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1 Lesson&#1& Introduc/on& Introduc)on*to*Luke* 1*

2 In#our#study#of#the#Gospel&according&to&Ma7hew,#we#defined#a# gospel # as#a#unique#literary#genre,#an#account#of#the# good#news #(Greek#=# euangelion;&eu#=## good, #angelion#=# message )#of#the#coming#kingdom# of#god#and#the#redemp@on#of#humanity#through#the#life,#death,#burial# and#resurrec@on#of#jesus#christ.### We#noted#that#a# gospel #is#not#a#biography#of#a#person,#although#it# does#contain#biographical#informa@on;#it#is#not#an#historical#account#of# a#person,#although#it#is#rooted#in#historical#@me;#it#is#not#a#fic@onal# account#of#a#person,#although#it#does#include#miracles,#wonders#and#a# large#dose#of#the#supernatural.#rather,#a& gospel &reflects&the& understanding&of#who&jesus&christ&is&and&what&he&did,&in&light&of&a&living& faith&tradi/on,&guided&by&the&holy&spirit,&30i60&years&aker&the&events&it& portrays.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 2*

3 For#the#first#30+#years#of#the#Church#the# gospel #spread# throughout#the#roman#empire#by#the#oral#teaching#and# preaching#of#the#apostles#and#others.##only#in#the#mido60s# or#so#was#the# gospel #message#wriqen#down.#many# wriqen# gospel #accounts#emerged#during#the#first#three# applies#the#term#to#the#four#canonical#gospels:##maqhew,# Mark,#Luke#and#John.### In#this#lesson#we#explore#how#the# #Gospels# (MaQhew,#Mark#and#Luke)#came#to#be#wriQen,#and#we# examine#luke Introduc)on*to*Luke* 3*

4 What#do#we#really# know#about#the# historical#jesus?* Not#me.## That s#a#good# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 4*

5 single#most#important#force#in# shaping#the#past#2,000#years# one#may#reasonably#argue# that#jesus#of#nazareth#is#the# who#ever#lived.## Yet,#we#know#very#liQle#about# the#historical#jesus.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 5*

6 Deësis&Mosaic, &depic/ng&christ&pantrocrator&(c.1261),# South&Gallery,&Hagia&Sophia,&Istanbul,&Turkey.# Photography#by#Ana#Maria#Vargas# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 6*

7 There&is&not&a&single&piece&of& documentary&evidence&from&the& /me&of&jesus&(4/6&b.c.& &A.D.&32)& to&suggest&that&he&ever&existed.& Not#a#leQer.# Not#a#property#record.# Not#a#record#of#his#trial.# Not#a#single#document#with#his#name# on#it.# Nothing.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 7*

8 Apart from the New Testament written decades after Jesus life on this earth there are only a few references to him. The most well known are two mentions of him in Flavius Josephus Jewish Antiquities. Josephus lived c. A.D Introduc)on*to*Luke* 8*

9 Titus#Flavius#Josephus# #(c.#a.d.#37o95).# About&this&/me&there&lived&Jesus,&a&wise&man,& if&indeed&one&ought&to&call&him&a&man.&&for&he& was&one&who&wrought&surprising&feats&and& was&a&teacher&of&such&people&as&accept&the& truth&gladly.&&he&won&over&many&jews&and& many&of&the&greeks.&&he&was&the&messiah.&&& When&Pilate,&upon&hearing&him&accused&by& men&of&the&highest&standing&amongst&us,&had& condemned&him&to&be&crucified,&those&who&had& in&the&first&place&come&to&love&him&did&not&give& up&their&affec/on&for&him.&&on&the&third&day&he& appeared&to&them&restored&to&life,&for&the& prophets&of&god&had&prophesied&these&an99d& countless&other&marvelous&things&about&him.&& And&the&tribe&of&the&Chris/ans,&so&called&aKer& him,&has&s/ll&to&this&day&not&disappeared. && & & & &Jewish&An/qui/es&(18.3.3)#!!!!!!# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 9*

10 [This&single&manuscript&leaf&on&vellum&is&the&La/n& transla/on&of&rufinus&of&aquileia&(11 th &century),& listed&for&auc/on&at&southeby s,&12/2/2014.]& passing#when#he#notes#that#the# High#Priest#Ananias#summoned# the#sanhedrin,#the#jewish# governing#council#.#.#.# and&brought&before&them&the&brother&of& Jesus&who&was&called&Christ,&whose&name& was&james,&and&some&others;&and&when& he&had&formed&an&accusa/on&against& them&as&breakers&of&the&law,&he&delivered& them&to&be&stoned&.&.&. # # # #Jewish&An/qui/es&(20.9.1)# Acts#12#chronicles#the#result#of# this#incident.#!!!!!!# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 10*

11 Gaius#Cornelius#Tacitus# (c.#a.d.#56o117)# A#longer#account#shows#up#in#Tacitus # Annals&(c.&A.D.&116),#where#Tacitus# recounts#the#great#fire#in#rome#under# Nero:# Nero&fastened&the&guilt&and&afflicted&the& most&exquisite&tortures&on&a&class&hated&for& their&abomina/ons,&called&chris/ans&by&the& populace.&&christus,&from&whom&their&name& had&its&origin,&suffered&the&extreme&penalty& during&the&reign&of&tiberius&at&the&hands&of& one&of&our&procurators,&pon/us&pilate,&and&a& deadly&supers//on,&thus&checked&for&the& moment,&again&broke&out,&not&only&in&judea,& the&first&source&of&the&evil,&but&also&in&the&city,& where&all&things&hideous&and&shameful&from& every&part&of&the&world&meet&and&become& popular. & & & & &Annals&( O8)#!!!!!!# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 11*

12 Pliny#the#Younger# Le7ers&(10.96)# Pliny#the#Younger# (A.D.#61O112)# One#of#the#earliest#nonObiblical# comes#from#pliny#the#younger,# governor#of#bithynia#(c.#112#a.d.)## He#isn t#quite#sure#how#to#deal# to#the#emperor#trajan#for#advice# (Le7ers#10.96).##Pliny#had# he#passes#on#to#trajan#the# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 12*

13 #(fresco),#3 rd #century.# St.#Callixtus#Catacomb,#Rome.# They&maintained,&moreover,&that&the& amount&of&their&fault&or&error&had&been& this,&that&it&was&their&habit&on&a&fixed& day&to&assemble&before&daylight&and& recite&by&turns&a&form&of&words&to&christ& as&to&a&god;&and&that&they&bound& themselves&with&an&oath,&not&for&any& crime,&but&not&to&commit&thek&or& robbery&or&adultery,&not&to&break&their& word,&and&not&to&deny&a&deposit&when& demanded.&&aker&this&was&done,&it&was& their&custom&to&depart,&and&to&meet& again&to&take&food,&but&ordinary,& harmless&food&.&.&..&&i&discovered&nothing& else&than&a&perverse&and&extravagant& supers//on. & & & & & &Le7ers&(10.96)#!!!!!!# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 13*

14 movement#before#the#end#of#the# second#century#comes#from#the# his#passing&of&peregrinus#he# portrays#peregrinus#as#the#very# model#of#the# conman. ##Among# those#duped#by#peregrinus#was#a# Lucian#of#Samosata# (c.#a.d.#125o180)# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 14*

15 Lucian#of#Samosata.##Opera&Omnia,#1615.### [Auc/oned&at&Bonhams,&10/2/2012.]& It&was&then&he&learned&the&wondrous& lore&of&the&chris/ans&by&associa/ng&with& their&priests&and&scribes&in&pales/ne.&&and how&else&could&it&be in&a&trice&he& made&them&all&look&like&children;&for&he& was&prophet,&cult&leader,&head&of&the& synagogue,&and&everything,&all&by& himself.&&he&interpreted&and&explained& some&of&their&books,&and&even&composed& many,&and&they&revered&him&as&a&god,& made&use&of&him&as&a&lawgiver,&and&set& him&down&as&a&protector,&next&aker&that& other,&to&be&sure,&whom&they&s/ll& worship,&the&man&who&was&crucified&in& Pales/ne&because&he&introduced&this&new& cult&into&the&world. # # # #Passing&of&Peregrinus&(11O13)##!!!!!!# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 15*

16 Talmud#contains#only#a#few# references#to#jesus#(babylonian# Talmud,#Sanhedrin&43a,#b;#103a;# 106b;#107b),#though#later# censors#may#have#removed# others.##the#ones#that#do#remain# are#very#brief#and#omen#veiled.# If#we#did#not#know#of#Jesus#from# the#new#testament,#we#would# probably#not#recognize#the# allusions#to#him#in#the#talmud.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 16*

17 During#the#first#century# amer#jesus #death,#the# what#it#considered#to#be#a# minor#jewish#sect.### For#the#most#part,#Jewish# completely#ignored#both# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 17*

18 Introduc)on*to*Luke* 18*

19 Amer#Jesus said#to#his#apostles:# All&power&in&heaven&and&on& earth&has&been&given&to&me.&&go,& therefore,&and&make&disciples&of& all&na/ons,&bap/zing&them&in& the&name&of&the&father,&and&of& the&son,&and&of&the&holy&spirit,& teaching&them&to&observe&all& that&i&have&commanded&you. & MaQhew#28:#18O20# And#that#is#precisely&what# they#did.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 19*

20 Between#A.D.#32#and#the# mid#60s,#teaching#and# preaching#about#jesus# was#primarily#oral,#with# occasional#leqers,#such#as# those#wriqen#by#paul.## formed#throughout#the# Roman#Empire#based#on# such#teaching#and# preaching.#* Introduc)on*to*Luke* 20*

21 Introduc)on*to*Luke* 21*

22 Virtually#everyone&in#the# that#jesus#was#crucified,# buried#and#raised,#and# that#he#would#return# again,#ushering#in#the# Kingdom#of#God.# And&they&believed&this& would&happen&in&their& life/me.&& Introduc)on*to*Luke* 22*

23 By#the#midO60s#the# was#drawing#to#a#close either#through#natural# Jesus#had#not#yet# returned,#so#it#became# teaching#and#preaching# about#jesus#be#wriqen# down,#lest#it#be#distorted# or#lost.#& Introduc)on*to*Luke* 23*

24 Thus,#the#wri7en&Gospels#begin#to# emerge#in#the#mid#to#late#60s.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 24*

25 How the Gospel Spread 1. For three years (A.D ) Jesus went around all of Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, proclaiming the gospel of the kingdom and curing every disease and illness among the people (Luke 4: 23). 2. During his 3-year public ministry Jesus gathered many followers, twelve of whom became his inner circle, his Apostles. They lived with him, traveled with him, studied with him: they were eyewitnesses to his public ministry and to his death, burial and resurrection. The*Day*of*Atonement* 25*

26 3. After his resurrection, Jesus commissioned his inner circle to go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you (Matthew 28: 19-20). 4. His Apostles did exactly that, becoming his witnesses in Jerusalem, throughout Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth [i.e., throughout the Roman Empire] (Acts 1: 8). The*Day*of*Atonement* 26*

27 5. Jesus Apostles and other followers traveled throughout the Roman Empire telling stories about him: they repeated his teaching; they told about his encounters with the religious authorities; and they told about the miracles God performed through him. 6. Over time, this oral teaching and preaching took on a fixed form and shape through repetition: expository teaching (e.g., Sermon on the Mount), parables (e.g., the Prodigal Son); dialectic (argumentation); healing stories; etc. The*Day*of*Atonement* 27*

28 There#were#many# gospels # wriqen#during#the#1 st #and#2 nd # centuries#a.d.,#but#the#gospels# we#shall#study#are#the# canonical&gospels:##maqhew,# Mark,#Luke#and#John.# These#are#the#gospels#the#early# church#believed#were#wriqen# by#the#apostles#(maqhew#and# John)#or#someone#closely# associated#with#the#apostles# (Mark#and#Luke) during&the& first&genera/on&of&the&church.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 28*

29 MaQhew,#a#tax#collector,# lem#his#work#to#follow#jesus# (MaQhew#9:#9O13).##One#of# the#twelve#apostles,#he#was# a#jew probably#a#levite and#he#wrote#for#a#jewish# audience.### His#wriQen#gospel#emerges# Rembrandt.##The&Evangelist&Ma7hew&and&the&Angel& (oil#on#canvas),#1661.## LouvreOLens#Gallery,#PasOdeOCalais,#France.## Introduc)on*to*Luke* 29*

30 John#Mark,#a#young#man,#was#not# an#apostle,#but#he#was#on#the# fringes#of#the#group#that#followed# Acts#12:#12 When&this&dawned& on&him&[peter],&he&went&to&the& house&of&mary&the&mother&of& John,&also&called&Mark,&where& many&people&had&gathered&and& were&praying. ##Mark#was#a# nephew#of#barnabas#(colossians# 4:#10)#and#the#spiritual#son#of# Peter#(1#Peter#5:13).## Anonymous.##The&Evangelist&Mark&with&a&Lion& Library#of#Congress,#Washington,#D.C..## Introduc)on*to*Luke* 30*

31 Andrea#Mantegna.##Luke&the&Evangelist#[detail#from# the#st.#luke#altarpiece]#(tempera#on#wood),#1454.## Brera#Art#Gallery,#Milan# Luke#was#not#an#apostle nor#was#he#a#follower#of# Jesus#during#his#threeOyear# public#ministry.##rather,# Luke,#the# beloved# physician close#friend#and#traveling# companion#of#paul#during# A.D.#50O68.##Luke#wrote# both#the#gospel&according& to&luke&and#the#acts&of&the& Apostles.## Introduc)on*to*Luke* 31*

32 John#was#an#apostle,#the#son#of# Zebedee#and#Salome,#the#brother#of# James#and#one#of#Jesus #cousins.##of# all#the#apostles,#john#was#the#most# beloved#disciple #who#rests#his# head#on#jesus #shoulder#at#the#last# supper#and#the#one#to#whom#jesus# entrusts#the#care#of#his#mother,# Mary,#as#he#is#dying#on#the#cross.## the#gospel&according&to&john;#1,&2&&& 3&John&and#Revela/on.# Pieter#Paul#Rubens.##St.&John&(oil#on#panel),#c,#1611.## Prado#Museum,#Madrid.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 32*

33 MaQhew,#Mark#and#Luke#are# called#the#synop/c&gospels:# Syn&=& together #(as#in# synonym )# Op/c&=# seen # MaQhew,#Mark#and#Luke#all#draw# from#the#same#oral#(and#perhaps)# wriqen#sources.# John#is#very&different#from#the# synop@c#gospels,#drawing#on#an# en@rely#different#set#of#tradi@ons.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 33*

34 MaQhew,#Mark#&#Luke# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 34*

35 New#Testament#Manuscripts# the# common #Greek#understood#by#ordinary#people#living#in# Alexander#the#Great#had#conquered#the#region#in#331#B.C.,# Roman#general,#Pompey,#conquered#the#area#in#63#B.C.##A#Jew# read#hebrew.##most#would#also#have#had#a#working#knowledge# Although#the#events#in#the#New#Testament#happen#in#the#first# century#a.d.,#the#manuscripts#that#record#those#events#date# from#much#later.##manuscripts#of#the#new#testament#are# divided#into#four#types:##papyri,#uncials,#minuscules,#and# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 35*

36 Example#of#a#Papyrus#Manuscript# a#fragment#of#the#gospel&according&to&john,#a.d.#125#(john#18:#31o34;#37o38).## John#Rylands#Library,#Manchester,#England.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 36*

37 Example#of#an#Uncial#Manuscript# th #century,#it#contains#part#of#the#old#testament# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 37*

38 Example#of#a#Miniscule#Manuscript# This#is#a#parchment#manuscript#from#the#10 th #century#containing#the#acts#of#the# Apostles,#and#the#general#and#Pauline#leQers#(Philemon#10O25#is#shown#above).# Mt.#Athos,#Greece.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 38*

39 Introduc)on*to*Luke* 39*

40 So,#how#do#we#know# that#the#gospel& according&to&luke&that# we#have#in#our#catholic& Study&Bibles&is#what# Luke#actually#wrote,# given#that#the#earliest# manuscripts#of#luke#are# 300O400#years#older# than#the#events#they# portray?# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 40*

41 That#is#the#job#of#textual&cri/cism:## ancient#texts#based#upon#the# manuscripts#that#do#exist.# Presently#there#are:# Over#5,800#complete#or#fragmented# Greek#New#Testament##manuscripts,# Over#9,300#manuscripts#in#other# #languages.# These#manuscripts#date#from#A.D.# 1450.##The#vast#majority#date#amer# the#10 th #century#a.d.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 41*

42 unsung#heroes#of# biblical#scholarship!# profound#knowledge#of# ancient#languages,#history,# technique,#as#well#as# detailed#work.##it#is#both#a# highly#developed#science# and#an#art.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 42*

43 Kurt#Aland,#et#al.,#editors.##The&Greek&New&Testament,#4 th Introduc)on*to*Luke* 43*

44 As#we#begin#our#study#of#the# Gospel&according&to&Luke,#it#is# important#to#remember#that#a# gospel #is#not#a#biography#of#a# person,#although#it#does#contain# an#historical#account#of#a#person,# although#it#is#rooted#in#historical# a#person,#although#it#does#include# miracles,#wonders#and#a#large# dose#of#the#supernatural.## Rather#.#.#.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 44*

45 .#.#.#a# gospel #reflects#the# understanding#of#who# Jesus#Christ#is#and#what# he#did,#in&light&of&a&living& faith&tradi/on,&guided&by& the&holy&spirit,&30i60& years&aker&the&events&it& portrays.& Introduc)on*to*Luke* 45*

46 1. How#does#a# gospel #differ#from#other#genres#of# literature?### 2. If#the#four#canonical#gospels#emerge#from#30O60#years# evolved #with#the#telling?##if#so,#how?##if#not,#why?# 3. Although#Jesus#lived#in#a#remote#corner#of#the#Roman# Empire,#wrote#nothing#and#never#traveled#more#than# 100#miles#from#home,#he#and#his#message#became#a# global#enterprise#with#2#billion#followers#today.##how# do#you#account#for#that?# 4. Why#are#MaQhew,#Mark,#Luke#&#John#in#the#New# Testament,#while#other# gospels, #such#as#the#gospel# of#thomas,#are#not#in#the#canon#of#scripture?# 5. How#do#you#know#that#the#Gospel#you#are#reading#is# what#its#author#or#authors#actually#wrote?# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 46*

47 Copyright# #2015#by#William#C.#Creasy# # All# rights# reserved.# No# part# of# this# course audio,# video,# photography,# or# other# media may# be# reproduced#or#transmiqed#in#any#form#by#any#means,#electronic# or# mechanical,# including# photocopying,# recording# or# by# any# informa@on# storage# or# retrieval# devices# without# permission# in# wri@ng#or#a#licensing#agreement#from#the#copyright#holder.# Introduc)on*to*Luke* 47*

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