Partial Key for. Latin: A New Grammar. Book of Exercises

Transcription

1 Partial Key for Latin: A New Grammar Book of Exercises

2 2 This is a partial key that supplements the book Latin: A New Grammar. Book of Exercises. What does it feature? It features the answers in full for most of the exercises, especially for the exercises of English sentences to be translated into Latin, as this is usually the most challenging kind of exercise. What doesn t it feature? This is a partial key, not a total key. It is not supposed to be a book on translation. For the exercises of reading Latin sentences (I prefer the concept of reading rather than translating ) only a small hint in English is suggested (usually, related to the grammatical item being dealt with, but not always). As a general rule, in these cases the note in brackets (partial suggestions) is shown. Also for exercises that ask student to fill a gap with one of the given options, or to change some verbal form, etc. the solution to that requirement is offered, but not the translation of the sentence. Is the offered answer the only right possibility? As happens in the case of keys offered for books of exercises of modern languages, they key is straightforward for exercises in the style of multiple choice and similar, but in the case of translation of sentences from Latin into English or vice-versa the offered solution should be considered only as a suggestion; students should not consider that a translation that they have devised is wrong if it does not coincide with the one offered in this key, as the possibilities are many: different word order, usage of synonyms, etc. Format and English language used Although I have used the same square-shaped format of 8.5 x 8.5 as for my grammars and for their two corresponding books of exercises, this is not a book to be published, but just a PDF to be downloaded so that students can check the accuracy of their answers. It has not been formatted for publication. The numeration of the paragraphs has been kept as in the book of exercises. Neither the parts inside each exercise are numbered in the Book of Exercises nor the answers are numbered here, and moreover, for the sake of saving space, in many exercises the answers have been written horizontally. In spite of this, it will not be difficult to see what answer corresponds to what part of the exercise, to what sentence, etc., as the order has not been changed and no exercise features a block of more than seven sentences/parts. The English of the sentences to be translated into Latin will sound unnatural in many cases, as the purpose is to address the student s mind to what must be said in Latin; for instance, you may find the expression the book of the teacher instead of the more natural the teacher s book because the first one resembles more what would be said in Latin by means of the genitive case. And the same applies for the English translation of Latin sentences or of part of them.

3 Alphabet and writing a) The alphabet [1] 1/ w x y z 2/ x y z 3/ uir, uocare, uenio, uia, uideo 4/ VRBS, VTERQVE, VNDA, VBI, VVLTVS, VVLGVS, VVA, VVIDVS 5/ uiuere, undique, ubicumque, uulgus, uallum

4 4 a) Definition of basic grammatical concepts: case, declension and gender 1. Concepts of syntactical function, endings and case [3] a) Concepts of syntactical function and endings TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE b) Concept of case 1/ TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE 2/ Nominative, Vocative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Ablative. 2. Main syntactical functions and correspondence to cases [4] a) Main syntactical functions 1/ w Subject: It means the performer of the action. The teacher teaches. w Predicative object: It means how or what somebdy is. Peter is a teacher. w Addressed object: It means the person addressed. Teacher, tell me this, please. w Direct object: It means the person, object etc. acted upon. I see the teacher. w Possessive object: It means the person to whom something belongs. I have the book of the teacher. w Indirect object: It means the person for/to whom something is done. I have brought a book for the teacher. w Circumstantial object: It means the object that affects the action in some way. I travel with my teacher. 2/ Ø the builder: subject Ø father: indirect object Ø the general: possessive object Ø a house: direct object Ø a politician: predicative object 3/ Ø Peter: addressed object Ø me [give me]: indirect object Ø you: subject Ø me [hear me]: direct object Ø this table: direct object Ø the owner: indirect object Ø the house: possessive object

5 4/ w them is a/ direct object w them is b/ indirect object w The first her is b/ indirect object w The second her is a/ direct object b) Correspondences between functions and cases 1/ genitive > possessive object / nominative > subject / dative > indirect object / vocative > addressed object / ablative > circumstancial object / accusative > direct object 2/ For calling someone: vocative For indirect objects: dative For predicative objects: nominative For possessive objects: genitive For direct objects: accusative For subjects: nominative For circumst. objects: ablative 3/ the book: subject, nominative of the teacher: possessive object, genitive nice: predicative object, nominative boy: addressed object, vocative he: subject, nominative your book: direct object, accusative I: subject, nominative this: direct object, accusative to you: indirect object, dative she: subject, nominative children: addressed object, vocative you: subject, nominative ready: predicative object, nominative the president: subject, nominative of the country: possessive object, genitive two children: direct object, accusative he: subject, nominative books: direct object, accusative for his friends: indirect object, dative Peter: subject, nominative

6 6 you: indirect object, dative this: direct object, accusative they: subject, nominative the door: direct object, accusative of the house: possessive object, genitive the brother: predicative object, nominative of my teacher: possessive object, genitive we: subject, nominative with our friends: circumstancial, ablative 3. Concept of declension [5] a/ Each one of the patters through which Greek nouns modify their endings. b/ To go through all its possible endings in a pre-established order c/ Five, and the most complex one is the third declension. 4. Concept of gender [6] a/ Three: masculine, feminine and neuter. b/ Although there are some patterns, a lot of times it is impredictable. 5. Lack of definite article [7] a door the door

7 b) Declensions 1. 1 st declension [8] a/ Sing.: -a, -a, -am, -ae, -ae, -a Pl: -ae, -ae, -as, -arum, -is, -is b/ Sing: pecunia, pecunia, pecuniam, pecuniae, pecuniae, pecunia Pl.: pecuniae, pecuniae, pecunias, pecuniarum, pecuniis, pecuniis Sing.: scientia, scientia, scientiam, scientiae, scientiae, scientia Pl.: scientiae, scientiae, scientias, scientiarum, scientiis, scientiis c/ Acc. pl.: tabulas insulas Abl. sing.: tabula insula Nom. pl.: tabulae insulae Gen. pl.: tabularum insularum Dat. sing.: tabulae insulae Acc. sing.: tabulam insulam Abl. pl.: tabulis insulis d/ deabus - To avoid concidence with deis from deus. e/ Gen. sing.: tabulae insulae w littera, -ae Singular: letter (a, b, c ) w copia, -ae Singular: aboundancy w vigilia, -ae Singular: watch Plural: letter (post) Plural: troops Plural: sentinels f/ They do not have singular. g/ ianua door magistra teacher filia daughter mensa table pecunia money cena dinner aqua water terra land causa cause

8 8 amicitia friendship regina queen ancilla slave girl puella girl poena penalty agricola farmer agricola farmer insula island hasta spear ira anger patria homeland mora delay via road dea goddess nauta sailor 2. 2 nd declension [9] a) First sub-variant: -us, -i 1/ Sing.: -us, -e, -um, -i, -o, -o Pl.: -i, -i, -os, -orum, -is, -is 2/ Sing.: modus, (mode,) modum, modi, modo, modo Pl.: midi, modi, modos, modorum, modis, modis Sing.: nuntius, nunti, nuntium, nuntii, nuntio, nuntio Pl.: nuntii, nuntii, nuntios, nuntiorum, nuntiis, nuntiis 3/ Acc. pl.: equos terras Abl. sing.: equo terra Nom. pl.: equi terrae Gen. pl.: equorum terrarum Dat. sing.: equo terrae Acc. sing.: equum terram Abl. pl.: equis terris 4/ dii c di deorum c deum diis c dis 5/ loci = book passages loca = geographical places 6/ Gen. sing.: equi terrae gladius sword cibus food deus god filius son annus year servus slave populus people amicus friend ludus game vulgus mob murus wall equus horse dominus master discipulus student morbus illness

9 7/ Sing.: bonus nauta, bone nauta, bonum nautam, boni nautae, bono nautae, bono nauta Pl.: boni nautae, boni nautae, bonos nautas, bonorum nautarum, bonis nautis, bonis nautis b) Second sub-variant: -ø, -i 1/ Sing.: -ø, -ø, -um, -i, -o, -o Pl.: -i, -i, -os, -orum, -is, -is 2/ Sing.: ager, ager, agrum, agri, agro, agro Sing.: liber, liber, librum, libri, libro, libro Pl.: agri, agri, agros, agrorum, agris, agris Pl.: libri, libri, libros, librorum, libris, libris 3/ Acc. pl.: magistros viros Abl. sing.: magistro viro Nom. pl.: magistri viri Gen. pl.: magistrorum virorum Dat. sing.: magistro viro Acc. sing.: magistrum virum Abl. pl.: magistris viris 4/ Gen. sing.: magistri viri Sing.: altus puer, alte puer, altum puerum, alti pueri, alto puero, alto puero Pl.: alti pueri, alti pueri, altos pueros, altorum puerorum, altis pueris, altis pueris c) Third sub-variant: -um, -i 1/ Sing.: -um, -um, -um, -i, -o, -o Pl.: -a, -a, -a, -orum, -is, -is Sing.: oppidum, oppidum,oppidum, oppidi, oppido, oppido Pl.: oppida, oppida, oppida, oppidorum, oppidis, oppidis 2/ Acc. pl.: dona nautas Abl. sing.: dono nauta Nom. pl.: dona nautae Gen. pl.: donorum nautarum Dat. sing.: dono nautae Acc. sing.: donum nautam Abl. pl.: donis nautis Gen. sing.: doni nautae

10 10 3/ w auxilium, -i Singular: help w castrum, -i Singular: castle w impedimentum, -i Singular: obstacle Plural: auxiliary troops Plural: military camp Plural: baggage 4/ exitium destruction praemium reward officium duty caelum sky auxilium help proelium battle oppidum town factum deed bellum war odium hatred periculum danger praemium reward 5/ Sing.: magnum praemium, magnum praemium, magnum praemium, magni praemii, magno praemio, magno praemio Pl.: magna praemia, magna praemia, magna praemia, magnorum praemiorum, magnis praemiis, magnis praemiis General exercises for the 1 st and 2 nd declensions [10] 1/ invidiam acc. sing. gladii (gen. sing.) officia (nom. pl.) servi (nom. pl.) vulgum acc. sing. scientia (abl. sing.) magistrae (gen. sing.) hastas acc. pl. poetas acc. pl. somnus nom. sing. iudicio (dat. sing.) dominis (abl. pl.) annis (dat. pl.) vir (nom. sing.) muros acc. pl. oculos acc. pl. dona (nom. pl.) filium acc. sing. verba (acc. pl.) puer (nom. sing.) templum (nom. sing.) cenarum gen. pl. morae (nom. pl.) ianuis (dat. pl.) 2/ proelium: acc. sing. proelium insula: nom. pl. insulae equus: gen. pl. equorum scientia: dat. sing. scientiae amica: dat. pl. amicis filius: acc. pl. filios magister: abl. sing. magistro nuntius: gen. sing. nuntii verbum: acc. pl. verba

11 3/ The teacher of the girl The mob of the town with a sword The son of the farmer 4/ Magistri scribunt libros pueris. Semper praemia relinquo in templo deae. Nautae vident exitium oppidi. Incolae insulae ferunt gladios in templum rd declension [11] a) Consonant stems 1/ Masc. / Fem. Sing.: -ø, -ø, -em, -is, -i, -e Pl.: -es, -es, -es, -um, -ibus, -ibus Neuter Sing.: -ø, -ø, -ø, -is, -i, -e Pl.: -a, -a, -a, -um, -ibus, -ibus 2/ Sing.: ratio, ratio, rationem, rationis, rationi, ratione Pl.: rationes, rationes, rationes, rationum, rationibus, rationibus Sing.: litus, litus, litus, litoris, litori, litore Pl.: litora, litora, litora, litorum litoribus, litoribus 3/ Acc. pl.: laudes flumina Dat. sing.: laudi flumini Nom. pl.: laudes flumina Abl. pl.: laudibus fluminibus

12 12 Abl. sing.: laude flumine Acc. sing.: laudem flumen Gen. pl.: laudum fluminum 4/ Acc. pl.: comites servos Gen. sing.: laudis Abl. sing.: comite fluminis servo Nom. pl.: comites servi Gen. pl.: comitum servorum Dat. sing.: comiti servo Acc. sing.: comitem servum Abl. pl.: comitibus servis 5/ Gen. sing.: comitis servi salus, -utis safety opus, operis deed veritas, -atis truth caput, -itis head rex, regis king arbor, -oris tree mos, moris custom comes, -itis companion dux, ducis general vulnus, -eris wound flumen, -minis river mulier, -eris woman plebs, plebis common people miles, -itis soldier tempus, -oris time homo, -minis human being iter, itineris way labor, -oris work corpus, -oris body pax, pacis peace scelus, -eleris crime civitas, -atis state custos, -odis guard aetas, -atis age soror, -oris sister uxor, -oris wife litus, -oris shore w caput, vulnus, corpus, tempus, opus, flumen, scelus, iter, litus 6/ Sing.: doctus rex, docte, rex, doctum regem, docti regis, docto regi, docto rege Pl.: docti reges, docti reges, doctos reges, doctorum regum, doctis regibus, doctis regibus b) -i stems 1/ Masc. / Fem. Sing.: -ø, -ø, -em, -is, -i, -e Pl.: -es, -es, -es, -ium, -ibus, -ibus

13 Neuter Sing.: -ø, -ø, -ø, -is, -i, -i Pl.: -ia, -ia, -ia, -ium, -ibus, -ibus 2/ Sing.: navis, navis, navem, navis, navi, nave Sing.: rete, rete, rete, retis, reti, reti Pl.: naves, naves, naves, navium, navibus, navibus Pl.: retia, retia, retia, retium, retibus, retibus 3/ Acc. pl.: maria dona Abl. sing.: mari dono Nom. pl.: maria dona Gen. pl.: marium donorum Dat. sing.: mari dono Acc. sing.: mare donum Abl. pl.: maribus donis Gen. sing.: maris doni 4/ caedes, -is slaughter civis, -is citizen navis, -is ship ignis, -is fire classis, -is fleet vallis, -is valley 5/ Sing.: magna classis, magna classis, magnam classem, magnae classis, magnae classi, magna classe Pl.: magnae classes, magnae classes, magnas classes, magnarum classium, magnis classibus, magnis classibus c) Consonant stem or -i stem? 1/ animal, -alis animal -i stem urbs, urbis city, -i stem senex, -is old man, cons. nox, noctis night, -i stem pater, -tris fater, cons. frater, -tris brother, cons. pars, partis part, -i stem mors, mortis death, -i stem mater, -tris mother, cons. 2/ Sing.: saevum animal, saevum animal, saevum animal, saevi animalis, saevum animali, saevum animale Pl.: saeva animalia, saeva animalia, saeva animalia, saevorum animalium, saevis animalibus, saevis animalibus

14 14 d) Further observations 1/ turrim, Tiberim 2/ vires viri virorum vis vir vir viribus virum viris vis vir vir virium vim viro vis vis vir 3/ vi (<vis), by force 4/ w aedis, -is w finis, -is w ops, opis w sors, sortis Singular: temple Singular: boundary Singular: help Singular: luck Plural: house Plural: territory Plural: wealth Plural: oracle General exercises for the 3 rd declension [12] 1/ itineris iter, itineris, gen. sing. matri mater, -tri, dat. sing. pectora pectus, -oris, nom. pl. nocte nox, noctis, abl. sing. homini homo,-inis, dat. sing. animalia animal, -alis, nom. pl. dignitas dignitas, -atis, nom. sing. caedem caedes, -is, acc. sing. navium navis, -is, gen. pl. dolori dolor, -oris, dat. sing. flumina flumen, -inis, nom. pl. aestate aestas, -atis, abl. sing. urbium urbs, urbis, gen. pl. pacem pax, pacis, acc. sing. mentes mens, mentis, nom. pl. montibus mons, montis, dat. pl. vim vis, acc. sing. capita caput, -it is, nom. pl. aedes aedis, -is, nom. pl. moenium moenia, -ium, gen. pl. 2/ tempus: acc. sing. tempus genus: nom. pl. genera civis: dat. pl. civibus salus: gen. pl. salutum uxor: acc. pl. uxores miles: abl. pl. militibus dux: dat. sing. duci custos: nom. pl. custodes canis: acc. pl. canes pars: gen. sing. paris mons: abl. sing. monte mare: dat. sing. mari

15 3/ Custodes pacem civibus orationem consulis itinere milites civitatis Scelera consules 4/ Custodes reginae tibi dicent nomen arcis. Iudices iecerunt corpora militum in flumen Auctor scribit carmina de amore filiae domini. Princeps ducit copias ad mare th declension [13] a) First sub-variant: -us, -us 1/ Sing.: -us, -us, -um, -us, -ui, -u Pl.: -us, -us, -us, -uum, -ibus, -ibus Sing.: exercitus, exercitus, exercitum, exercitus, exercitui, exercitu Pl.: exercitus, exercitus, exercitus, exercituum, exercitibus, exercitibus 2/ Acc. pl.: metus ludos Abl. sing.: metu ludo Nom. pl.: metus ludi Gen. pl.: metuum ludorum Dat. sing.: metui ludo Acc. sing.: metum ludum Abl. pl.: metibus ludis Gen. sing.: metus ludi 3/ Sing.: domus, domus, domum, domus/domi, domui/domo, domu/domo Pl.: domus, domus, domus/domos, domuum/domorum, domibus, domibus

16 16 4/ gladius sword, 2 nd ludus game, 2 nd fructus fruit, 4 th metus fear, 4 th vultus face, 4 th modus manner, 2 nd sensus feeling, 4 th somnus sleep, 2 nd murus wall, 2 nd manus hand, 4 th cursus race, 4 th 5/ Sing.: bonus sensus, bone, sensus, bonum sensum, boni sensus, bono sensui, bono sensu Pl.: boni sensus, boni sensus, bonos sensus, bonorum sensuum, bonis sensibus, bonis sensibus b) Second sub-variant: -u, -us 1/ Sing.: -u, -u, -u, -us, -ui/-u, -u Pl.: -ua, -ua, -ua, -uum, -ibus, -ibus Sing.: cornu, cornu, cornu, cornus, cornui/cornu, cornu Pl.: cornua, cornua, cornua, cornuum, cornibus, cornibus 2/ Acc. pl.: genua templa Abl. sing.: genu templo Nom. pl.: genua templa Gen. pl.: genuum templorum Dat. sing.: genui/-u templo Acc. sing.: genu templum Abl. pl.: genibus templis 3/ Gen. sing.: genus templi Sing.: dextrum cornu, dextrum cornu, dextrum cornu, dextri cornus, dextro cornui/-u, dextro cornu Pl.: dextra cornua, dextra cornua, dextra cornua, dextrorum cornuum, dextris cornibus, dextris cornibus 5. 5 th declension [14] a/ Sing.: -es, -es, -em, -ei, -ei, -e Pl.: -es, -es, -es, -erum, -ebus, -ebus Sing.: fides, fides, fidem, fidei, fidei, fide Pl.: fides, fides, fides, fiderum, fidebus, fidebus

17 b/ Acc. pl.: res labores Abl. sing.: re labore Nom. pl.: res labores Gen. pl.: rerum laborum Dat. sing.: rei labori Acc. sing.: rem laborem Abl. pl.: rebus laboribus Gen. sing.: rei laboris c/ dies d/ Sing.: res publica, res publica, rem publicam, rei publicae, rei publicae, re publica Pl.: res publicae, res publicae, res publicas, rerum publicarum, rebus publicis, rebus publicis Exercises for all declensions [15] 1/ exercitus, -us 4 exercitibus exercitus exercitus exercituum exercitu exercitus exercitum exercitui dies, -ei 5 diebus dies dies dierum die diei diem diei animal, -alis 3 animalibus animalia animalia animalium animali animalis animal animali navis, -is 3 navibus naves naves navium nave navis navem navi puer, -i 2 pueris pueros pueri puerorum puero pueri puerum puero sagitta, -ae 1 sagittis sagittas sagittae sagittarum sagitta sagittae sagittam sagittae

18 18 2/ a/ duci c/ cornua a/ matrum b/ magistrum b/ mari 3/ genua 4 genu fide 5 fidebus dominos 2 dominum 4/ senatuum 4 senatus nautae 1 (nauta) dona 2 donum legibus 3 (lege) oratores 3 (oratorem) laudem 3 laudes Magistri Stellarum Templo Navibus Gentis Agricolas Pueris a/ Gen. sing. c/ Gen. plural a/ Dat. sing. c/ Abl. plural c/ Gen. sing. b/ Acc. plural c/ Dat. plural 5/ temporium hastorum puerus paxes capitium pectores maries diis 6/ domines laudium regae magistrium aedum gentum auxilius caelus 7/ metus colle exercitus diei vitam civitatum itineris dies urbe fossae 8/ diebus rem - castris finibus militum tempestate pedibus turrim aedibus classem viribus viris 9/ w The 4 th declension for neuters, and the two possible endings are -ui and -u. w The 3 rd declension.

19 c) Adjectives 1. 1 st class of adjectives [16] a/ multus much liber free gratus pleasing laetus happy plenus full infirmus weak doctus wise pulcher nice iratus angry adversus opposite salvus safe beatus happy clarus famous superbus arrogant carus dear aequus equal tutus safe magnus big bonus good miser wretched parvus small cupidus desirous verus true novus new b/ Sing.: miser poeta, miser poeta, miserum poetam, miseri poetae, misero poetae, misero poeta Pl.: miseri poetae, miseri poetae, miseros poetas, miserorum poetarum, miseris poetis, miseris poetis Sing.: mala ratio, mala ratio, malam rationem, malae rationis, malae rationi, mala ratione Pl.: malae rationes, malae rationes, malas rationes, malarum rationum, malis rationibus, malis rationibus c/ (partial suggestions) a new reason Those who think that he was happy, they themselves are wretched. were uncertain dear to the African long and not safe of Octavius, a famous and great man I did nothing in state of anger had bad health

20 20 d/ magnam/multam vera magno - multos bonum - parvae malos claro gratos - beatorum longum plenum antiquum iratis 2. 2 nd class of adjectives [17] a) Adjectives of two nominatives 1/ Sing.: fidelis nauta, fidelis nauta, fidelem nautam, fidelis nautae, fideli nautae, fideli nauta Pl.: fideles nautae, fideles nautae, fideles nautas, fidelium nautarum, fidelibus nautis, fidelibus nautis Sing.: utile donum, utile donum, utile donum, utilis doni, utili dono, utili dono Pl.: utilia dona, utilia dona, utilia dona, utilium donorum, utilibus donis, utilibus donis 2/ gravis serious dissimilis different similis similar nobilis noble turpis shameful mirabilis amazing omnis all dulcis sweet brevis short levis light facilis easy talis such 3/ brevis fideli mirabile omnia dulce difficilia nobili crudelium 4/ (partial suggestions) all these things similar to these people Requirements are easy one of them short Where you not cruel? An honorable death a shameful life 5/ Tres tristes pueri ad ianuam stabant. Iam omnia feci.

21 Illud nuntium vero triste fuit. Brevem epistulam ad te mittam. Arma militum levia non erant. b) Adjectives of three nominatives 1/ Sing.: acer vir, acer vir, acrem virum, acris viri, acri viro, acri viro Pl.: acres viri, acres viri, acres viros, acrium virorum, acribus viris, acribus viris Sing.: acris dea, acris dea, acrem deam, acris deae, acri deae, acri dea Pl.: acres deae, acres deae, acres deas, acrium dearum, acribus deis/deabus, acribus deis/deabus 2/ (partial suggestions) a quick and easy result fast and easy remedies After a hard winter with harsh spirit and harsh enemy are harsh at a fast pace 3/ Victi sumus in acri proelio. Illi pueri vero celeres erant. Omnia arma nostro acri duci dedimus. Pervenerunt celeribus curribus. c) Adjectives of one nominative 1/ audax bold potens powerful pauper poor ferox fierce sapiens wise sospes safe and sound ingens huge dives rich supplex suppliant mendax lier inops poor vetus old

22 22 2/ audax i supplex c dives c vetus c sospes c ferox i imprudens i sapiens i pauper c princeps c potens i mendax i memor c 3/ Sing.: diligens magister, diligens magister, diligentem magistrum, diligentis magistri, diligenti magistro, diligenti magistro Pl.: diligentes magistri, diligentes magistri, diligentes magistros, diligentium magistrorum, diligentibus magistris, diligentibus magistris 4/ (partial suggestions) is proper of a wise teacher Both poor and rich people to the survivors a friend who lies fast and fierce animals With the help of a powerful king If we want to be wise that this boy is diligent rich people out of beggars was mindful and grateful and he had gathered a huge amount of He sent back all safe and sound to their relatives 5/ Potenti exercitu poteris urbem capere. Audaces viri adsunt in hac ingenti urbe? Volo te sospes revertere.

23 Debes pecuniam pauperibus dare. Da hanc epistulam principibus. 3. Position of the adjective [18] a/ (partial suggestions) In the middle of this route out of the middle of the road This is almost in the middle of the territory On the top of the hill they stood on the top of an elevated place b/ Milites sunt nunc in medio monte. Et nunc sunt in summo monte. Submergebantur in mediis undis. 4. Use of the adjective as a noun [19] a/ (partial suggestions) answered just a few things While I say true, few and important things All good people of all kinds about his incredible love towards good people Not only sons and daughters do and he has children from her b/ Odi malos. In illa urbe vidi multa pulchra. Boni numquam facient mala. iam omnia feci. Consul habebat quinque liberos.

24 24 d) Numeral adjectives 1. Cardinals [20] a/ masc.: duo, duos, duorum, duobus, duobus fem.: duae, duas, duarum, duabus, duabus neu.: duo, duo, duorum, duobus, duobus masc./fem.: tres, tres, trium, tribus, tribus neu.: tria, tria, trium, tribus, tribus b/ 1 unus/a/um 2 duo/ae 3 tres/tria 4 quattuor 5 quinque 6 sex 7 septem 8 octo 9 novem 10 decem 20 viginti 30 triginta 40 quadraginta 50 quinquaginta 60 sexaginta 70 septuaginta 80 octoginta 90 nonaginta 100 centum 200 ducenti 500 quingenti 1000 mille 2000 duo milia decem milia c/ 85 quinque et octoginta 37 septem et triginta 24 quattuor et viginti 56 sex et quinquaginta 93 tres et nonaginta 48 duodequinquaginta d/ mille is for only 1,000 and does not decline. milia is for 2,000 3,000 4,000 etc. and declines. e/ mille libri, mille libros, mille librorum, mille libris, mille libris tria milia civium, tria milia civium, trium milium civium, tribus milibus civium, tribus milibus civium

25 f/ (partial suggestions) He left 1,000 soldiers He was 19 years old in two places He killed 1,000 or 2,000 and he recruited two legions and took three and with these five legions six thousands g/ mille centum et septem quinque et sexaginta tria milia tribus milia duodetriginta - quinque - septem - sex - duas duobus milibus trium milibus duobus tria milia quinque milium h/ Vidi duos pueros et tres puellas. Dedi quattuordecim libros tribus discipulis. In duabus urbibus vidi tria templa. Dabis mihi mille libros? Facile est urbem capere tribus milibus militum. Templum abest mille passus. Quinque milia civium ad forum concurrerunt. 2. Ordinals [21] a/ 1 st prima 2 nd secunda 3 rd tertia 4 th quarta 5 th quinta 6 th sexta 7 th septima 8 th octava 9 th nona 10 th decima

26 26 b/ quintum decimum - secundo die nona quartum tertio septima - octava 3. Multiplicatives [22] a/ (partial suggestions) multiplied by three are double That triple kind of state that nature has a quadruple form b/ duplicem triplici ter semel semel - bis 4. Distributives [23] binos binos bina trina quinis

27 e) Comparative and superlative 2. Accidence [24] a/ facilem faciliorem facillimum / sapiens sapientior sapientissimus / altorum altiorum altissimorum / fortibus fortioribus fortissimis / felices feliciores / felicissimi b/ good: bonus, melior, optimus bad: malus, peior, pessimus small: parvus, minor, minimus big: magnus, maior, maximus old: vetus, vetustior, veterrimus rich: dives, ditior, ditissimus similar: similis, similior, simillimus easy: facilis, facilior, facillimus c/ plus, plus, pluris, (dat. non-existent), plure plures/plura, plures/plura, plurium, pluribus, pluribus 3. Syntax [25] a) Comparative 1/ Hic liber melior est illo Mea soror altior est te In hoc exercitu milites sunt audaciores ducibus Domum meliorem habeo tua

28 28 2/ (partial suggestions) Nothing is more pleasant than he reached a higher position have worsened (to be) weaker? All the decisions of the night before 3/ robustioris occultiores superioribus graviori faciliorem 4/ plura pluribus plurium plures plura pluribus plures 5/ Nihil melius est quam sapientia. Ille scriptor scribit meliores libros quam tu. Habeo plus pecuniae quam tu Habito in minore urbe quam tu. Homines in hac urbe sunt ditiores me. Puto neminem esse velociorem quam Quintum. Habeo plures equos quam tu. Legere melius est quam dormire. Hic exercitus peior est quam ille Caesaris. Habeo magistrum sapientiorem quam tuum. b) Superlative 1/ (partial suggestions) A very difficult time A very harsh hatred Very renowned men in our best times considered this something very important and decorous. Meanwhile several very indignant and very large slaughters There from the most sacred temple he took very nice and very antique statues.

29 2/ pessima - infidelissima minimi maximae - difficillimae nobilissimus - ditissimus 3/ Tuus frater altissimus omnium nostrum est. Habeo optima arma. Hic miles audacissimus omnium est. Dedi praemium sapientissimo discipulo. Victoriae huius exercitus clarissimae sunt. Habito in ditissima urbe. caesar exercitum duxit in pessimum locum. c) Further observations 1/ Comparative of inferiority and of equality a/ (partial suggestions) Vibullius considered not less necessary to warn if Alienus had been less vehement were not less cruel against me What is as common as He does not seem to be as prone to misericord as b/ Haec urbs non est tam magna quam illa. Mea domus non est tam parva quam tua. Habito in urbe tam clara quam Roma. Cecidit in pugna tam crudeli quam proelio. 2/ Comparative and superlative by means of adverbs (partial suggestions) Each one is more useful After I was liberated, in my mind, much more relaxed and free, I began does not seem to be more popular It is extremely necessary the largest and most ill part of the state a place very safe

30 30 3/ A very common use of quam + superlative a/ (partial suggestions) at a pace as fast as possible as many plantations as possible as many cities as possible at the most adequate time as quickly as posisble The soldiers of the 10 th legion, in which he had the utmost confidence b/ Veni quam celerrime. Homo quam fortissimus est. Cicero legit quam plurimos libros. Volo habitare in urbe quam felicissima. 4/ Singular superlative with quique EACH meaning ALL a/ (partial suggestions) to the best fighters The generals and all the strongest ones The wisest men, the most foolish ones to all the best and most noble ones in all the lazy ones b/ Cuique optimo discipulo praemium dedi. Caesar templum in quaque maxima urbe aedificavit. Deligam celerrimum quemque cursorem. Quique sapientissimus philosophus venit Romam heri.

31 f) Pronouns 1. Demonstrative pronouns [26] a/ hic, haec, hoc hunc, hanc, hoc huius, huius, huius huic, huic, huic hoc, hac, hoc b/ The neuter plural haec. c/ huius illorum hunc istum hunc hos illam huius - illorum illas istis 2. Personal pronouns a/ [27] ego, me, mei, mihi, me tu, te, tui, tibi, te nos, nos, nostrum/-i, nobis, nobis b/ Statim viderunt nos. Nobis statim dederunt librum. Senatores eum non amant. Senatores ei nuntios dixerunt. c/ me me te te - tibi te - vobis nobis mei - vestri

32 32 3. Possessive pronouns [28] a/ Pompeius heri pervenit, et Caesar monstravit exercitum filio eius. Caesar monstravit exercitum suo filio. Heri Marcus vidit (suam) matrem in foro. Octavia habitat Romae. Heri Marcus vidit eius matrem in foro. b/ mei suos nostrum naves tuis tuis suas vestram 4. Anaphoric pronoun [29] a/ is, ea, id eum, eam, id eius, eius, eius ei, ei, ei eo, ea, eo b/ Heri eum et eam vidi. Utrique quinque libros dedi. Eos Romae necaverunt. Eis arma dederunt. Puer cum eis ludebat. Ei feminae multa sapientia inest. c/ eum eas eius ei eorum eam eis eos eam eam ei 5. Identity pronouns a/ [30] idem, eadem eundem, eandem

33 eiusdem, eiusdem eidem eidem eodem, eadem b/ Caesar ipse gladios dedit eisdem militibus. Ego ipse hoc vidi, sed tu ipse non vidisti. Debes legere eundem librum bis. In eadem domo habitant. Hoc dicam ei ipsi, non fratri eius. c/ ipse idem ipsos eadem eodem ipsum ipsis eandem 6. Reflexive pronouns a/ [31] Vulneravit se suo gladio. Vulneravisti te tuo gladio. Emit tres libros tibi et duos sibi. Illam pecuniam hic sibi reliquit. Aliquando sibi loquitur. b/ se sibi se sibi se sibi se The indirect reflexive c/ Caesar is meant. Caesar (unnamed here) is meant. The subject (unnamed here) is meant d/ Puella dixit matrem emisse librum sibi. Puella dixit matrem emisse librum ei. Puella dixit matrem emisse librum sibi ipsi.

34 34 7. Interrogative pronoun and adjective [32] a/ quae adj. quibus both quis pron. quem both cuius both quid pron. quo both qui both b/ (partial suggestions) In what way Who is there for whom Whom or when? Whom or to whom? I ask, which ones? Whose are you? What trial is this in which In what can you c/ quid - quid - quos cuius quas qua quorum qui quid d/ Quis venit heri et cuius magistrum vidisti heri? Quos libros legisti? In qua urbe habitas et ad quem locum is? Quid est nomen tibi et cuius es discipulus? Cui dedisti equos? 8. Other interrogative pronouns [33] a/ c/ size b/ quality d/ which of two a/ quantity b/ (partial suggestions) What big tragedies How much What (kind of stuff) is this From what kind of

35 What (kind of thing) is this Which of both In how many ways How large a family he has c/ utram quantus quantum - quantae - quanta - quanti quot quantus qualem quantum utri d/ quantam qualis quantum qualem qualis utra quanta e/ Quanta est tua familia? Quot fratres habes? Quantam multitudinem vidi in foro! Quantam putas hanc urbem esse? Quales libros scripsit? Vide qualem domum construxi! Utrum librum legere vis? Utra mulier prima pervenit? Utri domino dederunt servi cibum? 9. Relative pronoun a/ [34] Sing. qui, quae, quod quem, quam, quod cuius, cuius, cuius

36 36 cui, cui, cui quo, qua, quo Pl. qui, quae, quae quos, quas, quae quorum, quarum, quorum quibus, quibus, quibus quibus, quibus, quibus b/ quos quas quo qua quibus cuius c/ Vidi milites de quibus heri mihi dixisti. Amo cives qui haec templa aedificaverunt. Puellae cum quibus ludis sapientes sunt. Poeta cuius libros semper legis est in urbe hodie. Templum in quo heri fuisti pulcherrimum est. 10. Indefinite relative pronoun [35] a/ quisquis / quidquid b/ (partial suggestions) Whatever you ordered those who are said to be good Those whom I heard in whatever way I could. Whatever ship had come Whatever he could c/ quisquis - quidquid quidquid quaecumque quibuscumque quidquid d/ Quemcumque videas, dic mihi statim. Da mihi illum librum, quicumque sit.

37 Quisquis in hac urbe habitat dives est. Cuicumque des pecuniam, laetus erit. 11. Other indefinite pronouns [36] a) Indefinites that derive from the relative aliquis some, any quidam a certain quilibet any quis any quisque each quisquam any ww Aliquis, aliquid 1/ (partial suggestions) Will there be anyone some child to some assassin Now you say something 2/ aliquid aliquo aliquo aliquorum 3/ Heri aliquis venit et tibi aliquid tulit. Hoc alicui dedi, nunc non memini cui. Habitat in aliqua urbe in Italia. Heri meus filius cum aliquibus amicis ludebat. ww Quis, quid 1/ (partial suggestions) that Caesar should bring no foot soldier to the meeting Is there anyone who I feared that someone 2/ quid quid cui - quid quis 3/ Num quem vidisti? Si quem vidis, dic duci.

38 38 Timeo ne quid malum contra te faciat. Illic adero ne cui de hoc dicere possis. ww Quidam, quiddam 1/ (partial suggestions) A certain man came There near is a certain cave to a certain relative for dinner a certain Dion from Sicily had received a large inheritance 2/ quarundam quibusdam quoddam quasdam ww Quisque, quidque 1/ (partial suggestions) Each one of us As each one was the last to the best and most noble ones 2/ cuique quemque quemque quidque 3/ Idem dixi cuique discipulo. In quaque urbe in hac terra habitavi. Quique discipulus epistulam accepit. Senatus praemium dedit cuique optimo oratori. ww Quilibet, quidlibet 1/ (partial suggestions) any rumor is valid what anybody would do, he does it If any other had spoken against this 2/ quemlibet quemlibet cuilibet

39 ww Quisquam, quidquam 1/ (partial suggestions) I did this alone, and there was nobody else present Who can what never anyone will do to me once dead No good man wants 2/ quemquam cuiquam cuiquam quidquam 3/ Num quisquam adest qui possit Caesaris exercitum superare? Nemo, scis. Paene quemquam vidi heri in foro. Omnia nobis dixit et negavit se quidquam domo cepisse. Multi cives ad urbem venerunt neque quisquam in templum iniit. b) Indefinites that do not derive from the relative 1/ unus one alius other uter either solus alone ullus any uterque each of both totus whole alter the other 2/ Alius means another, alter means the other one (out of two). Ullus means any, uter means either of both. which one of both to quisque ww Unus, solus and totus 1/ (partial suggestions) There was a unique story Only you have been found

40 40 in the power and moderation of only one Also all of the inhabitants of Puteoli Not even the Persians, when they declared war to all Greece 2/ uno uno uno - solo soli totius 3/ Soli Romani Gallos superaverunt. Romani superaverunt Gallos solos. Iter feci per totam regionem. Hoc dixi uni civi. ww alius and ullus 1/ In genitive, replaced by alterius. b/ quisquam 2/ (partial suggestions) Speaking badly is one thing, accusiing is something else. Each one is more useful in a different thing. Will there be any better place in another moment in any banquet 3/ alios alius - alio ullas alius - alium ullos 4/ Alius legatus aliud donum tulit. Alius miles alium hortatus est ante proelium. Alios captivos liberavi, alios ad Caesarem misi. Bibliotecham petivi neque ullus liber inerat quem non legissem. Num ulli pauperi pecuniam dedisti? Non ita, scio te non dedisse.

41 ww alter, uter and uterque 1/ (partial suggestions) As there are two parts of it, of which one is simple and the other one is composed if both of us want to have it? in the other one Because these T. Roscii are two, of which this one has Capito as surname 2/ utroque alterum - alterum utri utroque utri 3/ Si uter revenit, laetus ero, sed si uterque venit laetior ero. Dedi alium librum alteri discipulo. Alter puer alterum librum legit. 12. Negative pronouns [37] ww nullus and neuter a/ Nullus means no one, and neuter means neither (of both). b/ (partial suggestions) through no well-known way When neither makes an attempt of crossing He, delayed nowhere Neither of them have no blame With hope (of victory) inclined towards neither side c/ nullius neuter nullum neutri non nulli neutrum d/ In neutra urbe fui. In nulla urbe huius terrae fui.

42 42 Neuter puer veritatem dixit. Nullus puer ludi veritatem dixit. ww nihil-nihilum and nemo a/ (partial suggestions) There is nothing Roscius accuses nobody There was no need There is noone of you who see nothing? no coin to anyone and he considered of no value b/ nemo nihilo neminem nihilo nihilo - nihilum nemini c/ Nihil feci. Nemini de hoc dixi. Ex nulla re multum obtinuerunt. Hoc nihili habent. Hoc locutus nemini persuadebis. Vult neminem (Non vult quemquam) suum librum legere.

43 g) Adverbs and prepositional adverbs 2. Modal adverbs [38] a/ bonus c bene doctus c docte b/ prudens c prudenter subitus c subito fortis c fortiter acer c acriter fortiter strongly prudenter prudently subito suddenly bene well acriter harshly silentio in silence alte deeply forte by chance raro strangely casu by chance festinatim hurriedly iure rightfully docte wisely vi by force c/ (partial suggestions) Then suddenly I will resist strongly and harshly From honest honestly, from wise wisely, but from rarus rare is not said, but some say raro and others say rarenter. because they hardly ever happen He said, who by chance he tried to retain by force unless by chance they are worthy of the disgrace d/ Acriter pugnaverunt. Repente, Caesar pervenit. Ceperunt urbem vi. Silentio et prudenter exiimus.

44 44 3. Comparative and superlative of modal adverbs [39] a/ ê prudently: prudenter ê well: bene ê deeply: alte more prudently: prudentius better: melius more deeply: altius very prudently: prudentissime best: optime very deeply: altissime b/ (partial suggestions) I will deal more leniently do I wait for longer? more freely and more bravely He goes on very strongly to you as quickly as possible more clearly c/ Ego hoc feci male, tu fecisti peius, ille fecit pessime, et illi fecerunt quam pessime. Ego celeriter cucurri, tu celerius cucurristi, ille celerrime cucurrerunt, et illi quam celerrime cucurrerunt. 4. Quantitative adverbs [40] a/ aliquantum a little nimis too much valde very magnopere much satis enough parum a little b/ multum / plus / plurimum magnopere / magis / maxime parum / minus / minime c/ (partial suggestions) have been investigated just a little was considered too cruel

45 and with very good words When he had advanced a little Caesar relied extremely on it I carried more weight d/ valde plus satis satis minime magis e/ Satis aquae habes? Multum pecuniae habes, illa plus pecuniae habet, illi plurimum pecuniae habent. Fessus sum, nimis cucurri. Post pugnam milites valde fessi erant. 5. Adverbs of time [41] a/ statim immediately identidem sometimes vix hardly hodie today umquam ever heri yesterday cras tomorrow quotannis every year noctu at night pridie the day before interdum from time to time nunc now postridie the day after cotidie every day denique finally semper always mane in the morning quondam formerly interea meanwhile antea before b/ for a long time: diu often: saepe for longer: diutius more often: saepius for very long: diutissime very often: saepissime w nuperrime c/ (partial suggestions) Finally they fled my eyes to the ground sometimes

46 46 Alfenus meanwhile in Rome A story sometimes, even if As we had done the day before d/ paulisper Deinde statim Tum - diutius saepissime e/ Heri hic adfuit, sed hodie eum non vidi. Fortasse cras videbis eum. Semper mane curro, nonnumquam meridie, et vix noctu. Cicero orationes habebat saepius quam Octavius. Nuper in illa urbe fui. Romae diutius quam tu vixi. 6. Adverbs of place [42] a/ alicubi somewhere ubi where infra below citra on this side supra above iuxta side by side ultra further there procul far away circa around illic there hic here extra outside b/ here: hic there: illic towards here: huc towards there: illuc from here: hinc from there: illinc place where ends in -ic place towards ends in -uc place from ends in -inc

47 c/ there: ibi where: ubi somewhere else: alibi towards there: eo towards where: quo towards somewhere else: alio from there: inde from where: unde from somewhere else: aliunde place where ends in -i place towards ends in -o place from ends in -e d/ longe / longius / longissime prope / propius / proxime e/ (partial suggestions) from everywhere by the nature of the place had been left on this side of the river Arar on hills away from the camp look for a refuge somewhere else The enemy were at a distance not further away than inside those forests If only he were here nearby somewhere f/ Ubicumque est, turbatio accidit. Mane hic, noli illuc ire. Tum ego non aderam hic, aderam alibi. Procul habitat. 7. Interrogative adverbs [43] a/ Quomodo Quando Unde quanto Cur Quo Ubi b/ Quomodo fecisti hoc difficile pensum? Quo duxit Caesar copias? Quantum pecuniae obtinuisti? Cur nolunt hic remanere? Quamdiu vis abesse?

48 48 8. Indefinite adverbs [44] a/ alicubi aliquo aliquando aliquo modo alicunde somewhere towards somewhere at some point somehow from somewhere b/ alicubi aliquo alicunde aliquando aliquo modo c/ Ubi proelium fiet? Alicubi fiet. Quo modo meum fratrem invenies? Inveniam eum aliquo modo. Quo isti post concilium? Aliquo ii. Quando pervenies? pervenio aliquando. Unde miserunt hos libros? Eos miserunt alicunde. 9. Affirmative and negative adverbs [45] a/ Affirmative: sane, profecto, quidem, certe Negative: nequaquam, minime, haud, nequidem b/ (partial suggestions) It was this indeed. Bidis is a town really small To him not even to die Certainly, go with him, Phrugia. That seemed to me in no way worthy of c/ Certe Minime forsitan ne - quidem Nimirum d/ Bonus civis es? Sane, nimirum! Fuit Catilina probus senator? Minime, nequaquam! Fortasse cras ibo Romam.

49 Numquam librum legit, ne brevissimum quidem. Neque odi neque amo eos. 10. Prepositional adverbs [46] a/ A prepositional adverb cannot be used to form compound verbs. b/ citra on this side sine without ultra beyond contra in front coram face to face circa around propter because of supra above infra below palam publicly clam secretly w palam, clam, coram, sine c/ coram propter extra Clam sine - sine circa palam d/ Loquar palam senatoribus. Semper omnia facit clam me. Cives sunt intra urbem, hostes sunt extra urbem. Alia pars classis navigavit supra Ephesum, alia infra Ephesum. Exercises on all adverbs [47] 1/ celeriter modal Forte (affirmative) clam prepositional extra prepositional Fortiter modal Noctu temporal semper temporal heri temporal Denique temporal meridie temporal Vi modal Nimis quantitative minus quantitative

50 50 Minime negative Identidem temporal Magis quantitative vix temporal Quotannis temporal ibi of place alicubi of place postridie temporal supra of place Ubi of place Fortasse (affirmative) procul of place Minime negative proxime of place undecumque of place Quomodo modal aliquo modo modal Quo of place lente modal silentio modal 2/ Minime hoc faciam. Quo modo te habes? Bene me habeo. Celerius curro quam tu. Hostes undique venerunt. Veni quam celerrime. Neque discipulos neque magistrum video. Parum temporis legam. Hodie multum laboravi. Tunc cras debes dormire. Non solum cras, sed in aeternum. Alicubi eum vidi, tunc alio abiit. Hinc illuc abiit.

51 h) The correlatives 1. Correlative adverbs [48] a) Definitions and examples 1/ Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Demonstrative Relative Indefinite Indefinite relative Interrogative 2/ w Interrogative and relative w The prefix -ali w We add -cumque b) The local correlative adverbs 1/ Ø Demonstrative: Ø Relative: Ø Indefinite: Ø Indefinite relative: Ø Interrogative: ibi, eo ubi, quo alicubi, aliquo ubicumque, quocumque ubi? quo? 2/ Ø Demonstrative: Ø Relative: Ø Indefinite: inde, ea unde, qua alicunde, aliqua

52 52 Ø Indefinite relative: Ø Interrogative: undecumque, quacumque unde? qua? 3/ (partial suggestions) From where - to where From somewhere - to somewhere Towards there - where To wherever There - from where - There - from wherever There - here where somewhere - Wherever through where through wherever through somewhere - where 4/ Unde pervenit Pompeius heri? Nescio, alicunde. Et quo aget exercitum? Aliquo, fortasse ad montes. Qua? Per mediam urbem? Minime. Ubicumque milites eius sunt, populus semper metum sentiunt. Quoque ibi, quocumque eos agit. Et ubi est nunc? Alicubi, prope urbem. Inde vult eos ducere quo(cumque) senatus iubet. c) The temporal correlative adverbs 1/ Ø Demonstrative: Ø Relative: tum cum

53 Ø Indefinite: Ø Indefinite relative: Ø Interrogative: aliquando quandocumque quando? 2/ (partial suggestions) Can we at some point Whenever death When did he refuse If it ever happens, then 3/ Quando ibis Romam? Quandocumque me ire iubeas, ibo. Ibo Romam aliquando. Fortasse tum proelium fiet. d) The frequentative correlative adverbs 1/ Ø Demonstrative: Ø Relative: Ø Indefinite: Ø Indefinite relative: Ø Interrogative: totiens quotiens aliquotiens quotienscumque quotiens? 2/ (partial suggestions) He, as many times as Naevius If I said so many times However often I speak How often have you tried You were several times

54 54 3/ Ego in Italia totiens fui quotiens tu. Aliquotiens Caesar ei imperavit ne castra moveret. Quotiens edis cotidie? Cur Catilina totiens conatus est Ciceronem necare? Quotienscumque Caesar te iubet hoc facere, noli ei parere. 2. Correlative adjectives [49] a) The correlatives SUCH... AS and AS LARGE... AS 1/ The first one makes reference to quality (such as), and the second one to quantity (so large as). The same as above. 2/ (partial suggestions) neither nothing nor as much as we asked for obtained as much as he asked for? does not affect me as much as the nefastuous plot of this man And if someone is such as everybody we may seem to be such as we are The consuls can act the same way they acted when that nobody produces and produced as much hatred to the Syracusans as this one 3/ Mea domus non talis est qualis tua, pulcherrima non est. Numquam talem oratorem audivi qualem hodie. Brutus non habebat tantum exercitum quantum Octavius. Non habito in tanta urbe quanta est urbs in qua tu habitas. b) The whole series of correlative adjectives 1/ Ø Demonstrative: Ø Relative: talis, tantus qualis, quantus

55 Ø Indefinite: Ø Indefinite relative: Ø Interrogative: non-existent, aliquantus qualiscumque, quantuscumque qualis? quantus? 2/ (partial suggestions) I can answer that I, of whatever kind I am such thing as you to me You do not know what large strength As long as you do such (things) as up to now what and how great men We ask of what kind it is. It is such as what great laugh it provokes He, of whatever kind he may be What big problems I produce, what large mechanisms I move! 3/ Quantumcumque exercitum habeas, urbem non capies. Quales libros legis? Lego tales libros quales tu nunquam legis. Quantus erat exercitus? Exercitus tantus erat quantus exercitus Caesaris. c) The series of WHO / WHAT 1/ Ø Demonstrative: Ø Relative: Ø Indefinite: Ø Indefinite relative: Ø Interrogative: is qui aliquis quicumque quis?

56 56 2/ (partial suggestions) Whoever did this whomever they could He sent a letter to some assassin who What place allotted to somebody? what you can say 3/ Quis venit heri? Aliquis venit, sed nescio quis. Quiscumque hoc dicat, errat. Quidcumque me doces, disco. d) The series of HOW MANY 1/ Ø Relative: Ø Indefinite: Ø Indefinite relative: Ø Interrogative: quot aliquot quotcumque quot? 2/ (partial suggestions) Some centuries later Look how many glasses we drink. As many as There are as many opinions as men. when he had already been for some years in politics How many farmers 3/ Quot milites Brutus Romam duxit? Duxit modo aliquot milites. Quotcumque milites ducas, Octavius te vincet. Tot cives sunt in hac urbe quot Romae.

57 a) General observations 2. The tenses [50] a/ present what is happening perfect what (has) happened imperfect what was happening pluperfect what had happened future what will happen future perfect what will have happened b/ Present-stem tenses present imperfect future Perfect-stem tenses perfect pluperfect future perfect 3. The moods [51] indicative subjunctive imperative infinitive participle gerund real facts special meanings and subordinates orders verbal noun verbal adjective declension of the infinitive 4. The voices [52] w two w Verbs that have passive form but active meaning.

58 58 5. Formation of tenses [53] a/ For present: For imperfect: For future: For perfect: For pluperfect: For future perfect: stem + endings stem + ba + endings stem + b + union vowel + endings perfect stem + special endings perfect stem + era + endings perfect stem + er + union vowel + endings b/ perfect tense c/ Perfect: perfect participle + present of sum Pluperfect: perfect participle + imperfect of sum Future perfect: perfect participle + future of sum 6. Formation of moods [54] w Future and future perfect w Infinitive: noun Participle: adjective w participle + esse w present stem + nd + 2 nd declension endings w two 7. Types of verbs [55] w Verbs of the 3 rd conjugation that, because of an additional -i-, resemble the 4 th. w The perfect tenses: perfect, pluperfect and future perfect. 8. Principal parts [56] w 1 st person present infinitive 1 st person perfect supine w on the infinitive w on the 1 st person perfect w for participles