 3325 Historical Perspectives on Psychology Minds and Machines since 1600 René Descartes (1596-1650) Dr. Peter Assmann Spring 2018 French mathematician, philosopher, and physiologist Descartes
More informationDBQ FOCUS: The Scientific Revolution
NAME: DATE: CLASS: DBQ FOCUS: The Scientific Revolution Document-Based Question Format Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Documents (The documents have been edited for the
More informationTHE ENLIGHTENMENT. Contents
UNIT 3 THE ENLIGHTENMENT Contents 3.0 Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Major Events during this Period 3.3 Aspects of Enlightenment Culture and Philosophy 3.4 Major Figures during the Enlightenment 3.5
More informationA world redrawn: Galileo s Daughter:
Readings. A world redrawn: Who was Copernicus and what was his claim to fame? How did he defend his beliefs? Galileo s Daughter: Give three important facts about Galileo s life with regards to the Scientific
More informationEurope and American Identity H1007
Europe and American Identity H1007 Activity Introduction Well hullo there. Today I d like to chat with you about the influence of Europe on American Identity. What do I mean exactly? Well there are certain
More informationJohn Locke Institute 2018 Essay Competition (Philosophy)
John Locke Institute 2018 Essay Competition (Philosophy) Question 1: On 17 December 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright's plane was airborne for twelve seconds, covering a distance of 36.5 metres. Just seven
More informationDefinition, Location, Family, & Culture
RENAISSANCE Review Definition, Location, Family, & Culture Renaissance - a period of creativity, of new ideas and inspirations, is called the Renaissance(1400 s). Renaissance began in Italy (cities of
More informationIntroduction to Philosophy: The Big Picture
Course Syllabus Introduction to Philosophy: The Big Picture Course Description This course will take you on an exciting adventure that covers more than 2,500 years of history! Along the way, you ll run
More informationGalileo Galilei Sir Isaac Newton Laws of Gravity & Motion UNLOCKE YOUR MIND
UNLOCKE YOUR MIND THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE 1650-1800 THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE Enlightenment: intellectual movement Philosophes: Intellectual Thinkers Inspired by the Scientific Revolution: Apply
More informationIslam Islamic Scholarship
Non-fiction: Islam Islamic Scholarship Islam Islamic Scholarship Early in the history of Islam, Muslims were great scholars. 1 They studied science, medicine, mathematics, poetry, and art. During the Middle
More informationToward a New Worldview
PrductivityStudent Toward a New Worldview 1540-1789 Major Breakthroughs of the Scientific Revolution Scientific Thought in 1500 What is natural philosophy? The study of the nature of universe, its purpose,
More informationAs background to the modern era, summarize the chief contributions of each of the following to Western civilization:
The Transformation of Western Civilization: 1450-1715 The AP European History Review- Pt. 1 As a first step in comprehensive review of European History in preparation for the AP exam, you need to collect
More informationHow Did We Get Here? From Byzaniutm to Boston. How World Events Led to the Foundation of the United States Chapter One: History Matters Page 1 of 9
How Did We Get Here? From Byzaniutm to Boston How World Events Led to the Foundation of the United States Chapter One: History Matters 1 of 9 CHAPTER ONE HISTORY MATTERS (The Importance of a History Education)
More information7. O u t c o m e s. Shakespeare in Love 31min left to
7. O u t c o m e s 1. Religion becomes playing card for War A. Real Catholics - Iberia, Italian City States B. Protestants United - England, Dutch, N Europe C. Team Divided - France, Holy Roman Empire
More informationERA 6 Jeopardy Review
ERA 6 Jeopardy Review The Renaissance The Age of Exploration The Scientific Revolution The Reformation Primary Sources Q $100 Q $200 Q $300 Q $400 Q $500 Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $100 Q $200 Q $200 Q $200
More informationRenaissance The Rebirth of Europe
Renaissance The Rebirth of Europe The Rebirth of Knowledge The Renaissance was the rebirth and revolution of art, science, religion, and humanity in Western Europe. Areas of Study o The Rebirth o The Italian
More informationPHILOSOPHICAL RAMIFICATIONS: THEORY, EXPERIMENT, & EMPIRICAL TRUTH
PHILOSOPHICAL RAMIFICATIONS: THEORY, EXPERIMENT, & EMPIRICAL TRUTH PCES 3.42 Even before Newton published his revolutionary work, philosophers had already been trying to come to grips with the questions
More informationRenaissance. Humanism (2) Medici Family. Perspective (2)
Renaissance Humanism Medici Family Perspective A new age that began in the 1300s and reached its peak around 1500. Marked a transition from medieval times to the early modern world. Literally meaning rebirth,
More informationA Wesleyan Approach to Knowledge
Olivet Nazarene University Digital Commons @ Olivet Faculty Scholarship - Theology Theology 9-24-2012 A Wesleyan Approach to Knowledge Kevin Twain Lowery Olivet Nazarene University, klowery@olivet.edu
More informationFrederick Douglass Academy Global Studies
Frederick Douglass Academy Global Studies 1. One impact Gutenberg's printing press had on western Europe was A) the spread of Martin Luther's ideas B) a decrease in the number of universities C) a decline
More informationHumanities 3 V. The Scientific Revolution
Humanities 3 V. The Scientific Revolution Lecture 22 A Mechanical World Outline The Doctrine of Mechanism Hobbes and the New Science Hobbes Life The Big Picture: Religion and Politics Science and the Unification
More informationIdeas of the Enlightenment
Ideas of the Enlightenment Freedom from oppression & Absolutism Freedom from slavery & needless Warfare Attacked medieval & feudal society Suspicious of superstition & church Supported free speech & religion
More informationThe Renaissance and Reformation Quiz Review Questions
The Renaissance and Reformation Quiz Review Questions What economic conditions were brought about by a surplus in food? What economic conditions were brought about by a surplus in food? Food prices declined
More informationLYNDHURST HIGH SCHOOL HISTORY DEPARTMENT:WORLD HISTORY
-WH Active Citizenship in 21 st Century Standards: 6.3.12 (A.B.C.D) Unit 1 (9 Blocks) Beginnings of 4 Million BC- 200 BC September The Peopling of The World What do we have in common with the people of
More informationTHE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT IMPACT STILL FELT TODAY
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT IMPACT STILL FELT TODAY Jason Freewalt 4358488 World History Seminar HIST510 A001 Spr 13 American Military University June 2, 2013 Human history is replete
More informationMs. Oase Chapter 17 AP Euro Toward A New Worldview: Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
1 Part One: Hub Dates Directions: Study the dates and accompanying information below. You will be quizzed on the information. All Hub Dates Exams are cumulative. 1540-1690 Scientific Revolution 1543 Copernicus,
More informationThe Reformation To Industrial Revolution Volume 2 Economic Hist Of Britain V 2
The Reformation To Industrial Revolution 1530 1780 Volume 2 Economic Hist Of Britain V 2 We have made it easy for you to find a PDF Ebooks without any digging. And by having access to our ebooks online
More informationA Pilgrim People The Story of Our Church Presented by:
A Pilgrim People The Story of Our Church Presented by: www.cainaweb.org Early Church Growth & Threats (30-312 AD) Controversies and Councils Rise of Christendom High Medieval Church Renaissance to Reformation
More informationCultural Achievements of Western Europe During the Middle Ages
Cultural Achievements of Western Europe During the Middle Ages Intro. In the Early Middle Ages, western European culture retrogressed as a result of barbarian invasions, feudalism, and people s concern
More informationTHE CHALLENGES FOR EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION 1. Steffen Ducheyne
Philosophica 76 (2005) pp. 5-10 THE CHALLENGES FOR EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY: EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION 1 Steffen Ducheyne 1. Introduction to the Current Volume In the volume at hand, I have the honour of appearing
More informationWith Reference to Two Areas of Knowledge Discuss the Way in which Shared Knowledge can Shape Personal Knowledge.
Gustafson 1 THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE ESSAY With Reference to Two Areas of Knowledge Discuss the Way in which Shared Knowledge can Shape Personal Knowledge. Anna Gustafson Candidate Number: 000231-0027 1,396
More informationName: Period: 10 points Scientific Revolution / Enlightenment Study Guide
1. Define Scientific Revolution. Name: Period: 10 points Scientific Revolution / Enlightenment Study Guide 2. Name the scientist who incorporated scientific thought with philosophy and helped develop the
More informationQué es la filosofía? What is philosophy? Philosophy
Philosophy PHILOSOPHY AS A WAY OF THINKING WHAT IS IT? WHO HAS IT? WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A WAY OF THINKING AND A DISCIPLINE? It is the propensity to seek out answers to the questions that we ask
More informationCH 15: Cultural Transformations: Religion & Science, Enlightenment
CH 15: Cultural Transformations: Religion & Science, 1450-1750 Enlightenment What was the social, cultural, & political, impact of the Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment? The Scientific Revolution was
More informationWhat intellectual developments led to the emergence of the Enlightenment? In what type of social environment did the philosophes thrive, and what
The Enlightenment Focus Questions: What intellectual developments led to the emergence of the Enlightenment? In what type of social environment did the philosophes thrive, and what role did women play
More informationThe Age of Exploration led people to believe that truth had yet to be discovered The Scientific Revolution questioned accepted beliefs and witnessed
The Enlightenment The Age of Exploration led people to believe that truth had yet to be discovered The Scientific Revolution questioned accepted beliefs and witnessed the use of reason to explain the laws
More informationLearning Goal: Describe the major causes of the Renaissance and the political, intellectual, artistic, economic, and religious effects of the
RENAISSANCE Learning Goal: Describe the major causes of the Renaissance and the political, intellectual, artistic, economic, and religious effects of the Renaissance. What Was the Renaissance? A great
More informationOrigin Science versus Operation Science
Origin Science Origin Science versus Operation Science Recently Probe produced a DVD based small group curriculum entitled Redeeming Darwin: The Intelligent Design Controversy. It has been a great way
More informationUse the 7 th Grade Reading Review packet provided by your teacher to complete pages 5-7 ½ of your survivor workbook.
7 th Grade Review Use the 7 th Grade Reading Review packet provided by your teacher to complete pages 5-7 ½ of your survivor workbook. You decide how to get the information to ALL your tribe mates Remember
More informationDartmouth Middle School
Dartmouth Middle School 2015-2016 Gr. 7 Social Studies Syllabus Mrs. Snyder Room 405 psnyder@hemetusd.org August 10, 2015 Dear Parents and Guardians and Students, Welcome to the new school year! I hope
More informationExperiment with an Air Pump Joseph Wright
Experiment with an Air Pump Joseph Wright The Enlightenment The Enlightenment was an 18 th Century intellectual movement primarily among the upper and upper-middle class philosophes, that stressed the
More informationWHII 2 a, c d, e. Name: World History II Date: SOL Review Day 1
Name: World History II Date: SOL Review Day 1 Directions label the following empires in 1500 on the map below England France Spain Russia Ottoman Empire Persia China Mughal India Songhai Empire Incan Aztec
More informationFall 2016 Department of Philosophy Graduate Course Descriptions
Fall 2016 Department of Philosophy Graduate Course Descriptions http://www.buffalo.edu/cas/philosophy/grad-study/grad_courses/fallcourses_grad.html PHI 548 Biomedical Ontology Professor Barry Smith Monday
More informationRead Chapters from your textbook. Answer the following short answer and multiple choice questions based on the readings in the space provided.
Chapter 14: Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe Chapter 15: A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe Chapter 16: The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Read Chapters 14-16 from
More informationLecture 18: Rationalism
Lecture 18: Rationalism I. INTRODUCTION A. Introduction Descartes notion of innate ideas is consistent with rationalism Rationalism is a view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification.
More informationBusiness Research: Principles and Processes MGMT6791 Workshop 1A: The Nature of Research & Scientific Method
Business Research: Principles and Processes MGMT6791 Workshop 1A: The Nature of Research & Scientific Method Professor Tim Mazzarol UWA Business School MGMT6791 UWA Business School DBA Program tim.mazzarol@uwa.edu.au
More informationHindu Paradigm of Evolution
lefkz Hkkjr Hindu Paradigm of Evolution Author Anil Chawla Creation of the universe by God is supposed to be the foundation of all Abrahmic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam). As per the theory
More informationFrancis Schaeffer, God s Spokesman for a Christian Worldview (Part 2 of 3)
Francis Schaeffer, God s Spokesman for a Christian Worldview (Part 2 of 3) Schaeffer s Overview In 1974, Schaeffer began work on a book and a ten part film that would bring him to widespread attention
More informationDOMINICAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
DOMINICAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE PHILOSOPHY UNDERGRADUATE COURSES 2017-2018 FALL SEMESTER DPHY 1100 INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY JEAN-FRANÇOIS MÉTHOT MONDAY, 1:30-4:30 PM This course will initiate students into
More information